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Cohen A, Asraf K, Saveliev I, Dan O, Haimov I. The effects of sleep deprivation on the processing of emotional facial expressions in young adults with and without ADHD. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14241. [PMID: 34244583 PMCID: PMC8271007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions is essential to the development of complex social cognition behaviors, and impairments in this ability are associated with poor social competence. This study aimed to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on the processing of emotional facial expressions and nonfacial stimuli in young adults with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thirty-five men (mean age 25.4) with (n = 19) and without (n = 16) ADHD participated in the study. During the five days preceding the experimental session, the participants were required to sleep at least seven hours per night (23:00/24:00–7:00/9:00) and their sleep was monitored via actigraphy. On the morning of the experimental session, the participants completed a 4-stimulus visual oddball task combining facial and nonfacial stimuli, and repeated it after 25 h of sustained wakefulness. At baseline, both study groups had poorer performance in response to facial rather than non-facial target stimuli on all indices of the oddball task, with no differences between the groups. Following sleep deprivation, rates of omission errors, commission errors and reaction time variability increased significantly in the ADHD group but not in the control group. Time and target type (face/non-face) did not have an interactive effect on any indices of the oddball task. Young adults with ADHD are more sensitive to the negative effects of sleep deprivation on attentional processes, including those related to the processing of emotional facial expressions. As poor sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness are common in individuals with ADHD, it is feasible that poor sleep quality and quantity play an important role in cognitive functioning deficits, including the processing of emotional facial expressions that are associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Cohen
- Psychology Department, Center for Psychobiological Research, Emek Yezreel, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Afula, Israel.
| | - Kfir Asraf
- Psychology Department, Center for Psychobiological Research, Emek Yezreel, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Afula, Israel
| | - Ivgeny Saveliev
- Psychology Department, Center for Psychobiological Research, Emek Yezreel, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Afula, Israel
| | - Orrie Dan
- Psychology Department, Center for Psychobiological Research, Emek Yezreel, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Afula, Israel
| | - Iris Haimov
- Psychology Department, Center for Psychobiological Research, Emek Yezreel, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Afula, Israel
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2
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Chi MH, Chu CL, Lee IH, Hsieh YT, Chen KC, Chen PS, Yang YK. Altered Auditory P300 Performance in Parents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Offspring. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:509-516. [PMID: 31671488 PMCID: PMC6852684 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.4.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Altered event-related potential (ERP) performances have been noted in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and reflect neurocognitive dysfunction. Whether these ERP alterations and correlated dysfunctions exist in healthy parents with ADHD offspring is worth exploring. Methods Thirteen healthy parents with ADHD offspring and thirteen healthy controls matched for age, sex and years of education were recruited. The auditory oddball paradigm was used to evaluate the P300 wave complex of the ERP, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and continuous performance test were used to measure neurocognitive performance. Results Healthy parents with ADHD offspring had significantly longer auditory P300 latency at Fz than control group. However, no significant differences were found in cognitive performance. Conclusion The presence of a subtle alteration in electro-neurophysiological activity without explicit neurocognitive dysfunction suggests potential candidate of biological marker for parents with ADHD offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hung Chi
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lin Chu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Educational Psychiatry & Counseling, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, Taiwan.,3Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I Hui Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ko Chin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,3Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,3Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
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3
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Badoud D, Rüfenacht E, Debbané M, Perroud N. Mentalization-based treatment for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 21:317. [PMID: 32913767 PMCID: PMC7451325 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2018.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature suggests that, in addition to its core cognitive and behavioural symptoms, socioemotional difficulties represent key characteristics of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Importantly, these deficits not only contribute negatively to the low social functioning and poorer professional achievements of ADHD patients relative to healthy individuals, they also respond poorly to medication and are not specifically addressed by current evidence-based psychological treatments. Mentalization-based treatment (MBT) is a psychological intervention focused on promoting the imaginative capacity to understand human behaviour as being driven by mental states. MBT has been shown to be effective in patients with chronic emotional dysregulation; it may therefore represent a valuable approach to address sociocognitive deficits and shape adaptive functioning in ADHD. In this study, we tailored the timelimited MBT program developed for borderline personality disorder to the specific clinical needs of individuals with ADHD. We report on the first eight patients with ADHD included in our programme at the Geneva University Hospitals. Preliminary results support the feasibility and relevance of the MBT model for ADHD. We discuss conceptual and clinical implications of the current data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Badoud
- Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland.,Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eva Rüfenacht
- Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Developmental Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland.,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nader Perroud
- Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
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Sarraf-Razavi M, Tehrani-Doost M, Ghassemi F, Nazari MA, Ziatabar Ahmadi Z. Early Posterior Negativity as Facial Emotion Recognition Index in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:439-447. [PMID: 30719258 PMCID: PMC6359687 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.6.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies indicate that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have deficits in social and emotional functions. It can be hypothesized that these children have some deficits in early stages of facial emotion discrimination. Based on this hypothesis, the present study investigated neural correlates of early visual processing during emotional face recognition in this group compared with typically developing children using the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). Methods Nineteen boys between the ages of 7 and 11 years diagnosed with ADHD (Combined type) based on DSM-IV-TR classification were compared with 19 typically developing children matched on age and gender. The participants performed an emotional face recognition task while their brain activities were recorded using the event-related potentials procedure. Results A significant reduction in the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) for happy and angry faces has been revealed in ADHD children compared to normal ones (P<0.05). Conclusion The present study supports the notion that individuals with ADHD have some impairments in early stage of emotion processing which can leading to their misinterpretation of emotion in faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Sarraf-Razavi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tehrani-Doost
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Ghassemi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ziatabar Ahmadi
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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5
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Wiersema JR, Godefroid E. Interoceptive awareness in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205221. [PMID: 30312308 PMCID: PMC6185835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ADHD is considered a disorder of self-regulation. Recent research has shown that awareness of bodily states, referred to as interoceptive awareness, crucially contributes to self-regulatory processes. Impaired self-regulation in ADHD has been explained in terms of arousal regulation deficits in ADHD (the state regulation deficit (SRD) account). There is now ample support for the SRD account, however the exact reason for arousal regulation difficulties is not yet known. The SRD account explicitly refers to the ability to monitor one's momentary bodily state as a prerequisite for effective state regulation. However, surprisingly, no study to date has tested the ability to become aware of bodily signals, i.e. interoceptive awareness, in ADHD. In the current study, we therefore compared interoceptive awareness between 24 adults with ADHD and 23 controls by means of both an objective (heartbeat perception task) and subjective measure (questionnaire) of interoceptive awareness. Results revealed a strikingly similar performance for both groups on both measures, suggesting preserved interoceptive awareness in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R. Wiersema
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health psychology, Faculty of Psychology and educational sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Elke Godefroid
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health psychology, Faculty of Psychology and educational sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Electrophysiological evidence of an attentional bias towards appetitive and aversive words in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1937-1946. [PMID: 30007893 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotional dysregulation has emerged as a core symptom domain in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, the pathophysiological underpinnings remain poorly understood. This study investigated attentional biases to positive and negative emotional words as possible contributing mechanisms. METHODS Event-related potentials (ERPSs) and behavioral attention bias indices were recorded from 39 adult patients with ADHD and 41 healthy controls during a verbal dot-probe task with positive-neutral, negative-neutral, and neutral-neutral word pairs. RESULTS Cue-locked N2pc amplitudes indicated a significant attentional bias towards emotional words in patients with ADHD and healthy controls. In healthy controls, the bias was only significant in positive trials. In patients, the bias was associated with ADHD severity and self-reported poor emotion regulation skills. ADHD patients also exhibited reduced target-locked P1 amplitudes and inferior behavioral performance compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence of an attention bias to positive and negative emotional stimuli in adult patients with ADHD and adverse effects of emotional stimuli on task performance. SIGNIFICANCE An attentional bias to emotional stimuli might contribute to emotional reactivity and dysregulation in adult patients with ADHD.
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Shushakova A, Ohrmann P, Pedersen A. Exploring deficient emotion regulation in adult ADHD: electrophysiological evidence. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:359-371. [PMID: 28770370 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation (ED) is being increasingly recognized as a core feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the pathophysiological underpinnings remain unclear. In this study, we provide meaningful electrophysiological evidence of ED in adult patients with ADHD (n = 39) compared to healthy controls (n = 40) by exploring the electrophysiological correlates of the emotion regulation strategies reappraisal, distraction, and expressive suppression. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during passive viewing of neutral and negative images, as well as during emotion regulation. The patients with ADHD exhibited increased frontal late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes during passive viewing of the aversive images and during emotion regulation. Compared with the healthy controls, a subgroup of medication-naïve patients with ADHD (n = 25) also exhibited larger centroparietal LPP amplitudes and provided more negative ratings of the aversive and neutral images. Both the frontal and centroparietal LPP amplitudes were associated with ADHD symptom severity. However, no significant deficit in LPP modulation during emotion regulation was found. These findings strongly support the clinical observation of increased emotional responsivity toward negative stimuli and difficulty during the implementation of emotion regulation strategies and thus encourage the implementation of emotion regulation modules in the treatment of adult patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shushakova
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 62, 24118, Kiel, Germany.,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Fliednerstr. 21, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Patricia Ohrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anya Pedersen
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 62, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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8
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Schneidt A, Jusyte A, Rauss K, Schönenberg M. Distraction by salient stimuli in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for the role of task difficulty in bottom-up and top-down processing. Cortex 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Perroud N, Badoud D, Weibel S, Nicastro R, Hasler R, Küng AL, Luyten P, Fonagy P, Dayer A, Aubry JM, Prada P, Debbané M. Mentalization in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Comparison with controls and patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2017; 256:334-341. [PMID: 28675858 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation and interpersonal hardships constitute core features of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Research has established the link between these core dysregulations and fluctuations in the capacity to appreciate the mental states that underlie behavior (mentalizing, operationalized as reflective functioning (RF)). As emotion dysregulation and interpersonal hardships also characterize adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), this study sought to examine the potential RF impairments affecting this population. 101 adults with ADHD, 108 with BPD and 236 controls were assessed using the RF questionnaire (RFQ), evaluating how individuals employ information about mental states to better understand their own and others' behaviors. The RFQ comprises two dimensions, certainty (RF_c) and uncertainty (RF_u) about mental states. RF scores helped distinguish ADHD from controls, but also from BPD (F = 48.1(2/441); p < 0.0001 for RF_c and F = 92.5(2/441); p < 0.0001 for RF_u). The ADHD group showed intermediary RF scores compared to the controls (b = -0.70; p < 0.0001 and b = 0.89; p < 0.0001 for RF_c and RF_u) and BPD group (b = 0.44; p = 0.001 and b = -0.56; p = 0.001 for RF_c and RF_u). Lower RF scores correlated with poor anger control and high levels of impulsivity. Higher severity of ADHD (more attentional and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms) was correlated with RF impairments. In conclusion, RF may constitute an important process underlying attentional, hyperactive/impulsive as well as emotional symptoms in ADHD; it should therefore be considered in the assessment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Perroud
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Badoud
- Developmental Clinical Psychology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Weibel
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rosetta Nicastro
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hasler
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Anne-Lise Küng
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Dayer
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Aubry
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paco Prada
- Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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López-Martín S, Albert J, Fernández-Jaén A, Carretié L. Emotional response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: neural and behavioural data. Psychol Med 2015; 45:2057-2071. [PMID: 25708692 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714003195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although both emotion and response inhibition are thought to be important in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie the interaction between these two processes in patients with this disorder. This study aimed at examining how emotional contexts affect inhibitory control in children with ADHD. METHOD A total of 24 ADHD children and 24 healthy comparison subjects performed a modified go/no-go task during three different emotionally laden contexts: negative, neutral and positive. To explore the timing and the underlying neural substrates of emotion-modulated response inhibition, event-related potentials were measured and further analysed both at the scalp and at the voxel level. RESULTS Patients with ADHD showed greater activation of inhibition-related neural mechanisms (i.e. no-go P3 amplitudes and orbitofrontal cortex activity) to maintain a similar level of performance as healthy comparison subjects, especially during the emotionally arousing contexts (negative and positive). CONCLUSIONS This study provides plausible neural mechanisms for the difficulty that ADHD children have in controlling their behaviour in highly emotional situations. Such emotional contexts might increase the need for top-down inhibitory control and put ADHD children at greater risk for impulsive behaviours and emotional dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S López-Martín
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud,Facultad de Psicología,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid 28049,Spain
| | - J Albert
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud,Facultad de Psicología,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid 28049,Spain
| | - A Fernández-Jaén
- Unidad de Neurología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Quirón,Madrid 28223,Spain
| | - L Carretié
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud,Facultad de Psicología,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Madrid 28049,Spain
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11
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Feedback May Harm: Role of Feedback in Probabilistic Decision Making of Adolescents with ADHD. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 43:1233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Raz S, Dan O. Altered event-related potentials in adults with ADHD during emotional faces processing. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:514-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Tye C, Battaglia M, Bertoletti E, Ashwood KL, Azadi B, Asherson P, Bolton P, McLoughlin G. Altered neurophysiological responses to emotional faces discriminate children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD. Biol Psychol 2014; 103:125-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Maier SJ, Szalkowski A, Kamphausen S, Feige B, Perlov E, Kalisch R, Jacob GA, Philipsen A, Tüscher O, Tebartz van Elst L. Altered cingulate and amygdala response towards threat and safe cues in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2014; 44:85-98. [PMID: 23510549 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional dysregulation is becoming increasingly recognized as an important feature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, two experiments were conducted investigating the neural response to either verbally instructed fear (IF) or uninstructed (classically conditioned) fear (UF) using the skin conductance response (SCR) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHOD In the conditioning phase of the UF experiment (17 ADHD and 17 healthy controls), subjects experienced an unconditioned stimulus (UCS, unpleasant electrodermal stimulation) paired with a former neutral conditioned stimulus (CS+), whereas a control stimulus (CS-) was never paired with the UCS. In the subsequent test phase, only the CS+ and the CS- were presented. In the IF experiment (13 ADHD and 17 healthy controls), subjects were only told that an independently experienced UCS might occur together with the CS+ but not the CS- during testing. No UCS was presented. RESULTS Groups did not detectably differ in SCR or neural responses to UF. In IF, ADHD patients showed a trend-line decreased SCR and significantly decreased activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a region prominently involved in fear responding, to the CS+. This was accompanied by higher amygdala activation to the CS-. CONCLUSIONS During IF, ADHD patients showed deficits in regions centrally involved in fear learning and expression in terms of diminished CS+-related dACC and increased CS--related amygdala signals. This suggests an impaired processing of verbally transmitted aversive information, which is central for conveying fear information in social contexts. This result extends the growing literature on emotional alterations in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Emotional distraction in boys with ADHD: neural and behavioral correlates. Brain Cogn 2013; 83:10-20. [PMID: 23867737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although, in everyday life, patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are frequently distracted by goal-irrelevant affective stimuli, little is known about the neural and behavioral substrates underlying this emotional distractibility. Because some of the most important brain responses associated with the sudden onset of an emotional distracter are characterized by their early latency onset and short duration, we addressed this issue by using a temporally agile neural signal capable of detecting and distinguishing them. Specifically, scalp event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while 20 boys with ADHD combined type and 20 healthy comparison subjects performed a digit categorization task during the presentation of three types of irrelevant, distracting stimuli: arousing negative (A-), neutral (N) and arousing positive (A+). Behavioral data showed that emotional distracters (both A- and A+) were associated with longer reaction times than neutral ones in the ADHD group, whereas no differences were found in the control group. ERP data revealed that, compared with control subjects, boys with ADHD showed larger anterior N2 amplitudes for emotional than for neutral distracters. Furthermore, regression analyses between ERP data and subjects' emotional ratings of distracting stimuli showed that only in the ADHD group, emotional arousal (ranging from calming to arousing) was associated with anterior N2: its amplitude increased as the arousal content of the visual distracter increased. These results suggest that boys with ADHD are more vulnerable to the distracting effects of irrelevant emotional stimuli than control subjects. The present study provides first data on the neural substrates underlying emotional distractibility in ADHD.
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Sonuga-Barke EJS, Fairchild G. Neuroeconomics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: differential influences of medial, dorsal, and ventral prefrontal brain networks on suboptimal decision making? Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:126-33. [PMID: 22560046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric neuroeconomics offers an alternative approach to understanding mental disorders by studying the way disorder-related neurobiological alterations constrain economic agency, as revealed through decisions about choices between future goods. In this article, we apply this perspective to understand suboptimal decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by integrating recent advances in the neuroscience of decision making and studies of the pathophysiology of ADHD. We identify three brain networks as candidates for further study and develop specific hypotheses about how these could be implicated in ADHD. First, we postulate that altered patterns of connectivity within a network linking medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex (i.e., the default mode network) disrupts ordering of utilities, prospection about desired future states, setting of future goals, and implementation of aims. Second, we hypothesize that deficits in dorsal frontostriatal networks, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum, produce executive dysfunction-mediated impairments in the ability to compare outcome options and make choices. Third, we propose that dopaminergic dysregulation in a ventral frontostriatal network encompassing the orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, and amygdala disrupts processing of cues of future utility, evaluation of experienced outcomes (feedback), and learning of associations between cues and outcomes. Finally, we extend this perspective to consider three contemporary themes in ADHD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Institute for Disorders of Impulse & Attention, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Wilbertz G, Tebartz van Elst L, Delgado MR, Maier S, Feige B, Philipsen A, Blechert J. Orbitofrontal reward sensitivity and impulsivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage 2012; 60:353-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Marx I, Pieper J, Berger C, Hässler F, Herpertz SC. Contextual influence of highly valued rewards and penalties on delay decisions in children with ADHD. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2011; 42:488-96. [PMID: 21676671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the influence of both reward and penalty on delay decisions in subjects with ADHD. Eighteen 6- to 13-year-old boys with ADHD (combined or hyperactive-impulsive subtype) along with age- and IQ-matched control participants performed a memory game. If the children were successful at the game, they could choose between a small immediate reward (one white chip in exchange for 5 s of waiting) or a large delayed reward (two white chips in exchange for 60 s of waiting). If they failed, they could choose between a large immediate penalty (two black chips in exchange for 5 s of waiting) or a small delayed penalty (one black chip in exchange for 60 s of waiting). Subsequent to task completion, white chips were exchanged for video time and black chips were exchanged with completion of a written task. All of the participants, regardless of ADHD diagnosis, were motivated to complete the task and chose the delayed alternative most often. We conclude that under highly motivating conditions, children with ADHD are not more delay averse than children from the control group with respect to anticipation of reward and penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Marx
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
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Lanius RA, Bluhm RL, Frewen PA. How understanding the neurobiology of complex post-traumatic stress disorder can inform clinical practice: a social cognitive and affective neuroscience approach. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 124:331-48. [PMID: 21854369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review, we examine the relevance of the social cognitive and affective neuroscience (SCAN) paradigm for an understanding of the psychology and neurobiology of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its effective treatment. METHOD The relevant literature pertaining to SCAN and PTSD was reviewed. RESULTS We suggest that SCAN offers a novel theoretical paradigm for understanding psychological trauma and its numerous clinical outcomes, most notably problems in emotional/self-awareness, emotion regulation, social emotional processing and self-referential processing. A core set of brain regions appear to mediate these collective psychological functions, most notably the cortical midline structures, the amygdala, the insula, posterior parietal cortex and temporal poles, suggesting that problems in one area (e.g. emotional awareness) may relate to difficulties in another (e.g. self-referential processing). We further propose, drawing on clinical research, that the experiences of individuals with PTSD related to chronic trauma often reflect impairments in multiple social cognitive and affective functions. CONCLUSION It is important that the assessment and treatment of individuals with complex PTSD not only addresses traumatic memories but also takes a SCAN-informed approach that focuses on the underlying deficits in emotional/self-awareness, emotion regulation, social emotional processing and self-referential processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Ibáñez A, Petroni A, Urquina H, Torrente F, Torralva T, Hurtado E, Guex R, Blenkmann A, Beltrachini L, Muravchik C, Baez S, Cetkovich M, Sigman M, Lischinsky A, Manes F. Cortical deficits of emotional face processing in adults with ADHD: Its relation to social cognition and executive function. Soc Neurosci 2011; 6:464-81. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2011.620769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Høvik MF, Plessen KJ. [Emotional regulation and motivation in children with ADHD]. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2010; 130:2349-52. [PMID: 21139659 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cognitive control functions have long been regarded as the main problem in the development of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A more recent model emphasizes the importance of emotional and motivational problems. We have reviewed the evidence for this model, which may have important implications for clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS The article is based on literature identified through a non-systematic search in PubMed. RESULTS Although limited research was carried out in this topic earlier, studies are currently emerging. Persons with ADHD react differently than controls on tasks that include rewards and on tasks that stress their capacity to regulate emotions. Abnormal signals during examination with electroencephalography (EEG) and anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reflect problems with emotional regulation in patients with ADHD. INTERPRETATION Neurobiological research supports a model that includes emotional and motivational problems in the development of ADHD. Increased knowledge about emotional and motivational problems may improve treatment of these patients through development of more individually adapted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Farstad Høvik
- Institutt for klinisk medisin, Det medisinsk-odontologiske fakultet, Universitetet i Bergen, Norway
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Neurobiological and psychophysiological correlates of emotional dysregulation in ADHD patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2:233-9. [PMID: 21432610 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-010-0047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Emotional dysregulation in ADHD patients has become an important issue in recent years. Dysfunctions especially in brain regions related to emotional processing as well as psychophysiological reactions have been reported. This review includes functional MRI, event-related potentials as well as emotion-modulated startle studies in ADHD patients. It reflects a selective review of the authors with no claim of completeness. Changes in the processing of positive stimuli, with reduced brain activity in the amygdala, in the ventral striatum and reduced EEG potentials were found. The relevance of the observed dysregulation in emotional processing and psychophysiological reactions with regard to theoretical constructs of ADHD-specific emotional dysregulation versus comorbidity will be discussed.
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