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Dongare PA, Bhaskar SB, Harsoor SS, Garg R, Kannan S, Goneppanavar U, Ali Z, Gopinath R, Sood J, Mani K, Bhatia P, Rohatgi P, Das R, Ghosh S, Mahankali SS, Singh Bajwa SJ, Gupta S, Pandya ST, Keshavan VH, Joshi M, Malhotra N. Perioperative fasting and feeding in adults, obstetric, paediatric and bariatric population: Practice Guidelines from the Indian Society of Anaesthesiologists. Indian J Anaesth 2020; 64:556-584. [PMID: 32792733 PMCID: PMC7413358 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_735_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep A Dongare
- Assistant Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, ESIPGIMSR, Bengaluru, India
| | - S Bala Bhaskar
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari, India
| | - S S Harsoor
- Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, Dr BR Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rakesh Garg
- Additional Professor, Department of Onco-Anaesthesia, Pain and Palliative Medicine, DR BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudheesh Kannan
- Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, BMCRI, Bengaluru, India
| | - Umesh Goneppanavar
- Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, Dharwad Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Dharwad, India
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Ramachandran Gopinath
- Professor and Head,Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jayashree Sood
- Honorary. Joint Secretary, Board of Management, Chairperson, Institute of Anaesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalaivani Mani
- Scientist IV, Department of Biostatistics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Bhatia
- Professor and Head, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - Rekha Das
- Professor and Head, Department Anaesthesiology, Critical care and Pain, Acharya Harihar Post Graduate Institute of Cancer, Cuttack, India
| | - Santu Ghosh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, St John's Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa
- Professor and Head, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital, Punjab, India
| | - Sunanda Gupta
- Professor and Head, Department of Anaesthesiology, Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital, Udaipur, India
| | - Sunil T Pandya
- Chief of Anaesthesia and Surgical ICU, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Venkatesh H Keshavan
- Senior Consultant and Chief, Department of Neuroanaesthesia and Critical Care, Apollo Hospitals, Bengaluru, India
| | - Muralidhar Joshi
- Head, Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Virinchi Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naveen Malhotra
- Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology and In Charge Pain Management Centre, Pt BDS PGIMS, Haryana, India
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Biokinetic model of radioiodine I-131 in nine thyroid cancer patients subjected to in-vivo gamma camera scanning: A simplified five-compartmental model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232480. [PMID: 32365074 PMCID: PMC7197807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A five-compartmental biokinetic model of I-131 radioiodine based on in-vivo gamma camera scanning results was developed and successfully applied to nine thyroid cancer patients who were administered 1,110 MBq I-131 in capsules for the residual thyroid gland ablation. The I-131 solution activity among internal organs was analyzed via the revised biokinetic model of iodine recommended by the ICRP-30 and -56 reports. Accordingly, a five-compartmental (stomach, body fluid, thyroid, whole body, and excretion) model was established to simulate the metabolic mechanism of I-131 in thyroid cancer patients, whereas the respective four simultaneous differential equations were solved via a self-developed program run in MATLAB. This made it possible to provide a close correlation between MATLAB simulation results and empirical data. The latter data were collected through in-vivo gamma camera scans of nine patients obtained after 1, 4, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after radioactive I-131 administration. The average biological half-life values for the stomach, body fluid, thyroid, and whole body of thyroid cancer patients under study were 0.54±0.32, 12.6±1.8, 42.8±5.1, and 12.6±1.8 h, respectively. The corresponding branching ratios I12, I23, I25, I34, I42, and I45 as denoted in the biokinetic model of iodine were 1.0, 0.21±0.14, 0.79±0.14, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.9, respectively. The average values of the AT dimensionless index used to verify the agreement between empirical and numerical simulation results were 0.056±0.017, 0.017±0.014, 0.044±0.023, and 0.045±0.009 for the stomach, thyroid, body fluid + whole body, and total, respectively. The results obtained were considered quite instrumental in the elucidation of metabolic mechanisms in the human body, particularly in thyroid cancer patients.
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YEN YUCHEN, TIEN HUIYUN, GUO ZHENGHONG, WANG TZUHWEI, TSAI SHIHCHUAN, PAN LUNGFA, PAN LUNGKWANG. BIOKINETIC MODEL OF Tc-99m MIBI FOR EIGHT PATIENTS UNDERGONE MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION EXAMINATION via GAMMA CAMERA AND MATLAB PROGRAM: AN IN-VIVO STUDY. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519419400426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biokinetic model of Tc-99m MIBI for eight patients undergone myocardial perfusion examination was studied using gamma camera and MATLAB program. A six-compartment model was adopted to interpret the metabolic mechanism of each patient. Within the model framework, the respective set of simultaneous differential equations was solved by a self-developed program run in MATLAB. The experimental results exhibited a good fit with the theoretical predictions via the model. The average biological half-lives of body fluid, heart, thyroid, liver, GI Tract and remainder were assessed as [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]h, respectively. A dimensionless AT index of disagreement between the experimental data and MATLAB optimal solution was proposed of validating the applied acquisition system and analytical method feasibility. An AT of zero implies a perfect agreement between the theoretical and empirical results, while averages of the derived AT were fluctuated from 3 [Formula: see text] 2 to [Formula: see text] for five compartments. The proposed refined equation estimated the internal dose from gamma-ray as [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mSv for eight patients according to a fast screening method, which defined human body as a spherical ball to simplify the calculation in reality. The proposed MATLAB-based fitting of in-vivo data with the theoretical results was instrumental for assessing the radiation dose received by the Tc-99m MIBI scan participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- YU-CHEN YEN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC
| | - HUI-YUN TIEN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC
| | - ZHENG-HONG GUO
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - TZU-HWEI WANG
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yee Zen Hospital, Taoyuan 326, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan, ROC
| | - SHIH-CHUAN TSAI
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan, ROC
| | - LUNG-FA PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Cardiology, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 411, Taiwan, ROC
| | - LUNG-KWANG PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
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CHEN CHIHFENG, CHUANG CHAOHSUN, TANG PAOCHEN, TSENG NENGCHUNG, PAN LUNGFA, PAN LUNGKWANG. BIOKINETIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOIODINE-131 VIA IN VIVO GAMMA CAMERA/8-SLICE CT TECHNIQUE: CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF FELINE HYPERTHYROIDISM. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418400353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: A biokinetic model of iodine in the thyroid was developed and applied to a case-control study of hyperthyroid cat undertaken the NaI-131 dose administration using a gamma camera/8-slice CT with the in vivo study. Methods: The case-control hyperthyroid cats were administered 55.5 or 3.7[Formula: see text]MBq of I-131 radioactive solution and continuously surveyed by a gamma camera. The scan schedule was preset as 5- or 10-min counting per each hour from the initial time to the sixth hour, then on the 24th, 48th and 72nd hours, respectively. An in-house developed program run in the MATLAB was applied to evaluate the biokinetic model of iodine in the thyroid, in compliance with the ICRP-30 report regulations. The model was defined by five compartments (namely: stomach, body fluid, thyroid, whole body, and excretion) and allowed one to simulate the variations of time-dependent I-131 radioactive concentration among various compartments of each study subject. The numerical simulation via MATLAB was compiled with the empirical evaluation to optimize the time-dependent concentration of I-131 within the above compartments. Results: The derived biological half-life values for stomach, body fluid, thyroid, whole body, and excretion, respectively, were as follows: 17, 3, 10, 5 and 140[Formula: see text]h for hyperthyroid cat, 18, 1, 8, 2, and 40[Formula: see text]h for control #1 cat, and 22, 2, 12, 4, and 20[Formula: see text]h for control #2 cat. The cumulative radioactive doses from both gamma-ray and beta particles were assessed via a simplified algorithm as 0.135, 0.0082, and 0.005 Gy, for hyperthyroid cat, control #1, and control #2 ones, respectively. Conclusion: The derived biokinetic model was found to be helpful in the evaluation of the metabolic mechanism in case of feline hyperthyroidism. The revealed deviations from available human biomodels can be used for refining the radioiodine treatment of pets with hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHIH-FENG CHEN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, ROC
| | - CHAO-HSUN CHUANG
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, ROC
| | - PAO-CHEN TANG
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - NENG-CHUNG TSENG
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - LUNG-FA PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, ROC
- Department of Cardiology, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
| | - LUNG-KWANG PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, ROC
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KAO PANFU, KUO HSUNNAN, LIU SHIHJYUN, YEH DAMING, PAN LUNGKWANG. BIOKINETIC AND DOSIMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF FLUORINE 18 IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS SUBJECTED TO 18F–NaF PET/CT BONE SCANS VIA COMPARTMENTAL/MATLAB MODELS AND IN-VIVO STUDY. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418400225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study quantified the time-dependent concentration of [Formula: see text]F–NaF in critical organs according to a simplified compartmental biokinetic model with clinical verification. Methods: The eleven volunteers were given [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MBq [Formula: see text]F–NaF administration, then scanned (with 15[Formula: see text]min-collection, every 20[Formula: see text]min, for 200 consecutive min) with a Philips Gemini GXL PET/CT. The empirical data were collected and normalized as the input dataset for MATLAB program. A six-compartmental model was created as a set of time-dependent differential equations and analyzed by the MATLAB to optimize the correlation between the in vivo data and calculated results. The six compartments were: body fluid, bone, kidney, liver, remainder and excretion, while kidney and liver compartments were conventionally split into two subunits with different half-lives to fit properly the empirical data. Results: The average biological half-lives of body fluid, bone, kidney-1, kidney-2, liver-1, liver-2 and the remainder (rest of body) were assessed as [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]min, respectively. A dimensionless AT index of disagreement between the empirical data and MATLAB optimal solutions was proposed of validating the applied acquisition system and analytical method feasibility. The body fluid and bone AT values did not exceed 20%. The proposed refined equation yielded the internal dose from both gamma- and beta-rays ([Formula: see text] cSv as [Formula: see text] cSv/MBq), which exhibited good correlation with literature (0.00168–0.00270 cSv/MBq). Conclusion: The proposed MATLAB-based fitting of in-vivo data with the theoretical results was instrumental for assessing the radiation dose received by the PET/CT bone scan participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- PAN-FU KAO
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - HSUN-NAN KUO
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Division of Cardiology, Yuan Rung Hospital, Yuanlin, Changhua 510, Taiwan, ROC
| | - SHIH-JYUN LIU
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Radiation Oncology, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - DA-MING YEH
- School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - LUNG-KWANG PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC
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CHUANG CHAOHSUN, CHEN CHIHFENG, TSENG NENGCHUNG, CHAN KUANGLI, PAN LUNGFA, PAN LUNGKWANG. THE FIRST ATTEMPT OF THE BIOKINETIC GA-67 MODEL APPLICATION TO CANINE LIVER CARCINOMA: CASE-CONTROL STUDY VIAIN-VIVOGAMMA CAMERA/8-SLICE CT TECHNIQUE. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418400195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biokinetic model of Ga-67 evolution was elaborated in this study for the case-control group of canine liver carcinoma via in-vivo gamma camera/8-slice CT technique. One liver carcinoma dog and two normal dogs were anesthetized with the further whole body scanning by a gamma camera to acquire the time-dependent Ga-67 concentration variations among eight compartments, namely: 1. body fluid, 2. liver, 3. GI Tract, 4. kidney, 5. heart, 6. remainder, 7. bladder, and 8. excretion. Each compartment was assumed to have a unique biological half-life and to be connected to other ones. The initial simplification of assigned compartments was performed based on the general-purpose biokinetic model recommended by the ICRP-30 report. Each object/dog underwent eight scans within 72[Formula: see text]h. The time-dependent empirical data were normalized to the maximal counts/pixel/sec and then integrated with the theoretical estimates, in order to optimize the correlations among compartments. A self-developed program run in MATLAB was used to reflect the actual performance acquired from the gamma camera scanning, while the dimensionless agreement (AT) was applied to assess the discrepancies between empirical and theoretical results. An AT of zero implies a perfect agreement between the theoretical and empirical results, while AT under 20 indicates an excellent consistency between the optimal computational and empirical data, whereas a wide fluctuation of the obtained ATs in the range of 7%–60% corresponded to a medium range of data disagreement in this study. The liver carcinoma dog has revealed a longer biological half-life than normal dogs in the limited range (40 versus 35 or 15[Formula: see text]h). However, the quantified data for other compartments and branching ratios among compartments provided a quite robust substantiation for constructing the biokinetic model of Ga-67 being administrated in the canine hepatic survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHAO-HSUN CHUANG
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - CHIH-FENG CHEN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - NENG-CHUNG TSENG
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - KUANG-LI CHAN
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - LUNG-FA PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan
- Department of Cardiology, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - LUNG-KWANG PAN
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung 406, Taiwan
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Yeh DM, Chen CY, Tang JF, Pan LK. A quantitative evaluation of multiple biokinetic models using an assembled water phantom: A feasibility study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189244. [PMID: 29267305 PMCID: PMC5739403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the feasibility of quantitatively evaluating multiple biokinetic models and established the validity of the different compartment models using an assembled water phantom. Most commercialized phantoms are made to survey the imaging system since this is essential to increase the diagnostic accuracy for quality assurance. In contrast, few customized phantoms are specifically made to represent multi-compartment biokinetic models. This is because the complicated calculations as defined to solve the biokinetic models and the time-consuming verifications of the obtained solutions are impeded greatly the progress over the past decade. Nevertheless, in this work, five biokinetic models were separately defined by five groups of simultaneous differential equations to obtain the time-dependent radioactive concentration changes inside the water phantom. The water phantom was assembled by seven acrylic boxes in four different sizes, and the boxes were linked to varying combinations of hoses to signify the multiple biokinetic models from the biomedical perspective. The boxes that were connected by hoses were then regarded as a closed water loop with only one infusion and drain. 129.1±24.2 MBq of Tc-99m labeled methylene diphosphonate (MDP) solution was thoroughly infused into the water boxes before gamma scanning; then the water was replaced with de-ionized water to simulate the biological removal rate among the boxes. The water was driven by an automatic infusion pump at 6.7 c.c./min, while the biological half-life of the four different-sized boxes (64, 144, 252, and 612 c.c.) was 4.8, 10.7, 18.8, and 45.5 min, respectively. The five models of derived time-dependent concentrations for the boxes were estimated either by a self-developed program run in MATLAB or by scanning via a gamma camera facility. Either agreement or disagreement between the practical scanning and the theoretical prediction in five models was thoroughly discussed. The derived biokinetic model represented the metabolic mechanism in the human body and helped to solidify the internal circulatory system into concert with numerical verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ming Yeh
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung Branch, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Fa Tang
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lung-Kwang Pan
- Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Takun, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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Chiang FT, Li PJ, Chung SP, Pan LF, Pan LK. Quantitative analysis of multiple biokinetic models using a dynamic water phantom: A feasibility study. Bioengineered 2016; 7:304-313. [PMID: 27286096 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1197738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed multiple biokinetic models using a dynamic water phantom. The phantom was custom-made with acrylic materials to model metabolic mechanisms in the human body. It had 4 spherical chambers of different sizes, connected by 8 ditches to form a complex and adjustable water loop. One infusion and drain pole connected the chambers to an auxiliary silicon-based hose, respectively. The radio-active compound solution (TC-99m-MDP labeled) formed a sealed and static water loop inside the phantom. As clean feed water was infused to replace the original solution, the system mimicked metabolic mechanisms for data acquisition. Five cases with different water loop settings were tested and analyzed, with case settings changed by controlling valve poles located in the ditches. The phantom could also be changed from model A to model B by transferring its vertical configuration. The phantom was surveyed with a clinical gamma camera to determine the time-dependent intensity of every chamber. The recorded counts per pixel in each chamber were analyzed and normalized to compare with theoretical estimations from the MATLAB program. Every preset case was represented by uniquely defined, time-dependent, simultaneous differential equations, and a corresponding MATLAB program optimized the solutions by comparing theoretical calculations and practical measurements. A dimensionless agreement (AT) index was recommended to evaluate the comparison in each case. ATs varied from 5.6 to 48.7 over the 5 cases, indicating that this work presented an acceptable feasibility study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Tsai Chiang
- a Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Takun , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Pei-Jung Li
- c Department of Nuclear Medicine , Changhua Christian Hospital , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Shih-Ping Chung
- a Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Takun , Taiwan , ROC.,d Department of Nuclear Medicine , Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taichung Branch , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Lung-Fa Pan
- a Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Takun , Taiwan , ROC.,e Department of Cardiology , Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Lung-Kwang Pan
- a Graduate Institute of Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Takun , Taiwan , ROC
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Wilde L, Bock M, Wolf M, Glöckl G, Garbacz G, Weitschies W. Development of pressure-sensitive dosage forms with a core liquefying at body temperature. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 86:507-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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