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Zhang P, Zhu M, Hu J, Gao X. The electrophysiological characteristics of social exclusion: the perspective of close and distant relationships. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1010493. [PMID: 37179855 PMCID: PMC10172667 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1010493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sources of social exclusion are very wide, ranging from the closest people to strangers. However, current studies mainly reveal the electrophysiological characteristics of social exclusion by means of binary comparison between social exclusion and social inclusion, and lack of in-depth analysis of the differences caused by different sources of exclusion. In this study, a static passing ball paradigm system including close and distant relationship identity information was used to reveal the electrophysiological characteristics of individuals when they were excluded by people with different close and distant relationships. The results showed that there was a degree effect of P2, P3a, and LPC components when individuals were excluded by people with different close and distant relationships. Specifically, the amplitude of P2, P3a, and LPC components was larger when individuals were excluded by more distant people. The results indicated that individuals would become more alert and perceive stronger exclusion experience when they were excluded by more distant people, which provided more diversified evidence for the conclusion that electrophysiological components were larger under the condition of exclusion, and revealed the electrophysiological basis behind the multiple motivation models. The results also helped to explain the physiological reasons behind individuals' different coping behaviors toward excluder with different importance of relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Social Work and Management, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Gao
- Academic Affairs Office, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangping Gao,
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2
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Lyu D, Liu Q, Pan Y, Wang A, Pei G, Jin J. The different role of trait empathy and state social exclusion empathy on subsequent feelings about gambling outcome:Evidence from event-related potentials and time-frequency decompositions. Neuropsychologia 2022; 176:108369. [PMID: 36167191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Empathy plays an essential role in determining how we understand and respond to others' emotional experiences. Previous studies have mainly focused on the influencing factors of physical pain and monetary loss empathy, as well as on their effects on subsequent feelings. However, little is known about social pain empathy and its influence on subsequent feelings, and the role of personal trait empathy. In this study, we performed Cyberball Games and gambling tasks to explore the effect of social exclusion empathy on subsequent feelings for gambling outcomes (others' losses and gains) by analyzing the brain activity of excluded and non-excluded players at the gambling outcome feedback stage. It was found that both feedback-related negativity (FRN) and theta-band oscillatory are more negative for loss outcome than gain for the excluded players, while these effects cannot be found for the non-excluded players. Furthermore, we only observed a larger P300 amplitude in the gain outcome than that of loss, regardless of the players' role. More interestingly, we found state social pain empathy is negatively correlated with the d-FRN amplitude under non-excluded conditions, while trait empathy is positively correlated with P300 amplitude regardless of the players' role. These results provide insight into the different roles of state social pain empathy and trait empathy on subsequent gambling outcomes. Furthermore, different from previous studies, the current results show that d-FRN could reflect the state empathy discrepancy rather than the biomarker of state empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lyu
- Research Center for Intelligent Society and Governance, Research Institute of Interdisciplinary Innovation, Zhejiang Lab, 1818# Wenyi West Road, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 550# Dalian West Road, Shanghai, 200083, PR China; School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 550# Dalian West Road, Shanghai, 200083, PR China
| | - Yu Pan
- Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 550# Dalian West Road, Shanghai, 200083, PR China; School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 550# Dalian West Road, Shanghai, 200083, PR China
| | - Ailian Wang
- Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 550# Dalian West Road, Shanghai, 200083, PR China; School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 550# Dalian West Road, Shanghai, 200083, PR China
| | - Guanxiong Pei
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, 1818# Wenyi West Road, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
| | - Jia Jin
- Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 550# Dalian West Road, Shanghai, 200083, PR China; School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, 550# Dalian West Road, Shanghai, 200083, PR China.
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3
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Xu M, Zhang J, Li Z. Social exclusion modulates neural dynamics of monetary and social reward processing in young adult females. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108344. [PMID: 35523363 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that social exclusion increases one's sensitivity to monetary and social rewards. However, whether and how social exclusion modulates the neural dynamics of reward processing remains unknown. The current study aimed to address this gap by systematically investigating the differential influences of social exclusion on various stages of monetary and social reward processing. Forty-five female participants were recruited, and the Cyberball game was used to manipulate social exclusion. To disentangle the anticipatory and consummatory stages of monetary and social reward processing, we recorded event-related potentials during two incentive delay tasks, one with a monetary reward and one with a social reward. The results showed that during the anticipatory stage, a larger contingent negative variation was observed for the exclusion group than for the inclusion group, regardless of reward type. During the consummatory stage, although the reward-related positivity was larger in the exclusion group than in the inclusion group, this difference was only observed for the social, and not monetary, reward feedback. These findings advance our understanding of the relationship between social exclusion and reward processing and suggest that while social exclusion might exert comparable enhancement effect for monetary and social reward processing during the anticipatory stage, it exerts a specific enhancement effect for social reward processing during the consummatory stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Xu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi'an, China.
| | - Junhua Zhang
- College of Eastern Languages and Cultures, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiai Li
- Department of Applied Psychology, College of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
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4
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White LO, Bornemann B, Crowley MJ, Sticca F, Vrtička P, Stadelmann S, Otto Y, Klein AM, von Klitzing K. Exclusion Expected? Cardiac Slowing Upon Peer Exclusion Links Preschool Parent Representations to School-Age Peer Relationships. Child Dev 2021; 92:1274-1290. [PMID: 33399231 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Attachment theory proposes that children's representations of interactions with caregivers guide information-processing about others, bridging interpersonal domains. In a longitudinal study (N = 165), preschoolers (Mage = 5.19 years) completed the MacArthur Story Stem Battery to assess parent representations. At school-age (Mage = 8.42 years), children played a virtual ballgame with peers who eventually excluded them to track event-related cardiac slowing, a physiological correlate of rejection, especially when unexpected. At both ages, parents and teachers reported on peer and emotional problems. During exclusion versus inclusion-related events, cardiac slowing was associated with greater positive parent representations and fewer emerging peer problems. Cardiac slowing served as a mediator between positive parent representations and peer problems, supporting a potential psychophysiological mechanism underlying the generalization of attachment-related representations to peer relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pascal Vrtička
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences.,University of Essex
| | | | | | - Annette M Klein
- University of Leipzig.,International Psychoanalytic University
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He Z, Zhao J, Shen J, Muhlert N, Elliott R, Zhang D. The right VLPFC and downregulation of social pain: A TMS study. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:1362-1371. [PMID: 31789480 PMCID: PMC7267938 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC) is crucially involved in downregulating physical and social pain. However, it remains unclear whether the RVLPFC is more specific to either physical or social pain. The present study compares the role of RVLPFC in emotion regulation in physical‐ and social‐pain conditions using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). A total of 60 healthy participants underwent active (n = 30) or sham (n = 30) rTMS over the RVLPFC. Following each TMS session, participants performed a non‐reappraisal and then a reappraisal task to downregulate imagined physical or social pain evoked by pictures. Self‐reported negative emotional ratings and electroencephalogram data were recorded during the emotion regulation task. Participants were then required to rate the valence and arousal of those pictures 30 min after the task. It is found that rTMS‐activated RVLPFC led to reductions in subjective negative feelings and amplitudes of the late positive potential during reappraisal; however, these effects were found exclusively in the social‐pain condition. Participants also reported higher positive valence for socially, compared to physically, painful pictures after 30 min of the task. Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence both supported the functional specificity of RVLPFC in regulation of social pain. The prominent delayed effect of rTMS makes it possible to consider the potential application of rTMS‐VLPFC in clinical practice for social pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong He
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junshi Shen
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Brennan GM, Crowley MJ, Wu J, Mayes LC, Baskin-Sommers AR. Neural processing of social exclusion in individuals with psychopathic traits: Links to anger and aggression. Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:263-271. [PMID: 30071390 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychopathy is a cluster of personality traits associated with high rates of aggression. While research on psychopathic traits largely focuses on neurobiological factors implicated in aggression, other research suggests that contextual factors, such as social exclusion, also contribute to promoting aggression. Yet, the relationships among psychopathic traits, neural processing of exclusion, and aggression remain unknown. A sample of 76 adolescents and young adults completed Cyberball, a task involving conditions of social inclusion, ambiguous exclusion, and unambiguous exclusion. During Cyberball, a slow wave (SW) event-related potential (an index of elaborative processing) and self-reported anger were measured. Additionally, acts of real-world aggression were assessed. Results indicated that as psychopathic traits increased, SW during ambiguous exclusion also increased, but SW during inclusion decreased. However, the combination of smaller SW during ambiguous exclusion and higher psychopathic traits predicted heightened anger following Cyberball and more frequent real-world aggression. This response to social exclusion among individuals with elevated psychopathic traits may represent an unreflective, reactive style that exacerbates anger and aggression in certain contexts. These data suggest that neurobiological dysfunction in elaborative processing is related to psychopathic traits, and social context comprises another important influence on the aggression of individuals with elevated psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Brennan
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Michael J Crowley
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 207900, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Jia Wu
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 207900, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Linda C Mayes
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 207900, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Arielle R Baskin-Sommers
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208205, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 207900, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Laws HB, Ellerbeck NE, Rodrigues AS, Simmons JA, Ansell EB. Social Rejection and Alcohol Use in Daily Life. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:820-827. [PMID: 28253539 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have found that social rejection is associated with increases in negative affect, distress, and hostility. Fewer studies, however, have examined the impact of social rejection on alcohol use, and no known studies have tested whether the impact of social rejection by close others differs from social rejection by acquaintances in its association with subsequent drinking. METHODS Participants completed event-contingent reports of their social interactions and alcohol use for 14 consecutive days on smartphones. Multilevel negative binomial regression models tested whether experiencing more social rejection than usual was associated with increased drinking, and whether this association was stronger when participants were rejected by close others (e.g., friends, spouses, family members) versus strangers or acquaintances. RESULTS Results showed a significant interaction between social rejection and relationship closeness. On days characterized by rejection by close others, the likelihood of drinking significantly increased. On days characterized by rejection by acquaintances, by contrast, there was no increase in the likelihood of drinking. There was no main effect of rejection on likelihood of drinking. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that relationship type is a key factor in whether social rejection translates to potentially harmful behaviors, such as increased alcohol use. This finding is in contrast to many laboratory paradigms of rejection, which emphasize rejection and ostracism by strangers rather than known others. In the more naturalistic setting of measuring social interactions on smartphone in daily life, our findings suggest that only social rejection delivered by close others, and not strangers, led to subsequent drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly B Laws
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nicole E Ellerbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Alyne S Rodrigues
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | | | - Emily B Ansell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.,Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
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Parsons CA, Jacobson JA, Krupp DB. Self-Resemblance and Social Rejection. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 14:1474704916685324. [PMID: 28027654 PMCID: PMC10480827 DOI: 10.1177/1474704916685324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans perceive and treat self-resembling others in ways that suggest that self-resemblance is a cue of kinship. However, we know little about how individuals respond to treatment by self-resembling others. Here we approach this problem by connecting facial self-resemblance to social rejection. Given that individuals should expect to cooperate with kin, we hypothesized that (1) social inclusion by perceived kin should elicit lesser feelings of rejection and (2) social exclusion by perceived kin should elicit greater feelings of rejection relative to inclusion or exclusion, respectively, by nonkin. To test these hypotheses, we recruited 90 participants to play two games of Cyberball, a virtual ball-tossing game, with separate pairs of ostensible partners. In one game, the ostensible partners were programed to fully include the participants in group play and, in the other game, they were programed to exclude the participants after a few rounds; the order of inclusion and exclusion was counterbalanced across participants. Partner faces were digitally manipulated to be either self- or nonself-resembling, and these conditions were also counterbalanced. Rejection feelings differed significantly as a function of self-resemblance between the inclusion and exclusion conditions, but only for participants who experienced inclusion first. Moreover, for these individuals, inclusion by self-resembling partners led to significantly lesser feelings of rejection than did inclusion by nonself-resembling partners. To explain this effect, we explore potential mechanisms of kin recognition and social rejection. Although nuanced, our results suggest that perceptions of kinship can moderate psychological responses to the actions of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A. Parsons
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jill A. Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D. B. Krupp
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Evolution and Governance, One Earth Future, Broomfield, CO, USA
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