1
|
Wolff JO, Rößler DC. Evolution: Decoding the adaptation of multi-eyed visual systems. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R675-R677. [PMID: 39043137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Many invertebrates possess more than two pairs of eyes - but does eye redundancy aid in ecological diversification? A new study finds varied size adaptation of different eye pairs in spiders, demonstrating how developmental modularity of multi-eyed systems effectively balances selective pressures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas O Wolff
- Evolutionary Biomechanics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Daniela C Rößler
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chong KL, Grahn A, Perl CD, Sumner-Rooney L. Allometry and ecology shape eye size evolution in spiders. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3178-3188.e5. [PMID: 38959880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Eye size affects many aspects of visual function, but eyes are costly to grow and maintain. The allometry of eyes can provide insight into this trade-off, but this has mainly been explored in species that have two eyes of equal size. By contrast, animals possessing larger visual systems can exhibit variable eye sizes within individuals. Spiders have up to four pairs of eyes whose sizes vary dramatically, but their ontogenetic, static, and evolutionary allometry has not yet been studied in a comparative context. We report variable dynamics in eye size across 1,098 individuals in 39 species and 8 families, indicating selective pressures and constraints driving the evolution of different eye pairs and lineages. Supplementing our sampling with a recently published phylogenetically comprehensive dataset, we confirmed these findings across more than 400 species; found that ecological factors such as visual hunting, web building, and circadian activity correlate with eye diameter; and identified significant allometric shifts across spider phylogeny using an unbiased approach, many of which coincide with visual hunting strategies. The modular nature of the spider visual system provides additional degrees of freedom and is apparent in the strong correlations between maximum/minimum investment and interocular variance and three key ecological factors. Our analyses suggest an antagonistic relationship between the anterior and posterior eye pairs. These findings shed light on the relationship between spider visual systems and their diverse ecologies and how spiders exploit their modular visual systems to balance selective pressures and optical and energetic constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin L Chong
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Oxford University Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK.
| | - Angelique Grahn
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Craig D Perl
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Lauren Sumner-Rooney
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gajski D, Wolff JO, Melcher A, Weber S, Prost S, Krehenwinkel H, Kennedy SR. Facilitating taxonomy and phylogenetics: An informative and cost-effective protocol integrating long amplicon PCRs and third-generation sequencing. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 192:107988. [PMID: 38072140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic inference has become a standard technique in integrative taxonomy and systematics, as well as in biogeography and ecology. DNA barcodes are often used for phylogenetic inference, despite being strongly limited due to their low number of informative sites. Also, because current DNA barcodes are based on a fraction of a single, fast-evolving gene, they are highly unsuitable for resolving deeper phylogenetic relationships due to saturation. In recent years, methods that analyse hundreds and thousands of loci at once have improved the resolution of the Tree of Life, but these methods require resources, experience and molecular laboratories that most taxonomists do not have. This paper introduces a PCR-based protocol that produces long amplicons of both slow- and fast-evolving unlinked mitochondrial and nuclear gene regions, which can be sequenced by the affordable and portable ONT MinION platform with low infrastructure or funding requirements. As a proof of concept, we inferred a phylogeny of a sample of 63 spider species from 20 families using our proposed protocol. The results were overall consistent with the results from approaches based on hundreds and thousands of loci, while requiring just a fraction of the cost and labour of such approaches, making our protocol accessible to taxonomists worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Gajski
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Jonas O Wolff
- Evolutionary Biomechanics, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26, Greifswald 17489, Germany; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anja Melcher
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Sven Weber
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Stefan Prost
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, Linnanmaa, Finland
| | - Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Susan R Kennedy
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Spatial and Environmental Sciences, University of Trier, Universitätsring 15, Trier 54296, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ribeiro TM, Espíndola A. Integrated phylogenomic approaches in insect systematics. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 61:101150. [PMID: 38061460 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The increased accessibility of genomic and imaging methods, and the improved access to ecological, spatial, and other natural history-related data is allowing for insect systematics to grow and find answers to central evolutionary and taxonomic questions. Today, integrated studies in insect phylogenomics and systematics are combining natural history, behavior, developmental biology, morphology, fossils, geographic range data, and ecological interactions. This integration is contributing to the clarification of evolutionary relationships, and the recognition of the role played by these factors on the evolution of insects. Future work should continue to build on these advances, seeking to further increase open-access databasing and support for natural history research, as well as expand its analytical palettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taís Ma Ribeiro
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr., College Park, MD 20742-4454, USA
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, 4291 Fieldhouse Dr., College Park, MD 20742-4454, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Propistsova EA, Makarova AA, Eskov KY, Polilov AA. Miniaturization does not change conserved spider anatomy, a case study on spider Rayforstia (Araneae: Anapidae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:17219. [PMID: 37821480 PMCID: PMC10567922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniaturization is an evolutionary trend observed in many animals. Some arachnid groups, such as spiders and mites, demonstrate a strong tendency toward miniaturization. Some of the most miniaturized spiders belong to the family Anapidae. In this study, using light and confocal microscopy and 3D modelling, we provide the first detailed description of the anatomy of a spider of the genus Rayforstia, which is only 900 µm long. In comparison with larger spiders, Rayforstia has no branching of the midgut in the prosoma and an increased relative brain volume. In contrast to many miniature insects and mites, the spider shows no reduction of whole organ systems, no allometry of the digestive and reproductive systems, and also no reduction of the set of muscles. Thus, miniature spider shows a more conserved anatomy than insects of a similar size. These findings expand our knowledge of miniaturization in terrestrial arthropods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Propistsova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A A Makarova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Y Eskov
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PIN), Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Polilov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ortiz D, Pekár S, Bilat J, Shafaie S, Alvarez N, Gauthier J. Dynamic evolution of size and colour in the highly specialized Zodarion ant-eating spiders. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230797. [PMID: 37554037 PMCID: PMC10410226 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological specialists constitute relevant case studies for understanding the mechanisms, potential and limitations of evolution. The species-rich and strictly myrmecophagous spiders of the genus Zodarion show diversified defence mechanisms, including myrmecomorphy of different ant species and nocturnality. Through Hybridization Capture Using RAD Probes (hyRAD), a phylogenomic technique designed for sequencing poorly preserved specimens, we reconstructed a phylogeny of Zodarion using 52 (approx. a third of the nominal) species that cover its phylogenetic and distributional diversity. We then estimated the evolution of body size and colour, traits that have diversified noticeably and are linked to defence mechanisms, across the group. Our genomic matrix of 300 loci led to a well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis that uncovered two main clades inside Zodarion. Ancestral state estimation revealed the highly dynamic evolution of body size and colour across the group, with multiple transitions and convergences in both traits, which we propose is likely indicative of multiple transitions in ant specialization across the genus. Our study will allow the informed targeted selection of Zodarion taxa of special interest for research into the group's remarkable adaptations to ant specialization. It also exemplifies the utility of hyRAD for phylogenetic studies using museum material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ortiz
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stano Pekár
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Bilat
- Geneva Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sepideh Shafaie
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Caetano C, Griswold CE, Michalik P, Labarque FM. Evolution and comparative morphology of raptorial feet in spiders. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2023; 74:101255. [PMID: 37011488 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2023.101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spiders are among the most diverse animals, which developed different morphological and behavioral traits for capturing prey. We studied the anatomy and functionality of the rare and apomorphic raptorial spider feet using 3D reconstruction modeling, among other imaging techniques. The evolutionary reconstruction of the raptorial feet (tarsus plus pretarsus) features using a composite tree of spiders, indicating that similar traits emerged three times independently in Trogloraptoridae, Gradungulinae, and Doryonychus raptor (Tetragnathidae). The characteristics defining the raptorial feet are an interlocked complex merging of the base of the elongated prolateral claw with the pretarsal sclerotized ring, with the former clasping against the tarsus. Raptorial feet even flex over robust raptorial macrosetae forming a reduced tarsal version of a catching basket to encase prey during hunting. Our results show that Celaeniini (Araneidae) and Heterogriffus berlandi (Thomisidae), taxa previously compared with raptorial spiders, lack the raptorial feet key characteristics and the tarsal-catching basket. We make predictions about the possible behavior of the abovementioned taxa that will need to be tested by observing living specimens. We conclude that multiple morphological tarsal and pretarsal micro-structures define the raptorial foot functional unit and recommend a comprehensive evaluation before assigning this configuration to any spider taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Caetano
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva (DEBE), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), campus São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CEP, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Hidrobiologia (DHb), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), campus São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CEP, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Charles E Griswold
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
| | - Peter Michalik
- Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Facundo M Labarque
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva (DEBE), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), campus São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, Km 235, CEP, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McLean CA, Melville J, Schubert J, Rose R, Medina I. Assessing the impact of fire on spiders through a global comparative analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230089. [PMID: 37122254 PMCID: PMC10130718 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In many regions fire regimes are changing due to anthropogenic factors. Understanding the responses of species to fire can help to develop predictive models and inform fire management decisions. Spiders are a diverse and ubiquitous group and can offer important insights into the impacts of fire on invertebrates and whether these depend on environmental factors, phylogenetic history or functional traits. We conducted phylogenetic comparative analyses of data from studies investigating the impacts of fire on spiders. We investigated whether fire affects spider abundance or presence and whether ecologically relevant traits or site-specific factors influence species' responses to fire. Although difficult to make broad generalizations about the impacts of fire due to variation in site- and fire-specific factors, we find evidence that short fire intervals may be a threat to some spiders, and that fire affects abundance and species compositions in forests relative to other vegetation types. Orb and sheet web weavers were also more likely to be absent after fire than ambush hunters, ground hunters and other hunters suggesting functional traits may affect responses. Finally, we show that analyses of published data can be used to detect broad-scale patterns and provide an alternative to traditional meta-analytical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire A. McLean
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, 11 Nicholson Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Jane Melville
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, 11 Nicholson Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Joseph Schubert
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, 11 Nicholson Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Rebecca Rose
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, 11 Nicholson Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramírez MJ, Wolff JO, Jäger P, Pavlek M, Pérez‐González A, Magalhaes I, Michalik P. Geometric regularity in webs of non-orb-weaving spiders. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9839. [PMID: 36937056 PMCID: PMC10019946 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Geometric regularity of spider webs has been intensively studied in orb-weaving spiders, although it is not exclusive of orb weavers. Here, we document the geometrically regular, repetitive elements in the webs of the non-orb-weaving groups Leptonetidae and Telemidae for the first time. Similar to orb weavers, we found areas with regularly spaced parallel lines in the webs of Calileptoneta helferi, Sulcia sp., and cf. Pinelema sp. Furthermore, we provide a detailed account of the regular webs of Ochyrocera (Ochyroceratidae). The sections of the web with regularly disposed parallel lines are built as U-shaped modules reminiscent of orb webs. It has been suggested that the regularly spaced parallel lines in the webs of Ochyroceratidae and Psilodercidae may be produced in a single sweep of their posterior lateral spinnerets, which have regularly spaced aciniform gland spigots, perhaps involving expansion of the spinnerets. To test this hypothesis, we compared the spacing between parallel lines with the spacing between spigots, searched for expansible membranes in the spinnerets, and examined the junctions of regularly spaced lines. The distance between parallel lines was 10-20 times the distance between spigots, and we found no expansible membranes, and the intersection of parallel lines are cemented, which opposes the single sweep hypothesis. Furthermore, we found cues of viscid silk in the parallel lines of the psilodercid Althepus and broadened piriform gland spigots that may be responsible of its production. Finally, we evaluated the presence or absence of geometrically regular web elements across the spider tree of life. We found reports of regular webs in 31 spider families, including 20 families that are not orb weavers and hypothesize that the two basic aspects of regularity (parallel lines spaced at regular intervals, and radial lines spaced at regular angles) probably appeared many times in the evolution of spiders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martín J. Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Jonas O. Wolff
- Zoological Institute and MuseumUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Peter Jäger
- Arachnology, Senckenberg Research InstituteFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Ruđer Bošković InstituteZagrebCroatia
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyZagrebCroatia
| | - Abel Pérez‐González
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ivan Magalhaes
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Peter Michalik
- Zoological Institute and MuseumUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bellvert A, Roca‐Cusachs M, Tonzo V, Arnedo MA, Kaliontzopoulou A. The Vitruvian spider: Segmenting and integrating over different body parts to describe ecophenotypic variation. J Morphol 2022; 283:1425-1438. [PMID: 36169046 PMCID: PMC9828460 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding what drives the existing phenotypic variability has been a major topic of interest for biologists for generations. However, the study of the phenotype may not be straightforward. Indeed, organisms may be interpreted as composite objects, comprising different ecophenotypic traits, which are neither necessarily independent from each other nor do they respond to the same evolutionary pressures. For this reason, a deep biological understanding of the focal organism is essential for any morphological analysis. The spider genus Dysdera provides a particularly well-suited system for setting up protocols for morphological analyses that encompass a suit of morphological structures in any nonmodel system. This genus has undergone a remarkable diversification in the Canary Islands, where different species perform different ecological roles, exhibiting different levels of trophic specialization or troglomorphic adaptations, which translate into a remarkable interspecific morphological variability. Here, we seek to develop a broad guide, of which morphological characters must be considered, to study the effect of different ecological pressures in spiders and propose a general workflow that will be useful whenever researchers set out to investigate variation in the body plans of different organisms, with data sets comprising a set of morphological traits. We use geometric morphometric methods to quantify variation in different body structures, all of them with diverse phenotypic modifications in their chelicera, prosoma, and legs. We explore the effect of analyzing different combined landmark (LM) configurations of these characters and the degree of morphological integration that they exhibit. Our results suggest that different LM configurations of each of these body parts exhibit a higher degree of integration compared to LM configurations from different structures and that the analysis of each of these body parts captures different aspects of morphological variation, potentially related to different ecological factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Bellvert
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències AmbientalsUniversitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain,Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio)Universitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcos Roca‐Cusachs
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències AmbientalsUniversitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain,Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio)Universitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Vanina Tonzo
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències AmbientalsUniversitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain,Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio)Universitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Miquel A. Arnedo
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències AmbientalsUniversitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain,Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio)Universitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències AmbientalsUniversitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain,Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio)Universitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
High-Density Three-Dimensional Morphometric Analyses Reveal Predation-Based Disparity and Evolutionary Modularity in Spider ‘Jaws’. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|