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Recognition memory, primacy vs. recency effects, and time perception in the online version of the fear of scream paradigm. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14258. [PMID: 35995804 PMCID: PMC9395394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are characterized by cognitive dysfunctions which contribute to the patient’s profound disabilities. The threat of shock paradigm represents a validated psychopathological model of anxiety to measure the impact of anxiety on cognitive processes. We have developed an online version of the threat of scream paradigm (ToSP) to investigate the impact of experimental anxiety on recognition memory. Two animated passive walkthrough videos (either under threat of scream or safety conditions) were shown to healthy participants. Recognition memory, primacy vs. recency effects, and subjective estimations of the length of encoding sessions were assessed. Subjective anxiety, stress, and emotional arousal ratings indicated that experimental anxiety could successfully be induced (Safe-Threat) or reversed (Threat-Safe) between the two passive walkthrough sessions. Participants exposed to distress screams showed impaired retrieval of complex information that has been presented in an animated environment. In the threat condition, participants failed to recognize details related to the persons encountered, their spatial locations, as well as information about the temporal order and sequence of encounters. Participant groups, which received a threat announcement prior to the first walkthrough session (Threat-Threat vs. Safety-Safety and Threat-Safety vs. Safety-Threat) showed poorer recognition memory as compared to the groups that received a safety announcement (P = 0.0468 and P = 0.0426, respectively; Mann–Whitney U test, Cohen’s d = 0.5071; effect size r = 0.2458). In conclusion, experimental anxiety induced by the online version of the ToSP leads to compromised recognition memory for complex multi-dimensional information. Our results indicate that cognitive functions of vulnerable populations (with limited mobility) can be evaluated online by means of the ToSP.
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Tindall IK, Curtis GJ, Locke V. Can anxiety and race interact to influence face-recognition accuracy? A systematic literature review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254477. [PMID: 34358245 PMCID: PMC8345850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wrongful convictions continue to occur through eyewitness misidentification. Recognising what factors, or interaction between factors, affect face-recognition is therefore imperative. Extensive research indicates that face-recognition accuracy is impacted by anxiety and by race. Limited research, however, has examined how these factors interact to potentially exacerbate face-recognition deficits. Brigham (2008) suggests that anxiety exacerbates other-race face-recognition deficits. Conversely, Attentional Control Theory predicts that anxiety exacerbates deficits for all faces. This systematic review examined existing studies investigating the possible interaction between anxiety and face-race to compare these theories. Recent studies included in this review found that both anxiety and race influence face-recognition accuracy but found no interaction. Potential moderators existing in reviewed studies, however, might have influenced their results. Separately, in some studies reviewed, anxiety induced during retrieval impacted recognition, contrasting with the conclusions of previous reviews. Recommendations for future research are given to address moderators potentially impacting results observed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabeau K. Tindall
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Transformative Work Design, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Guy J. Curtis
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vance Locke
- Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Charpentier CJ, Faulkner P, Pool ER, Ly V, Tollenaar MS, Kluen LM, Fransen A, Yamamori Y, Lally N, Mkrtchian A, Valton V, Huys QJM, Sarigiannidis I, Morrow KA, Krenz V, Kalbe F, Cremer A, Zerbes G, Kausche FM, Wanke N, Giarrizzo A, Pulcu E, Murphy S, Kaltenboeck A, Browning M, Paul LK, Cools R, Roelofs K, Pessoa L, Harmer CJ, Chase HW, Grillon C, Schwabe L, Roiser JP, Robinson OJ, O'Doherty JP. How Representative are Neuroimaging Samples? Large-Scale Evidence for Trait Anxiety Differences Between fMRI and Behaviour-Only Research Participants. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:1057-1070. [PMID: 33950220 PMCID: PMC8483285 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become crucial to study how cognitive processes are implemented in the human brain. However, the question of whether participants recruited into fMRI studies differ from participants recruited into other study contexts has received little to no attention. This is particularly pertinent when effects fail to generalize across study contexts: for example, a behavioural effect discovered in a non-imaging context not replicating in a neuroimaging environment. Here, we tested the hypothesis, motivated by preliminary findings (N = 272), that fMRI participants differ from behaviour-only participants on one fundamental individual difference variable: trait anxiety. Analysing trait anxiety scores and possible confounding variables from healthy volunteers across multiple institutions (N = 3317), we found robust support for lower trait anxiety in fMRI study participants, consistent with a sampling or self-selection bias. The bias was larger in studies that relied on phone screening (compared with full in-person psychiatric screening), recruited at least partly from convenience samples (compared with community samples), and in pharmacology studies. Our findings highlight the need for surveying trait anxiety at recruitment and for appropriate screening procedures or sampling strategies to mitigate this bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Charpentier
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Eva R Pool
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Verena Ly
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke S Tollenaar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Kluen
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Aniek Fransen
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yumeya Yamamori
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Níall Lally
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anahit Mkrtchian
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Valton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Quentin J M Huys
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erdem Pulcu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susannah Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Kaltenboeck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynn K Paul
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luiz Pessoa
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Henry W Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan P Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver J Robinson
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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