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Jones LR, Wright SJ, Gant TW. A critical review of microplastics toxicity and potential adverse outcome pathway in human gastrointestinal tract following oral exposure. Toxicol Lett 2023; 385:51-60. [PMID: 37659479 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are typically produced via environmental degradation of larger plastics, where they enter the human food chain. MPs are complex materials containing chemical and physical characteristics that can potentially affect their hazard and exposure. These physical properties can be altered by environmental exposure potentially altering any risk assessment conducted on the primary material. We conducted a literature review using an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP)-based approach from Molecular Initiating Event (MIE) to cell effect event to identify multiple knowledge gaps that affect MPs hazard assessment. There is some convergence of key biological events but could relate to most lying along well-established biological effector pathways such as apoptosis which can respond to many MIEs. In contrast, MIEs of chemicals will be via protein interaction. As MPs may occur in the lumen of the alimentary canal for example to the mucus, therefore, not requiring translocation of MPs across the epithelial membrane. At the other end of the AOP, currently it is not possible to identify a single adverse outcome at the organ level. This work did establish a clear need to understand both external and internal exposure (resulting from translocation) and develop hazard data at both levels to inform on risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna R Jones
- UK Health Security Agency. Toxicology Department, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephanie J Wright
- Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy W Gant
- UK Health Security Agency. Toxicology Department, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, United Kingdom
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2
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Danforth JM, Provencher L, Goodarzi AA. Chromatin and the Cellular Response to Particle Radiation-Induced Oxidative and Clustered DNA Damage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:910440. [PMID: 35912116 PMCID: PMC9326100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.910440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental ionizing radiation is prevalent, with greatest lifetime doses typically from high Linear Energy Transfer (high-LET) alpha particles via the radioactive decay of radon gas in indoor air. Particle radiation is highly genotoxic, inducing DNA damage including oxidative base lesions and DNA double strand breaks. Due to the ionization density of high-LET radiation, the consequent damage is highly clustered wherein ≥2 distinct DNA lesions occur within 1–2 helical turns of one another. These multiply-damaged sites are difficult for eukaryotic cells to resolve either quickly or accurately, resulting in the persistence of DNA damage and/or the accumulation of mutations at a greater rate per absorbed dose, relative to lower LET radiation types. The proximity of the same and different types of DNA lesions to one another is challenging for DNA repair processes, with diverse pathways often confounding or interplaying with one another in complex ways. In this context, understanding the state of the higher order chromatin compaction and arrangements is essential, as it influences the density of damage produced by high-LET radiation and regulates the recruitment and activity of DNA repair factors. This review will summarize the latest research exploring the processes by which clustered DNA damage sites are induced, detected, and repaired in the context of chromatin.
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Jagetia GC, Jacob PS. (E)4-[4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl]but-3-en-2-one mitigates radiation-induced chromosome damage in BALB/c mouse bone marrow. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 858-860:503238. [PMID: 33198928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of administration of (E) 4-[4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl]but-3-en-2-one (DMAP) on radiation-induced chromosome damage in mice. Mice were whole-body exposed to γ-rays, 0-4 Gy, and then immediately administered DMAP, 20 mg/kg. After 24 h, mice were sacrificed, femora were removed, marrow was extracted, and chromosome aberrations were scored in the bone marrow cells. With vehicle-only (saline or oil) treatment, radiation dose-dependent damage was seen in aberrant cells, chromosome breaks, chromatid breaks, centric rings, di-, tri-, and tetracentrics, acentric fragments, total aberrations, polyploidy, and pulverization. Post-administration of DMAP was protective as it reduced chromosome damage. DMAP treatment may be a useful protective agent following radiation accidents or radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Preenu Sunil Jacob
- Latifa Hospital, Oud Metha Road, Al Jaddaf, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Abstract
In concert with the increased understanding that there are many ways for cells to die, several methods have been developed to detect cell death. The classification of cell death posed some difficulties that were overcome by implementing strict selection criteria that should also apply to the detection methods. The selection of assays is based on morphological criteria and distinguishable marks of apoptotic patways. The detection of apoptosis includes methods related to membrane alterations, DNA fragmentation, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation, mitochondrial damage, immunological detection and mechanism based assays. Other less frequently used detections of apoptosis are: (a) light-scattering flow cytometry to avoid underestimating the extent and timing of apoptosis, (b) time-lapse microscopy perfusion platform to support the temporal aspects of detection, to measure cell surface area and cellular adhesion, and (c) genotoxicity specific chromatin changes. Attention is called to the advantages and limitations of various methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Banfalvi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen,, 4010, Hungary.
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Wang Y, Xu C, Du LQ, Cao J, Liu JX, Su X, Zhao H, Fan FY, Wang B, Katsube T, Fan SJ, Liu Q. Evaluation of the comet assay for assessing the dose-response relationship of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22449-61. [PMID: 24240807 PMCID: PMC3856073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dose- and time-response curves were combined to assess the potential of the comet assay in radiation biodosimetry. The neutral comet assay was used to detect DNA double-strand breaks in lymphocytes caused by γ-ray irradiation. A clear dose-response relationship with DNA double-strand breaks using the comet assay was found at different times after irradiation (p < 0.001). A time-response relationship was also found within 72 h after irradiation (p < 0.001). The curves for DNA double-strand breaks and DNA repair in vitro of human lymphocytes presented a nice model, and a smooth, three-dimensional plane model was obtained when the two curves were combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (C.X.); (L.Q.D.); (J.C.); (F.-Y.F.); (S.J.F.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, First Clinical Department of Medical Emergency Response Center for Nuclear Accidents, Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (C.X.); (L.Q.D.); (J.C.); (F.-Y.F.); (S.J.F.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, First Clinical Department of Medical Emergency Response Center for Nuclear Accidents, Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Li Qing Du
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (C.X.); (L.Q.D.); (J.C.); (F.-Y.F.); (S.J.F.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, First Clinical Department of Medical Emergency Response Center for Nuclear Accidents, Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (C.X.); (L.Q.D.); (J.C.); (F.-Y.F.); (S.J.F.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, First Clinical Department of Medical Emergency Response Center for Nuclear Accidents, Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jian Xiang Liu
- National Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control, Beijing 100088, China; E-Mails: (J.X.L.); (X.S.)
- Medical Emergency Response Center for Nuclear Accidents, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xu Su
- National Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control, Beijing 100088, China; E-Mails: (J.X.L.); (X.S.)
- Medical Emergency Response Center for Nuclear Accidents, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; E-Mail:
| | - Fei-Yue Fan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (C.X.); (L.Q.D.); (J.C.); (F.-Y.F.); (S.J.F.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, First Clinical Department of Medical Emergency Response Center for Nuclear Accidents, Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; E-Mails: (B.W.); (T.K.)
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; E-Mails: (B.W.); (T.K.)
| | - Sai Jun Fan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (C.X.); (L.Q.D.); (J.C.); (F.-Y.F.); (S.J.F.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, First Clinical Department of Medical Emergency Response Center for Nuclear Accidents, Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (C.X.); (L.Q.D.); (J.C.); (F.-Y.F.); (S.J.F.)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, First Clinical Department of Medical Emergency Response Center for Nuclear Accidents, Ministry of Health, Tianjin 300192, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-22-8568-0279; Fax: +86-22-8568-3033
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DNA damage in hair root cells as a biomarker for gamma ray exposure. Mutat Res 2013; 756:201-5. [PMID: 23811168 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present research is to examine whether human hair root cells can be used for dose assessment after in vitro exposure to ionizing radiation. Hair root samples plucked from random head regions were collected from 5 healthy human subjects. Some of these hair samples were used as control and some were irradiated with 0.5-5Gy of gamma ray using a Cs-137 gamma irradiator at a dose rate of 0.14Gy/s. DNA damage (single-strand breaks) was determined in hair root cells of these samples using the comet assay technique. The comet assay parameters, tail length (TL) and tail moment (TM), showed a significant increase (p<.05) in single-strand DNA breaks in hair roots cells of the exposed samples compared to control. A linear dose-effect relationship was observed when tail moment or tail length was plotted against the log of the radiation dose. This research suggests a possible use of human hair root cell DNA damage as a biomarker especially for low dose radiation.
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Bannik K, Rössler U, Faus-Kessler T, Gomolka M, Hornhardt S, Dalke C, Klymenko O, Rosemann M, Trott KR, Atkinson M, Kulka U, Graw J. Are mouse lens epithelial cells more sensitive to γ-irradiation than lymphocytes? RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:279-286. [PMID: 23321930 PMCID: PMC3677237 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-012-0451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this pilot study we compared for the first time the radiation sensitivity of mouse lens epithelial cells (LECs) and mouse lymphocytes. We freshly prepared LECs and lymphocytes and irradiated them with γ-rays ((137)Cs; doses ranging from 0.25 to 2 Gy). DNA damage and repair were evaluated by alkaline comet assay and γH2AX foci assay. Using the comet assay, we observed a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in both cell types. The faster formation of single- and double-strand breaks in LECs of C57BL/6 mice at doses below 1 Gy needs to be confirmed in other mouse strains. Immunofluorescence for γH2AX foci showed a higher degree of lesions in LECs from C57BL/6J mice compared to those of JF1 mice and to lymphocytes of both strains. Correspondingly, repair of DNA damage proceeded faster in LECs of C57BL/6J mice compared to LECs of JF1 mice and lymphocytes of both strains. It is obvious that the lymphocytes of both strains repaired DNA lesions more slowly than the corresponding LECs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that LECs of C57Bl/6 mice show a steeper dose-response than lymphocytes in both types of experiments. It shows that both test systems are able to be used also at doses below 0.25 Gy. The observed difference in DNA repair between the LECs from C57BL/6J mice compared to the LECs from JF1 mice and to the lymphocytes of both strains warrants further experiments to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bannik
- National Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Ute Rössler
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health (SG1.1), Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Theresa Faus-Kessler
- National Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health (SG1.1), Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health (SG1.1), Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Dalke
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olena Klymenko
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rosemann
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kulka
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health (SG1.1), Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- National Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Schmid TE, Zlobinskaya O, Multhoff G. Differences in Phosphorylated Histone H2AX Foci Formation and Removal of Cells Exposed to Low and High Linear Energy Transfer Radiation. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:418-25. [PMID: 23450137 PMCID: PMC3426775 DOI: 10.2174/138920212802510501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of particle ion beams in cancer radiotherapy has a long history. Today, beams of protons or heavy ions, predominantly carbon ions, can be accelerated to precisely calculated energies which can be accurately targeted to tumors. This particle therapy works by damaging the DNA of tissue cells, ultimately causing their death. Among the different types of DNA lesions, the formation of DNA double strand breaks is considered to be the most relevant of deleterious damages of ionizing radiation in cells. It is well-known that the extremely large localized energy deposition can lead to complex types of DNA double strand breaks. These effects can lead to cell death, mutations, genomic instability, or carcinogenesis. Complex double strand breaks can increase the probability of mis-rejoining by NHEJ. As a consequence differences in the repair kinetics following high and low LET irradiation qualities are attributed mainly to quantitative differences in their contributions of the fast and slow repair component. In general, there is a higher contribution of the slow component of DNA double strand repair after exposure to high LET radiation, which is thought to reflect the increased amount of complex DNA double strand breaks. These can be accurately measured by the γ-H2AX assay, because the number of phosphorylated H2AX foci correlates well with the number of double strand breaks induced by low or / and high LET radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ernst Schmid
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Radiation Oncology, Technische Universität München, D-81675 München, Germany
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Golfier S, Jost G, Pietsch H, Lengsfeld P, Eckardt-Schupp F, Schmid E, Voth M. Dicentric chromosomes and gamma-H2AX foci formation in lymphocytes of human blood samples exposed to a CT scanner: a direct comparison of dose response relationships. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2009; 134:55-61. [PMID: 19369288 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Experiments using the induction of dicentric chromosomes (dicentrics) as well as the gamma-H2AX foci formation in lymphocytes of blood samples from a healthy donor were performed to directly evaluate the radiation sensitivity of both biological endpoints. For computed tomography scans at dose levels from 0.025 to 1 Gy, a linear-quadratic dose-response relationship for dicentrics and a linear dose-response relationship for gamma-H2AX foci were obtained. The coefficients of the dose-response relationship for dicentrics are alpha = (3.76 +/- 0.29) x 10(-2) Gy(-1) and beta = (5.54 +/- 0.45) x 10(-2) Gy(-2), the linear coefficient for gamma-H2AX foci is (7.38 +/- 0.11) Gy(-1). The findings indicate that scoring of dicentrics as well as microscopic analysis of gamma-H2AX foci are sensitive methods to quantify a radiation-induced biological damage at low doses. However, since gamma-H2AX foci can be partially repaired within a few hours, biological damages present for days or even months, which constitute the clinically relevant endpoints, can only be quantified reliably by scoring of chromosome aberrations. Thus currently the quantification of dicentrics or reciprocal translocations remains the recommended method for estimating the effect of exposures to low dose levels of radiation ('biological dosimetry'). However, owing to the high radiation sensitivity of the gamma-H2AX foci assay observed in the present study, further investigations on the effectiveness of low-linear energy transfer radiation qualities in producing gamma-H2AX foci in lymphocytes from healthy donors should be performed.
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Chen AF, Davies CM, De Lin M, Fermor B. Oxidative DNA damage in osteoarthritic porcine articular cartilage. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:828-33. [PMID: 18720406 PMCID: PMC2575799 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species. This study investigated if increased oxidative DNA damage accumulates in OA articular cartilage compared with non-OA articular cartilage from pigs with spontaneous OA. Additionally, the ability of nitric oxide (NO) or peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) induced DNA damage in non-OA chondrocytes to undergo endogenous repair was investigated. Porcine femoral condyles were graded for the stage of OA, macroscopically by the Collins Scale, and histologically by the modified Mankin Grade. Levels of DNA damage were determined in non-OA and OA cartilage, using the comet assay. For calibration, DNA damage was measured by exposing non-OA chondrocytes to 0-12 Gray (Gy) of X-ray irradiation. Non-OA articular chondrocytes were treated with 0-500 microM of NO donors (NOC-18 or SIN-1), and DNA damage assessed after treatment and 5 days recovery. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in oxidative DNA damage occurred in OA chondrocytes in joints with Mankin Grades 3 or greater, compared to non-OA chondrocytes. The percentage of nuclei containing DNA damage increased significantly (P < 0.001) from early to late grades of OA. An increase of approximately 0.65-1.7 breaks/1,000 kb of DNA occurred in OA, compared to non-OA nuclei. NOC-18 or SIN-1 caused significant DNA damage (P < 0.001) in non-OA chondrocytes that did not undergo full endogenous repair after 5 days (P < 0.05). Our data suggest significant levels of oxidative DNA damage occur in OA chondrocytes that accumulates with OA progression. Additionally, DNA damage induced by NO and ONOO(-) in non-OA chondrocytes does not undergo full endogenous repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia F. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Catrin M. Davies
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ming De Lin
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Beverley Fermor
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Banfalvi G, Klaisz M, Ujvarosi K, Trencsenyi G, Rozsa D, Nagy G. Gamma irradiation induced apoptotic changes in the chromatin structure of human erythroleukemia K562 cells. Apoptosis 2007; 12:2271-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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