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Chen H, Dong Y, Jiang S, Li Z, Krueger F, Wu Y. Fragile promise: The role of justification in
promise‐breaking. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Chen
- Department of Psychology, College of Hengyi Jing Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Yuxuan Dong
- Department of Psychology, College of Hengyi Jing Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Shaohan Jiang
- Department of Psychology, College of Hengyi Jing Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Zenghui Li
- Department of Psychology, College of Hengyi Jing Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
| | - Frank Krueger
- School of Systems Biology George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
- Department of Psychology University of Mannheim Mannheim Germany
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Psychology, College of Hengyi Jing Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou China
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2
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Gross J, Vostroknutov A. Why do people follow social norms? Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 44:1-6. [PMID: 34520935 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Norms prescribe how to make decisions in social situations and play a crucial role in sustaining cooperative relationships and coordinating collective action. However, following norms often requires restricting behavior, demanding to curtail selfishness, or suppressing personal goals. This raises the question why people adhere to norms. We review recent theories and empirical findings that aim at explaining why people follow norms even in private, when violations are difficult to detect and are not sanctioned. We discuss theories of norm internalization, social and self-image concerns, and social learning (i.e. preferences conditional on what others do/believe). Finally, we present two behavioral, incentivized tasks that can be used to elicit norms and measure the individual propensity to follow them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Gross
- Social, Economic and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
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Serati M, Grassi S, Redaelli M, Pergoli L, Cantone L, La Vecchia A, Barkin JL, Colombo E, Tiso G, Abbiati C, Bollati V, Buoli M. Is There an Association Between Oxytocin Levels in Plasma and Pregnant Women's Mental Health? J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2021; 27:222-230. [PMID: 31782341 DOI: 10.1177/1078390319890400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mood and anxiety disorders are prevalent in women during peripartum. AIMS: Purpose of the present article was to study the relationship between oxytocin (OT) plasma levels and affective symptoms in women during the third trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Thirty-four pregnant women (13 with an affective disorder, 9 with preeclampsia, and 12 controls) were evaluated through the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI-Y), and the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI). A blood sample was collected from all participants, and OT plasma levels have been compared between diagnostic groups. The total sample has been divided into two groups, according to OT median plasma levels, and compared using (a) χ2 tests for qualitative variables and (b) a multivariate analysis of covariance for quantitative ones. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found among the diagnostic groups in terms of OT plasma levels (F = 0.49, p = .62). Women with lower OT plasma levels, independent from the presence of preeclampsia or an affective disorder, showed worse EPDS and STAI-S total scores than individuals with higher hormone levels (F = 5.93, p = .02 and F = 7.57, p = .01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: OT may play a role in the etiology of anxious/depressive symptoms during perinatal period independent from a medical or psychiatric diagnosis. This result has a clear effect on the quality of the relationship of patients with mental health professionals, including nurses, and higher levels of this hormone, in the light of its anxiolytic and antidepressive effect, may make easier medical and nursing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serati
- Marta Serati, MD, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Grassi
- Silvia Grassi, MD, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Redaelli
- Marta Redaelli, PsyD, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pergoli
- Laura Pergoli, ScD, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cantone
- Laura Cantone, ScD, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano La Vecchia
- Adriano La Vecchia, MD, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer L Barkin
- Jennifer L. Barkin, PhD, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Elisa Colombo
- Elisa Maria Colombo, MD, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Tiso
- Giulia Tiso, MD, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Abbiati
- Cristina Abbiati, PMHCNS, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Buoli
- Massimiliano Buoli, MD, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Gross J, De Dreu CKW. Rule Following Mitigates Collaborative Cheating and Facilitates the Spreading of Honesty Within Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 47:395-409. [PMID: 32552605 PMCID: PMC7897793 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220927195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Compared with working alone, interacting in groups can increase dishonesty and give rise to collaborative cheating-the joint violation of honesty. At the same time, collaborative cheating emerges some but not all of the time, even when dishonesty is not sanctioned and economically rational. Here, we address this conundrum. We show that people differ in their extent to follow arbitrary and costly rules and observe that "rule-followers" behave more honestly than "rule-violators." Because rule-followers also resist the temptation to engage in collaborative cheating, dyads and groups with at least one high rule-follower have fewer instances of coordinated violations of honesty. Whereas social interaction can lead to a "social slippery slope" of increased cheating, rule-abiding individuals mitigate the emergence and spreading of collaborative cheating, leading to a transmission advantage of honesty. Accordingly, interindividual differences in rule following provide a basis through which honest behavior can persist.
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Loheide‐Niesmann L, Lijster J, Hall R, Bakel H, Cima M. Toddlers' preference for prosocial versus antisocial agents: No associations with empathy or attachment security. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmijn Lijster
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology Erasmus MC–Sophia Children's HospitalErasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Tranzo Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - Ruby Hall
- Department of Tranzo Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig Bakel
- Department of Tranzo Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Cima
- Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Conrisq Group Juvenile Youth Institutions (YouthCarePLUS) Zetten The Netherlands
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Gedeon T, Parry J, Völlm B. The Role of Oxytocin in Antisocial Personality Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:76. [PMID: 30873049 PMCID: PMC6400857 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: Antisocial personality disorder is an enduring mental disorder associated with significant disease burden and treatment difficulties. This is apparent within forensic populations. There is growing evidence to suggest that treatment with oxytocin could have some benefit in treating a range of psychiatric disorders. There are no reviews studying the use of oxytocin for patients with ASPD. We aim to present the first literature review on the use of oxytocin in patients with ASPD. Method: We searched relevant databases for original research on effect of oxytocin upon persons with a diagnosis of ASPD or healthy participants with symptoms seen in ASPD. Studies were included if they included healthy participants that evaluated the effect of oxytocin on symptoms relevant to ASPD, including empathy, inhibitory control, compliance, conformity, aggression, violence, and moral responsibility. Results: Thirty-six studies were included. There were a range of study designs, including randomized controlled trials, double blinded, single blinded, and unblinded controlled trials. The sample sizes in studies ranged from 20 to 259 participants. Studies looked at participants with a diagnosis of ASPD and participants with symptoms relevant to ASPD, including empathy, inhibitory control, compliance, conformity, aggression, violence, and moral responsibility. Oxytocin was found to demonstrate diversified effects, in most cases being associated with socially positive or non-criminogenic behaviors. However, some studies found opposite, and non-desirable, effects, e.g., an increase in violent inclinations to partners. The two studies looking at participants with ASPD had a number of limitations and had conflicting results on the impact that OT has on aggression in ASPD. Conclusions: This is the first systematic literature review exploring the potential use of oxytocin in managing ASPD and the symptoms of ASPD. It is apparent that there is a body of evidence addressing related symptoms in healthy individuals. There were diversified effects with oxytocin showing some benefits in promoting positive effects on symptoms of ASPD, but there were also studies showing non-desirable effects. It is difficult to draw any direct inferences from healthy control studies. Further high quality large sample studies are required to explore the effects of oxytocin in those with ASPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Gedeon
- NHSHSW Rampton High Secure Hospital, Retford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Birgit Völlm
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Forensische Psychiatrie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Quintana DS, Westlye LT, Alnæs D, Kaufmann T, Mahmoud RA, Smerud KT, Djupesland PG, Andreassen OA. Low-dose intranasal oxytocin delivered with Breath Powered device modulates pupil diameter and amygdala activity: a randomized controlled pupillometry and fMRI study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:306-313. [PMID: 30323359 PMCID: PMC6300535 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how intranasally administered oxytocin reaches the brain and modulates social behavior and cognition. Pupil dilation is a sensitive index of attentional allocation and effort, and inter-individual variability in pupil diameter during performance of social-cognitive tasks may provide a better assessment of pharmacological effects on the brain than behavioral measures. Here, we leverage the close relationship between pupil and neural activity to inform our understanding of nose-to-brain oxytocin routes and possible dose-response relationships. To this end, we assessed pupil diameter data from a previously reported functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study under four treatment conditions-including two different doses of intranasal oxytocin using a novel Breath Powered nasal device, intravenous (IV) oxytocin, and placebo-and investigated the association with amygdala activation in response to emotional stimuli. The study used a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, crossover design, with 16 healthy male adults administering a single-dose of these four treatments. A significant main effect of treatment condition on pupil diameter was observed. Posthoc tests revealed reduced pupil diameter after 8IU intranasal oxytocin compared to placebo, but no significant difference between 8IU intranasal oxytocin and either 24IU intranasal oxytocin or IV oxytocin treatment conditions. Analysis also showed a significant relationship between pupil diameter and right amygdala activation after 8IU intranasal oxytocin. Although there was no significant difference between 8IU intranasal oxytocin and IV oxytocin on right amygdala activity and pupil diameter, the significant difference between 8IU intranasal oxytocin and placebo is consistent with the hypothesis that oxytocin can travel to the brain via a nose-to-brain route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Quintana
- NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Knut T Smerud
- Smerud Medical Research International AS, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Aydogan G, Jobst A, Loy F, Dehning S, Zill P, Müller N, Kocher M. The effect of oxytocin on group formation and strategic thinking in men. Horm Behav 2018. [PMID: 29526749 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making in groups is a remarkable and decisive element of human societies. Humans are able to organize themselves in groups, engage in collaborative decision-making processes and arrive at a binding agreement, even in the absence of unanimous consent. However, the transfer of decision-making autonomy requires a willingness to deliberately expose oneself to the decisions of others. A lack of trust in the abilities of others or of the underlying decision-making process, i.e. public trust, can lead to a breakdown of organizations in political or economic domains. Recent studies indicate that the biological basis of trust on an individual level is related to Oxytocin, an endogenous neuropeptide and hormone, which is also associated with pro-social behavior and positive conflict resolution. However, little is known about the effects of Oxytocin on the inclination of individuals to form or join groups and to deliberately engage in collaborative decision-making processes. Here, we show that intranasal administration of Oxytocin (n = 60) compared to placebo (n = 60) in males causes an adverse effect on the choice for forming groups in the presence of a competitive environment. In particular, Oxytocin negatively affects the willingness to work collaboratively in a p-Beauty contest game, whereas the effect is most pronounced for participants with relatively high strategic sophistication. Since our data provide initial evidence that Oxytocin has a positive effect on strategic thinking and performance in the p-Beauty contest game, we argue that the adverse effect on group formation might be rooted in an enhanced strategic sophistication of participants treated with Oxytocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Aydogan
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, 950 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Andrea Jobst
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Fabian Loy
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Nussbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Dehning
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Nussbaumstr. 5a, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Zill
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Müller
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Kocher
- University of Munich, Department of Economics, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Gross J, Emmerling F, Vostroknutov A, Sack AT. Manipulation of Pro-Sociality and Rule-Following with Non-invasive Brain Stimulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1827. [PMID: 29379072 PMCID: PMC5789006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decisions are often governed by rules on adequate social behaviour. Recent research suggests that the right lateral prefrontal cortex (rLPFC) is involved in the implementation of internal fairness rules (norms), by controlling the impulse to act selfishly. A drawback of these studies is that the assumed norms and impulses have to be deduced from behaviour and that norm-following and pro-sociality are indistinguishable. Here, we directly confronted participants with a rule that demanded to make advantageous or disadvantageous monetary allocations for themselves or another person. To disentangle its functional role in rule-following and pro-sociality, we divergently manipulated the rLPFC by applying cathodal or anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Cathodal tDCS increased participants’ rule-following, even of rules that demanded to lose money or hurt another person financially. In contrast, anodal tDCS led participants to specifically violate more often those rules that were at odds with what participants chose freely. Brain stimulation over the rLPFC thus did not simply increase or decrease selfishness. Instead, by disentangling rule-following and pro-sociality, our results point to a broader role of the rLPFC in integrating the costs and benefits of rules in order to align decisions with internal goals, ultimately enabling to flexibly adapt social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Gross
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Center for Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander T Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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