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Li Y, Gröhl J, Haney B, Caranovic M, Lorenz-Meyer E, Papatheodorou N, Kempf J, Regensburger AP, Nedoschill E, Buehler A, Siebenlist G, Lang W, Uder M, Neurath MF, Waldner M, Knieling F, Rother U. Teachability of multispectral optoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202400106. [PMID: 38719459 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
To date, the appropriate training required for the reproducible operation of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) is poorly discussed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the teachability of MSOT imaging. Five operators (two experienced and three inexperienced) performed repositioning imaging experiments. The inexperienced received the following introductions: personal supervision, video meeting, or printed introduction. The task was to image the exact same position on the calf muscle for seven times on five volunteers in two rounds of investigations. In the first session, operators used ultrasound guidance during measurements while using only photoacoustic data in the second session. The performance comparison was carried out with full-reference image quality measures to quantitatively assess the difference between repeated scans. The study demonstrates that given a personal supervision and hybrid ultrasound real-time imaging in MSOT measurements, inexperienced operators are able to achieve the same level as experienced operators in terms of repositioning accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janek Gröhl
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Briain Haney
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milenko Caranovic
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Lorenz-Meyer
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Papatheodorou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julius Kempf
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adrian P Regensburger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Nedoschill
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adrian Buehler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gregor Siebenlist
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Werner Lang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Waldner
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Knieling
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rother
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Vonk J, Knieling F, Kruijff S. Collection on clinical photoacoustic imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024:10.1007/s00259-024-06780-0. [PMID: 38832946 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- J Vonk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
| | - F Knieling
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and German Center Immunotherapy (DZI), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Paediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI-Lab), Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Kruijff
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fagni F, Tascilar K, Noversa de Sousa R, Bayat S, Sollfrank L, Kleyer A, Sticherling M, Regensburger AP, Knieling F, Neurath MF, Schett G, Waldner M, Simon D. Unveiling Metabolic Similarities of Entheses in Patients with Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Using Noninvasive In Vivo Molecular Imaging: Results From a Cross-sectional Exploratory Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024. [PMID: 38751108 DOI: 10.1002/art.42917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed and compared molecular tissue changes at the entheses in patients with psoriasis (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and in healthy controls (HCs) in vivo using multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) and described their relationship with clinical and ultrasound findings of enthesitis. METHODS A cross-sectional study (MSOT and Arthrosonography in PsA) in biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-naïve patients with PsA and PsO and HCs was performed. Participants underwent clinical, ultrasonographic, and MSOT examination of six entheses (lateral humeral epicondyle, distal patellar tendon attachment, and Achilles tendon attachment). MSOT-measured hemoglobin (Hb), oxygen saturation (SO2), collagen, and lipid levels were quantified, and mean differences between groups were calculated using linear mixed effects models. MSOT-measured analytes were compared between entheses with and without clinical and ultrasound anomalies. RESULTS Ninety participants were included (30 PsO, 30 PsA, and 30 HCs), 540 entheses were clinically assessed, and 540 ultrasound and 830 MSOT scans were obtained. Patients with PsA and PsO showed increased oxygenated Hb (PsA: P = 0.003; PsO: P = 0.054) and SO2 (PsA: P < 0.001; PsO: P = 0.001) levels and decreased collagen signals (PsA: P < 0.001; PsO: P < 0.001) compared with HCs, with more pronounced changes in PsA. Significantly lower collagen levels (P = 0.01) and increased lipids (P = 0.03) were recorded in tender entheses compared with nontender ones. Erosions and enthesophytes on ultrasound were associated with significant differences in SO2 (P = 0.014) and lipid signals (P = 0.020), respectively. CONCLUSION Patients with PsA and PsO exhibit an analogous metabolic pattern at the entheses that is exacerbated in the presence of inflammation. These findings support the notion of a psoriatic disease spectrum characterized by common immunometabolic tissue changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fagni
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Koray Tascilar
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rita Noversa de Sousa
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sara Bayat
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Sollfrank
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Kleyer
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Sticherling
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adrian P Regensburger
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Knieling
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Waldner
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Simon
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Noversa de Sousa R, Tascilar K, Corte G, Atzinger A, Minopoulou I, Ohrndorf S, Waldner M, Schmidkonz C, Kuwert T, Knieling F, Kleyer A, Ramming A, Schett G, Simon D, Fagni F. Metabolic and molecular imaging in inflammatory arthritis. RMD Open 2024; 10:e003880. [PMID: 38341194 PMCID: PMC10862311 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
It is known that metabolic shifts and tissue remodelling precede the development of visible inflammation and structural organ damage in inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as the inflammatory arthritides. As such, visualising and measuring metabolic tissue activity could be useful to identify biomarkers of disease activity already in a very early phase. Recent advances in imaging have led to the development of so-called 'metabolic imaging' tools that can detect these changes in metabolism in an increasingly accurate manner and non-invasively.Nuclear imaging techniques such as 18F-D-glucose and fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-labelled positron emission tomography are increasingly used and have yielded impressing results in the visualisation (including whole-body staging) of inflammatory changes in both early and established arthritis. Furthermore, optical imaging-based bedside techniques such as multispectral optoacoustic tomography and fluorescence optical imaging are advancing our understanding of arthritis by identifying intra-articular metabolic changes that correlate with the onset of inflammation with high precision and without the need of ionising radiation.Metabolic imaging holds great potential for improving the management of patients with inflammatory arthritis by contributing to early disease interception and improving diagnostic accuracy, thereby paving the way for a more personalised approach to therapy strategies including preventive strategies. In this narrative review, we discuss state-of-the-art metabolic imaging methods used in the assessment of arthritis and inflammation, and we advocate for more extensive research endeavours to elucidate their full field of application in rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Noversa de Sousa
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Koray Tascilar
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Giulia Corte
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin Atzinger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ioanna Minopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarah Ohrndorf
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Waldner
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidkonz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Engineering, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden, Amberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Knieling
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Kleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Filippo Fagni
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Ng BCK, Jadon D, Behrens F, de Wit M, FitzGerald O, Gladman DD, Mease PJ, O'Sullivan D, Pennington SR, Schett G, Chandran V, de Vlam K. Proceedings of the Collaborative Research Network Meeting at the GRAPPA 2022 Annual Meeting. J Rheumatol 2023; 50:61-65. [PMID: 37527862 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.2023-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
At the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) 2022 annual meeting, the Collaborative Research Network (CRN) met to present updates on several projects. These included the GRAPPA-Industry biomarker projects, Axial Psoriatic Arthritis Molecular and Clinical Characterisation Study, Axial Involvement in Psoriatic Arthritis Cohort (AXIS) study, and the Health Initiatives in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Consortium European States (HIPPOCRATES). The meeting concluded with a discussion on pathways to further academia-industry collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Cheok Kuan Ng
- B.C.K. Ng, MBBS, MSc, D. Jadon, MBBCh, PhD, Rheumatology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deepak Jadon
- B.C.K. Ng, MBBS, MSc, D. Jadon, MBBCh, PhD, Rheumatology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Behrens
- F. Behrens, MD, Goethe University and Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maarten de Wit
- M. de Wit, PhD, GRAPPA Patient Research Partner, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver FitzGerald
- O. FitzGerald, MD, S.R. Pennington, BSc, ARCS, PhD, School of Medicine, and Conway Institute for Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dafna D Gladman
- D.D. Gladman, MD, University of Toronto, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Mease
- P.J. Mease, MD, Rheumatology Research, Swedish Medical Center/Providence St. Joseph Health and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Denis O'Sullivan
- D. O'Sullivan, BE, GRAPPA Patient Research Partner, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Stephen R Pennington
- O. FitzGerald, MD, S.R. Pennington, BSc, ARCS, PhD, School of Medicine, and Conway Institute for Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Georg Schett
- G. Schett, MD, Department of Internal Medicine - Rheumatology & Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vinod Chandran
- V. Chandran, MBBS, MD, DM, PhD, University of Toronto, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kurt de Vlam
- K. de Vlam MD, PhD, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Rheumatology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Minopoulou I, Kleyer A, Yalcin-Mutlu M, Fagni F, Kemenes S, Schmidkonz C, Atzinger A, Pachowsky M, Engel K, Folle L, Roemer F, Waldner M, D'Agostino MA, Schett G, Simon D. Imaging in inflammatory arthritis: progress towards precision medicine. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:650-665. [PMID: 37684361 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Imaging techniques such as ultrasonography and MRI have gained ground in the diagnosis and management of inflammatory arthritis, as these imaging modalities allow a sensitive assessment of musculoskeletal inflammation and damage. However, these techniques cannot discriminate between disease subsets and are currently unable to deliver an accurate prediction of disease progression and therapeutic response in individual patients. This major shortcoming of today's technology hinders a targeted and personalized patient management approach. Technological advances in the areas of high-resolution imaging (for example, high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and ultra-high field MRI), functional and molecular-based imaging (such as chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI, positron emission tomography, fluorescence optical imaging, optoacoustic imaging and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography) and artificial intelligence-based data analysis could help to tackle these challenges. These new imaging approaches offer detailed anatomical delineation and an in vivo and non-invasive evaluation of the immunometabolic status of inflammatory reactions, thereby facilitating an in-depth characterization of inflammation. By means of these developments, the aim of earlier diagnosis, enhanced monitoring and, ultimately, a personalized treatment strategy looms closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Minopoulou
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Kleyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melek Yalcin-Mutlu
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Filippo Fagni
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kemenes
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidkonz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Amberg-Weiden, Weiden, Germany
| | - Armin Atzinger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milena Pachowsky
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Folle
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Roemer
- Institute of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maximilian Waldner
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria-Antonietta D'Agostino
- Division of Rheumatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1173, Infection et Inflammation, Laboratory of Excellence Inflamex, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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