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Saymbetov A, Muminov R, Jing Z, Nurgaliyev M, Japashov N, Toshmurodov Y, Kuttybay N, Kapparova A, Zholamanov B, Orynbassar S, Koshkarbay N. Equivalent circuit of a silicon-lithium p-i-n nuclear radiation detector. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12525. [PMID: 37532741 PMCID: PMC10397336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear radiation detectors are indispensable for research in the field of nuclear radiation, X-ray spectroscopy and other areas. Interest in silicon p-i-n detectors of nuclear radiation is increasing today due to the possibility of their operation under normal conditions. In this paper, an equivalent circuit of a silicon-lithium p-i-n nuclear radiation detector is proposed. The proposed circuit is obtained using the classical Shockley equation for silicon semiconductors and the telegraph equations. The parameters of the equivalent circuit were determined using the multiple regression method. As a result of simulation of the model in the MATLAB Simulink graphical development environment, the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of the proposed model were obtained. Using the Monte Carlo method, the alpha-decay of the uranium isotope [Formula: see text], thorium isotope [Formula: see text] and americium isotope [Formula: see text] the alpha-decay spectrum was obtained. Obtained alpha-decay spectra coincides with the experimental data, presented in previous works of other authors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramizulla Muminov
- Physical-Technical Institute, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Zhang Jing
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Yorkin Toshmurodov
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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Pommé S, Veale MC, Pooley DE, Van Assche F, Falksohn F, Collins SM. Analysis of a neutron-induced conversion electron spectrum of gadolinium. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 197:110828. [PMID: 37126950 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A 100-nm-thick gadolinium layer deposited on a pixelated silicon sensor was activated in a neutron field to measure the internal conversion electron (ICE) spectrum generated by neutron capture products of 155Gd and 157Gd. The experiment was performed at the ISIS neutron and muon facility, using a bespoke version of the HEXITEC spectroscopic imaging camera. Signals originating from internal conversion electrons, Auger electrons, x rays and gamma rays up to 150 keV were identified. The ICE spectrum has an energy resolution of 1.8-1.9 keV at 72 keV and shows peaks from the K, L, M, N+ ICEs of the 79.51 keV and 88.967 keV 2+-0+ gamma transitions from the first excited states in 158Gd and 156Gd, respectively, as well as the K ICEs of the 4+-2+ transitions at 181.931 keV and 199.213 keV from the respective second excited states. Spectrum analysis was performed using a convolution of a Gaussian with exponential functions at the low and high energy side as the peak shaping function. Relative ICE intensities were derived from the fitted peak areas and compared with internal conversion coefficient (ICC) values calculated from the BrIcc database. Relative to the dominant L shell contribution, the K ICE intensity conforms to BrIcc and the M, N, O+ ICE intensities are somewhat higher than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pommé
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium.
| | - M C Veale
- Technology Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (STFC), Oxfordshire, UK
| | - D E Pooley
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (STFC), Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - F Falksohn
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK
| | - S M Collins
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK; School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
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Zorloni G, Cova F, Caresana M, Di Benedetto M, Hostaša J, Fasoli M, Villa I, Veronese I, Fazzi A, Vedda A. Neutron/γ discrimination by an emission-based phoswich approach. RADIAT MEAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2019.106203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pfeifer KB, Achyuthan KE, Allen M, Denton MLB, Siegal MP, Manginell RP. Microfabrication of a gadolinium-derived solid-state sensor for thermal neutrons. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2017; 58:464-473. [PMID: 28369631 PMCID: PMC5570059 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Neutron sensing is critical in civilian and military applications. Conventional neutron sensors are limited by size, weight, cost, portability and helium supply. Here the microfabrication of gadolinium (Gd) conversion material-based heterojunction diodes for detecting thermal neutrons using electrical signals produced by internal conversion electrons (ICEs) is described. Films with negligible stress were produced at the tensile-compressive crossover point, enabling Gd coatings of any desired thickness by controlling the radiofrequency sputtering power and using the zero-point near p(Ar) of 50 mTorr at 100 W. Post-deposition Gd oxidation-induced spallation was eliminated by growing a residual stress-free 50 nm neodymium-doped aluminum cap layer atop Gd. The resultant coatings were stable for at least 6 years, demonstrating excellent stability and product shelf-life. Depositing Gd directly on the diode surface eliminated the air gap, leading to a 200-fold increase in electron capture efficiency and facilitating monolithic microfabrication. The conversion electron spectrum was dominated by ICEs with energies of 72, 132 and 174 keV. Results are reported for neutron reflection and moderation by polyethylene for enhanced sensitivity, and γ- and X-ray elimination for improved specificity. The optimal Gd thickness was 10.4 μm for a 300 μm-thick partially depleted diode of 300 mm2 active surface area. Fast detection (within 10 min) at a neutron source-to-diode distance of 11.7 cm was achieved with this configuration. All ICE energies along with γ-ray and Kα,β X-rays were modeled to emphasize correlations between experiment and theory. Semi-conductor thermal neutron detectors offer advantages for field-sensing of radioactive neutron sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent B. Pfeifer
- Nano and Micro Sensors Department, PO Box 5800, Mail Stop 1425, Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
- Corresponding author. Nano and Micro Sensors Department, PO Box 5800, Mail Stop 1425, Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87185–1425, USA. Tel: +1-505-844-8105; Fax: +1-505-844-1198;
| | - Komandoor E. Achyuthan
- Nano and Micro Sensors Department, PO Box 5800, Mail Stop 1425, Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Matthew Allen
- Technical Analysis Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Michele L. B. Denton
- AUR Systems Engineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Michael P. Siegal
- Nanoscale Sciences Department, Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Ronald P. Manginell
- Nano and Micro Sensors Department, PO Box 5800, Mail Stop 1425, Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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Kandlakunta P, Cao LR. Neutron conversion efficiency and gamma interference with gadolinium. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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