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Lee J, Park Y, Song D, Chang S, Cho J. Effects of Defatted and Hydrolyzed Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal as an Alternative Fish Meal in Weaning Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1692. [PMID: 38891738 PMCID: PMC11171083 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In Experiment 1, a total of eighteen crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows with an initial body weight of 6.74 ± 0.68 kg were randomly divided into three dietary treatments (one pig per cage and six replicates per treatment) and housed in metabolic cages that were equipped with a feeder and slatted floor to collect urine and feces. In Experiment 2, a total of 96 crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows with an initial body weight of 8.25 ± 0.42 kg were used in the 6-week trial. The pigs were randomly divided into three dietary treatments (three pigs per pen and eight replicates per treatment). In Experiment 1, nutrient composition of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BLM) was superior to that of hydrolyzed BLM but lower than that of fish meal (FM). Also, defatted BLM and FM had better apparent total track digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and better nitrogen retention (p < 0.05) than hydrolyzed BLM, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between defatted BLM and FM. In Experiment 2, defatted BLM improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed cost per kg gain (FCG) compared with FM. Defatted BLM could replace soybean meal and fish meal as an alternative protein source for weaning pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Lee
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea;
| | - Younguk Park
- Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Cheongju 28130, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongcheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Seyeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Jinho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; (D.S.); (S.C.)
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Salahuddin M, Abdel-Wareth AAA, Hiramatsu K, Tomberlin JK, Luza D, Lohakare J. Flight toward Sustainability in Poultry Nutrition with Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:510. [PMID: 38338153 PMCID: PMC10854853 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), have emerged as a promising feed ingredient in broiler chicken diets, known for their high protein content, nutritional richness, and environmental sustainability. This review examines the effects of integrating BSFL into broiler feeds, focusing on aspects such as growth performance, nutrient digestibility, physiological responses, and immune health. The ability of BSFL to transform waste into valuable biomass rich in proteins and lipids underscores their efficiency and ecological benefits. Protein levels in BSFL can range from 32% to 53%, varying with growth stage and diet, offering a robust source of amino acids essential for muscle development and growth in broilers. While the chitin in BSFL poses questions regarding digestibility, the overall impact on nutrient utilization is generally favorable. The inclusion of BSFL in diets has been shown to enhance growth rates, feed efficiency, and carcass quality in broilers, with the larvae's balanced amino acid profile being particularly advantageous for muscle development. BSFL may also support gut health and immunity in broilers due to its bioactive components, potentially influencing the gut's microbial composition and enhancing nutrient absorption and overall health. Moreover, the capacity of BSFL to efficiently convert organic waste into protein highlights their role as an environmentally sustainable protein source for broiler nutrition. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to fully understand the long-term effects of BSFL, ideal inclusion rates, and the impact of varying larval diets and rearing conditions. It is crucial for poultry producers to consult nutritionists and comply with local regulations when incorporating new feed ingredients like BSFL into poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salahuddin
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Kohzy Hiramatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy (LAFA), Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan;
| | - Jeffery K. Tomberlin
- Center for Environmental Sustainability through Insect Farming, Texas A&M AgriLife, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Daylan Luza
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Poultry Center, Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.S.); (D.L.)
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Lestingi A. Alternative and Sustainable Protein Sources in Pig Diet: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:310. [PMID: 38275770 PMCID: PMC10812645 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative protein sources to soybean meal (SBM) in animal feeding is a strategic objective to reduce production costs and contribute to sustainable animal production. Spirulina, due to the high protein content, has emerged as a potential cost-effective, sustainable, viable, and high-nutritional-value food resource for many animal species. Insect larvae (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) are also considered potential alternatives to SBM, given their high edible percentage of almost 100%, as well as a protein value higher than that of vegetable proteins. Rapeseed meal and grain legumes, such as fava beans, peas, lupins, and chickpea, can also be used as locally producible protein ingredients. This study reviews the nutritional value of these potential alternatives to SBM in pig diets, and their effects on animal performance, digestion, immune system, and the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of meat, including processed pork products. The limits on their use in pig feeding are also reviewed to indicate gaps to be filled in future research on the supplementation level of these potential alternative protein sources in pig diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lestingi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
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Watzeck MC, Huber LA. The standardized ileal digestible lysine-to-net energy ratio in the diets of sows to optimize milk nitrogen retention is dynamic during lactation. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae094. [PMID: 38558239 PMCID: PMC11056879 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fifty-two multiparous sows (average parity 3.1 ± 0.9 and initial BW 245.6 ± 32.5 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys-to-net energy (NE) ratios on nitrogen (N) utilization throughout a 24-d lactation period. Sows were randomly assigned to one of five isoenergetic feeding programs that provided equally spaced and increasing SID Lys-to-NE ratios between 2.79 and 5.50 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. The feeding programs were generated by blending the two extreme diets in varying proportions and were provided to sows immediately after farrowing (day 1) and until weaning at day 24 ± 1. Nitrogen balances were conducted between days 4 and 7, 12 and 15, and 20 and 23 ± 1 of lactation to represent weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively, using total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. Contrast statements were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing Lys-to-NE ratios. Linear and quadratic broken-line and polynomial quadratic (QPM) models were used to determine the optimum dietary Lys-to-NE ratios for N retention in milk. The Bayesian information criterion was used to assess the best fit. Feeding program did not influence sow average daily feed intake (5.8 ± 0.1 kg), BW change (-8.2 ± 3.1 kg), or change in back fat thickness (-2.6 ± 0.7 mm) over the 24-d lactation period, but piglet average daily gain increased with dietary SID Lys-to-NE ratio (linear; P < 0.05). Sow N intake increased with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in weeks 2 and 3 (linear; P < 0.001). Whole-body N retention (N intake - N output in urine and feces) increased with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in all weeks (linear; P < 0.05). The N retention in milk tended to increase then decrease with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in weeks 1 and 2 (quadratic; P = 0.051 and P = 0.081) and the QPM showed optimal milk N retention at 4.28, 4.42, and 4.67 g Lys/Mcal NE for weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Maternal N retention (N intake - N output in urine, feces, and milk) decreased and then increased in week 1 (quadratic; P < 0.01) and increased in weeks 2 and 3 (linear; P < 0.01) with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio. Therefore, the SID Lys-to-NE ratio necessary to optimize milk N output is dynamic throughout lactation. A two-diet feeding program could be created to match optimal weekly or daily SID Lys-to-NE ratios, which could lead to improved piglet ADG and body weights at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine C Watzeck
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Liu S, Wang J, Li L, Duan Y, Zhang X, Wang T, Zang J, Piao X, Ma Y, Li D. Endogenous chitinase might lead to differences in growth performance and intestinal health of piglets fed different levels of black soldier fly larva meal. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:411-424. [PMID: 37649680 PMCID: PMC10462805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of black soldier fly (BSF) replacing soybean meal (SBM) in diets on the performance and health condition of piglets. A total of 180 weaned piglets were allocated into 5 treatments: BSF0 (corn-soybean meal basal diet), BSF25 (BSF replacing 25% SBM), BSF50 (BSF replacing 50% SBM), BSF75 (BSF replacing 75% SBM) and BSF100 (BSF replacing 100% SBM). During the whole period, in comparison with BSF0, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake increased in the BSF25 and BSF50 groups, whereas ADG decreased in the BSF75 and BSF100 groups (P < 0.05). The result of quadratic fitting curve showed that piglets exhibited the highest ADG when BSF replaced around 20% SBM. Compared with BSF0, organic matter and dry matter digestibility improved in the BSF25 group, whereas ether extract digestibility decreased in the BSF100 group (P < 0.05). In comparison with BSF0, piglets from the BSF25 group showed a higher duodenal ratio of villus height to crypt depth, increased jejunal sucrase activity, serum neuropeptide Y and ghrelin levels, elevated ileal immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG and IgM contents and a lower leptin level, and piglets from the BSF100 group exhibited an increased relative weight of kidney (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the expression level of tight junction proteins and chitin-degrading enzyme. Additionally, compared with BSF0, the abundance of short chain fatty acid producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium and Butyricicoccus increased, and potential pathogenic bacteria decreased in piglets from the BSF25 group, whereas piglets from the BSF100 group had a greater abundance of harmful bacteria. In conclusion, BSF replacing 25% SBM in diets could improve digestive parameters, immune function and intestinal microbiota, and thus improved growth performance of piglets. However, BSF replacing 100% SBM showed an adverse effect on piglet performance, and the reason might be related to the limited amount of chitin-degrading enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Longxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yonggai Duan
- Bennong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450045, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Bennong Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450045, China
| | - Tenghao Wang
- Zhejiang Qinglian Food Co., Ltd, Jiaxing, 314399, China
| | - Jianjun Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongxi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
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Kim J, Park K, Ji SY, Kim BG. Nutrient digestibility in black soldier fly larva was greater than in adults for pigs and could be estimated using fiber. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:1002-1013. [PMID: 37969344 PMCID: PMC10640931 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine the nutrient digestibility of fish meal, defatted black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), and adult flies and to develop equations for estimating in vitro nutrient digestibility of BSFL for pigs. in vitro digestion procedures were employed to mimic the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the pig intestine. Correlation coefficients between chemical composition and in vitro nutrient digestibility of BSFL were calculated. In Exp. 1, in vitro ileal digestibility (IVID) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) and in vitro total tract digestibility (IVTTD) of DM and organic matter in defatted BSFL meal were less (p < 0.05) than those in fish meal but were greater (p < 0.05) than those in adult flies. In Exp. 2, CP concentrations in BSFL were negatively correlated with ether extract (r = -0.91) concentration but positively correlated with acid detergent fiber (ADF; r = 0.98) and chitin (r = 0.95) concentrations. ADF and chitin concentrations in BSFL were negatively correlated with IVID of DM (r = -0.98 and -0.88) and IVTTD of DM (r = -1.00 and -0.94) and organic matter (r = -0.99 and -0.98). Prediction equations for in vitro nutrient digestibility of BSFL were developed: IVID of CP (%) = -0.95 × ADF (% DM) + 95 (r2 = 0.75 and p = 0.058) and IVTTD of DM (%) = -2.09 × ADF + 113 (r2 = 0.99 and p < 0.001). The present in vitro experiments suggest that defatted BSFL meal was less digestible than fish meal but was more digestible than adult flies, and nutrient digestibility of BSFL can be predicted using ADF as an independent variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkeon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwanho Park
- Industrial Insect and Sericulture
Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development
Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ji
- Department of Research Policy, Research
Policy Bureau, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875,
Korea
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Hosseindoust A, Ha S, Mun J, Kim J. Effects of meal processing of black soldier fly on standardized amino acids digestibility in pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:1014-1023. [PMID: 37969343 PMCID: PMC10640932 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of incorporating black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and its processed form as an alternative source of protein to fish meal (FM) on the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in weaned pigs. Four cannulated pigs with an initial bodyweight of 13.25 ± 0.25 kg and aged 30 days were subjected to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with three treatments, as well as a nitrogen-free treatment. The diets used for each treatment consisted of a FM diet, a diet containing BSF larvae meal (BSFM), and a diet containing extruded BSF (BSFE). The study was conducted over four stages, with a total duration of 28 days. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein was higher in the FM treatment compared with the BSFM. Among essential AA, the AID of Arg, His, Leu, and Thr were higher in the FM compared with the BSFM and BSFE. A greater AID of Ile and Phe was observed in pigs in the FM treatment compared with the BSFM. The average AA digestibility did not show any difference between treatments. Among non-essential AA, the AID of Ala (p = 0.054) and Glu (p = 0.064) tended to be increased in the FM compared with the BSFM. Among essential AA, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Arg, His, Ile, and Leu were higher in the FM compared with the BSFM. Among non-essential AA, the SID of Cys (p = 0.074) tended to be increased in the FM compared with the BSFM. In conclusion, the processing and thermal conditioning techniques utilized for BSF larvae meal showed a tendency for increased AA digestibility. Therefore, when formulating a diet, it is important to take into account the difference in AA digestibility between FM and BSFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - SangHun Ha
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - JunYoung Mun
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - JinSoo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Hosseindoust A, Ha SH, Mun JY, Kim JS. Quality Characteristics of Black Soldier Flies Produced by Different Substrates. INSECTS 2023; 14:500. [PMID: 37367316 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) has a high capacity for amino acids and fatty acid accumulation. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of tofu by-products, food waste, and vegetables for BSF growth and conversion efficiency. BSFs under tofu by-product treatments showed the greatest weight at d 12 and the harvest period. Moreover, BSF larval weight was greater in the food waste treatment compared with the vegetable treatment at d 12 and harvest. The larva yield result was greater in the vegetable treatment compared with the tofu by-product. The bioconversion rate was higher in the tofu by-product treatment compared with the food waste and vegetable treatments. The protein conversion rate and lipid conversion rate were the highest in the vegetable treatment. The protein yield and lipid yield were greatest in the tofu by-product treatment. The lauric acid content was increased in BSFs fed tofu by-products compared with the food waste treatment. The concentration of C16:1 was the highest in the tofu by-product treatment. The content of oleic acid and α-linolenic acid was higher in BSFs fed tofu by-products compared with the vegetable treatment. In conclusion, the tofu by-products show benefits for larval growth and nutrient accumulation, which can improve larval quality for livestock feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Hosseindoust
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Ha
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Mun
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Son J, Park SH, Jung HJ, You SJ, Kim BG. Effects of Drying Methods and Blanching on Nutrient Utilization in Black Soldier Fly Larva Meals Based on In Vitro Assays for Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050858. [PMID: 36899715 PMCID: PMC10000218 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of drying and blanching methods on the nutrient utilization of black soldier fly larva (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) meal by pigs using in vitro assays. Two-step and three-step in vitro assays were employed to simulate the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Four BSFL meals were prepared using the following pretreatment methods: (1) microwave drying at 80 °C for 32 min, (2) hot-air drying at 60 °C for 17 h, (3) blanching for 5 min in boiling water and hot-air drying at 60 °C for 17 h, and (4) 2% citric acid solution blanching for 5 min in boiling solution and hot-air drying at 60 °C for 17 h. After the drying process, each BSFL was defatted and ground to obtain BSFL meals. The nitrogen (N) concentration in the test ingredients ranged from 8.5 to 9.4%, and the ether extract ranged from 6.9 to 11.5% on an as-is basis. The amino acid (AA) concentration in the BSFL meals ranged from 2.80 to 3.24% for Lys and 0.71 to 0.89% for Met on an as-is basis. Hot-air-dried BSFL meal had a greater in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of N compared with microwave-dried BSFL meal (p < 0.05). However, blanched BSFL meals in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying had a lower (p < 0.05) IVID of N compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSFL meal. Blanched BSFL meals in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying showed a lower (p < 0.05) in vitro total tract disappearance of dry matter and organic matter compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSFL meal. Microwave-dried BSFL meal had a lower (p < 0.05) IVID of indispensable AA, except for His, Lys, Met, and Phe, compared with hot-air-dried BSFL meals. However, blanched BSFL meals in water or 2% citric acid solution before hot-air drying showed a lower (p < 0.05) IVID of indispensable AA compared with microwave-dried or hot-air-dried BSFL meal. In conclusion, hot-air-dried BSFL meal presented greater nutrient utilization compared with microwave-dried BSFL meal for pigs. However, blanching in water or citric acid solution negatively affected the nutrient digestibility of BSFL meal based on in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyeon Son
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Hwa Park
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Jung
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jong You
- Feed R&D, CJ Feed & Care, Seoul 04548, Republic of Korea
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2049-6255
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Phaengphairee P, Boontiam W, Wealleans A, Hong J, Kim YY. Dietary supplementation with full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae and multi-probiotics, as a substitute for antibiotics, improves the growth performance, gut health, and antioxidative capacity of weaned pigs. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:7. [PMID: 36631776 PMCID: PMC9832753 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplementation of full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL full-fat meal; alone or in combination with multi-probiotics) was tested as an alternative to dietary antibiotics in weaning piglets. We also tested the effects of these diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility coefficients, immune status, oxidative stress, intestinal histomorphology, and rectal microbial modulations in weaned pigs. A total of 80 piglets [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] of both sexes (a ratio of gilts and barrows; 1:1), were randomly allotted to four diet groups: positive control (PC) diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin; negative control (NC) diet without supplement addition; BSFL12 diet (NC + 12% BSFL full-fat meal); and BSFL + Pro diet (BSFL full-fat meal + 0.1% multi-probiotics, including Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). All groups had five replicates, with four piglets per replicate. RESULTS Dietary BSFL + Pro improved the overall average daily gain (P = 0.013), and gain-to-feed ratio (P = 0.032). The BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro diets improved nutrient digestibility and increased the serum levels of immunoglobulin A and glutathione peroxidase, while reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The spleen weight was higher and caecal pH was lower in pigs fed the BSFL + Pro diet than in those fed the NC diet (P = 0.011 and P = 0.021, respectively). Pigs fed the BSFL diets had longer duodenal villi, a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (P = 0.004), and shorter crypt depth (P = 0.017) than those fed NC. The BSFL + Pro diet also increased faecal Lactobacillus spp. count (P = 0.008) and reduced Escherichia coli (P = 0.021) counts compared with that seen with PC and NC diets, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with BSFL or BSFL + multi-probiotics can improve the growth performance and intestinal health of pigs and may be an effective strategy to replace antibiotics for weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheeraphong Phaengphairee
- grid.9786.00000 0004 0470 0856Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Waewaree Boontiam
- grid.9786.00000 0004 0470 0856Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Alexandra Wealleans
- Kemin Europa N.V., Animal Nutrition and Health EMENA, Toekomstlaan 42, 2200 Herentals, Belgium
| | - Jinsu Hong
- grid.263791.80000 0001 2167 853XDepartment of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 USA
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gangnam-ru, Seoul, 135-754 South Korea
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Boontiam W, Phaengphairee P, Hong J, Kim YY. Full-fatted Hermetia illucens larva as a protein alternative: effects on weaning pig growth performance, gut health, and antioxidant status under poor sanitary conditions. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2147185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waewaree Boontiam
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings SD, United States
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Tansil F, Pezzali JG, Cargo-Froom C, Huber LA, Kiarie EG, Courtney-Martin G, Levesque CL, Shoveller AK. Evaluation of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolic availability of methionine, using the indicator amino acid oxidation method, in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 101:6960714. [PMID: 36566507 PMCID: PMC9904181 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized ileal digestibility (SID, %) of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) and the metabolic availability (MA) of Met using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method, in partially defatted black soldier fly larvae (PD-BSFL) meal were determined in growing pigs in 2 experiments. The Met SID value was then compared numerically with the Met MA to understand how different SID is compared with its MA value. In Exp. 1, 6 ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight [BW] = 18.03 ± 0.34 kg) were used in a 2-period switch back design and fed either a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) or test diet, with PD-BSFL meal as the sole source of AA, over two 11-d experimental periods, at a feeding level of 2.8 × estimated maintenance digestible energy requirement. Barrows were adapted for 9-d to the diet, followed by continuous 8-h ileal digesta collection on day 10 and 11. Digesta were pooled per pig within period. The SID of CP and Met of PD-BSFL meal were 76.1 ± 6.2% and 90.4 ± 3.9%, respectively. In Exp. 2, 7 barrows (initial BW = 18.77 ± 0.69 kg) were used in a 7 × 7 Latin square design with L-[1-13C]-Phe as the indicator AA. Each pig was randomly assigned to 1 of 7 dietary treatments over seven 3-d experimental periods. Two diet types were studied including reference (crystalline AA) and PD-BSFL test diets, each supplying graded intakes of Met at 55, 65, and 75% of the estimated SID requirement (NRC, 2012). The MA of Met was determined by comparing the IAAO response between the reference and PD-BSFL test diet using the slope-ratio method. Linear regression determined a negative slope of the best fit line for both the reference and test diets (P < 0.05). The MA of Met in PD-BSFL meal was 53.3%, which is as expected lower than the SID value. While it is generally appreciated that MA will be less than SID, the use of SID is more practical. In cases where SID cannot explain physiological outcomes of feeding a novel ingredient, IAAO may provide additional insight into whether MA should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Tansil
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Júlia G Pezzali
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cara Cargo-Froom
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Glenda Courtney-Martin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada,Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
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Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Homska N, Jankowski J, Ognik K, Józefiak A, Mazurkiewicz J, Józefiak D. Available for millions of years but discovered through the last decade: Insects as a source of nutrients and energy in animal diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:60-79. [PMID: 36101841 PMCID: PMC9442335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value, further implementation of meals and fats derived from invertebrates to livestock (poultry and swine), aquaculture (salmonids), and companion animal diets and their impact on growth performance, metabolic response, and gastrointestinal microbiota shifts. Additionally, the most important barriers to obtaining unified products in terms of their nutritive value are considered, i.e., to define insects' nutrient requirements, including various technological groups and further biomass processing (slaughtering, drying, and storage). Due to the current limitation in the insect production process consisting of the lack of infrastructure, there is stress on the relatively small amount of insect products added to the animal diets as a functional feed additive. Currently, only in the case of pet nutrition may insects be considered a full replacement for commonly used environmentally harmful and allergenic products. Simultaneously, the least information has been published on this topic. Thus, more scientific data are needed, particularly when the pet food branch and insect-based diets are rapidly growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Homska
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Józefiak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Improvements in Performance of Nursery Pigs Provided with Supplemental Oil Derived from Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233251. [PMID: 36496772 PMCID: PMC9736315 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluated the impact of increasing levels of supplemental black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) oil, a novel and sustainable feed ingredient, on growth performance and blood chemistry indices in nursery pigs. Pigs were weaned at 21 days of age (n = 192; body weight = 6.9 ± 0.15 kg) and randomly allotted within sex and body weight to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, using 48 pens (4 pigs/pen). Treatments contained 0, 2, 4, or 6% supplemental BSFL oil, replacing equivalent quantities of corn oil. A 3-phase feeding program was used with 14, 11, and 15 days for phase 1 to 3, respectively. Supplementation of BSFL oil linearly (p ≤ 0.052) improved pig body weight and daily gain throughout the study and overall. No differences were observed in feed intake; however, feed efficiency was linearly improved with BSFL oil supplementation for phase 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). Serum cholesterol increased linearly (p = 0.002) and platelet count tended to increase linearly (p = 0.082) with increasing BSFL oil. No other differences were detected in blood chemistry and all results were within normal ranges. In conclusion, BSFL oil is a valuable, energy-dense feed ingredient that can promote growth performance of nursery pigs.
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Go YB, Lee JH, Lee BK, Oh HJ, Kim YJ, An JW, Chang SY, Song DC, Cho HA, Park HR, Chun JY, Cho JH. Effect of insect protein and protease on growth performance, blood profiles, fecal microflora and gas emission in growing pig. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:1063-1076. [PMID: 36812026 PMCID: PMC9890344 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Hermetia illucens larvae (HIL) as protein and protease on growth performance, blood profiles, fecal microflora, and gas emission in growing pig. In experiment 1, the seventy-two crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.98 ± 2.95 kg were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments (3 pigs per pen and 6 replicates pen per treatments). The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating two diets (Poultry offal diets and HIL diets) without or with supplementing protease. The poultry offal in basal diet has been replaced by HIL. In experiment 2, the four crossbred growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) with an initial BW of 28.2 ± 0.1 kg were individually accepted in stainless steel metabolism cages. The dietary treatments included: 1) PO- (PO-; poultry offal diet), 2) PO+ (PO- + 0.05% protease), 3) HIL- (3% PO of PO- diet was replacement 3% HIL), 4) HIL+ (HIL- + 0.05% protease). In experiment 1, From weeks 0 to 2, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) were significantly increased in the PO diet group compared with the HIL group. From weeks 2 to 4, ADG and G:F were higher for protease group than for non-protease group. At weeks 2 and 4, the PO diet group had lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than HIL diet group. In experiment 2, crude protein (CP) and nitrogen (N) retention were decreased by HIL diet at weeks 2 and 4. The fecal microflora and gas emission were not affected by HIL and protease. The HIL diet showed lower CP digestibility than PO diet and total essential amino acids digestibility tended to higher in PO diet than HIL diet. In summary, the present study revealed that replacement of the PO protein with the HIL protein and the additive of protease in growing pig diets during the overall experimental period had no negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bin Go
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University
of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Byong Kon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hae Ryoung Park
- Korea Agriculture Technology Promotion
Agency, Iksan 54667, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chun
- Department of Food Bioengineering, College
of Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243,
Korea,Corresponding author Ji Yeon Chun,
Department of Food Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Jeju National
University, Jeju 63243, Korea. Tel: +82-64-754-3615, E-mail:
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea,Corresponding author Jin Ho Cho,
Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea. Tel: +82-43-261-2544, E-mail:
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Lu S, Taethaisong N, Meethip W, Surakhunthod J, Sinpru B, Sroichak T, Archa P, Thongpea S, Paengkoum S, Purba RAP, Paengkoum P. Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens L.) and Its Potential Uses as Alternative Protein Sources in Animal Diets: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13090831. [PMID: 36135532 PMCID: PMC9502457 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly growing population has increased demand for protein quantities and, following a shortage of plant-based feed protein sources and the prohibition of animal-based feed protein, has forced the search for new sources of protein. Therefore, humans have turned their attention to edible insects. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens L.) are rich in nutrients such as fat, protein and high-quality amino acids and minerals, making them a good source of protein. Furthermore, BSFL are easily reared and propagated on any nutrient substrate such as plant residues, animal manure and waste, food scraps, agricultural byproducts, or straw. Although BSFL cannot completely replace soybean meal in poultry diets, supplementation of less than 20% has no negative impact on chicken growth performance, biochemical indicators and meat quality. In pig studies, although BSFL supplementation did not have any negative effect on growth performance and meat quality, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was reduced. There is obviously less research on the feeding of BSFL in pigs than in poultry, particularly in relation to weaning piglets and fattening pigs; further research is needed on the supplementation level of sows. Moreover, it has not been found that BSFL are used in ruminants, and the next phase of research could therefore study them. The use of BSFL in animal feed presents some challenges in terms of cost, availability and legal and consumer acceptance. However, this should be considered in the context of the current shortage of protein feed and the nutritional value of BSFL, which has important research significance in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Lu
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Nittaya Taethaisong
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Weerada Meethip
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Jariya Surakhunthod
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Boontum Sinpru
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Thakun Sroichak
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Pawinee Archa
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Sorasak Thongpea
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Siwaporn Paengkoum
- Program in Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rayudika Aprilia Patindra Purba
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Pramote Paengkoum
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
- Correspondence:
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Osunbami O, Adeola O. Regression method-derived digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations of partially defatted black soldier fly larvae meal for broiler chickens and pigs. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huber LA, Zhu C, Hansen L, Kozole C, Munoz Alfonso CJ, Mark J, Moghaddam Kakhki RA, Rho Y, Kiarie E. Standardized ileal digestible amino acids and digestible energy contents in two modified soy protein concentrates and soybean meal fed to growing pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac088. [PMID: 35898851 PMCID: PMC9309641 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Six ileal-cannulated barrows (28.0 ± 1.3 kg initial BW) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with one additional period (n = 7 or 6) to determine standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and digestible energy of two modified soy protein concentrates [MSPC1 and MSPC2] and soybean meal (SBM). Pigs were fed one of three cornstarch-based diets with either MSPC1 or MSPC2 or SBM as the sole source of AA at a rate of 2.8 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement. In each period, pigs were adapted to diets for 7 d followed by 2 d of fecal collection and subsequently, 2 d of continuous ileal digesta collection for 8 h. The SID of AA was calculated using basal endogenous losses from a previous study for pigs fed a nitrogen-free diet. The digestible energy of the ingredients was calculated according to the difference method using a nitrogen-free diet that contained the same cornstarch:sucrose:oil ratio as the three test diets. The total Lys content was 33% and 38% greater for MSPC1 vs. MSPC2 and SBM, respectively. The SID of crude protein was greater for MSPC1 (96.9%) than for SBM (91.3%; P < 0.05), whereas an intermediate value was observed for MSPC2 (94.3% ± 1.2%). The SID of Ile (93.8%), Leu (93.6%), Lys (93.9%), Phe (96.7%), and Val (93.2%) were not different between MSPC1 and MSPC2 but greater than for SBM (88.8% ± 1.3%, 87.8% ± 1.2%, 84.5% ± 1.7%, 92.9% ± 1.0%, 86.5% ± 1.7% for Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, and Val, respectively; P < 0.05). The SID of His and Thr was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), which were not different. The SID of Met was greater for MSPC1 and SBM vs. MSPC2 (P < 0.05). The SID of Arg was greater for MSPC1 than MSPC2 and SBM (P < 0.05), and greater for MSPC2 than SBM (P < 0.05). The digestible energy was greater for MSPC1 (4,677 kcal/kg) than MSPC2 and SBM (average; 3,896 ± 239 kcal/kg; P < 0.05), which were not different. Therefore, the MSPC1 was a better source of SID Lys and digestible energy than either MSPC2 or SBM and could be used as a highly digestible protein ingredient in swine rations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Cuilan Zhu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Lauren Hansen
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Cierra Kozole
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | | | - Jessica Mark
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | | | - Youngji Rho
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Elijah Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 , Canada
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Hong J, Kim YY. Insect as feed ingredients for pigs. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:347-355. [PMID: 34991213 PMCID: PMC8831829 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among edible insects, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and common housefly (Musca domestica) have been considered as an alternative protein source for pigs. Because they are easy to breed and grow in the organic wastes, and they have well-balanced nutritional value as a protein source for pigs. The black soldier fly larvae and mealworm could replace the fish meal in the diets for weaned pigs without adverse effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Black soldier fly could also be included in the finishing pig’s diet without any negative effects on the growth performance and pork quality of the market pigs. Insect products showed a greater standardized ileal digestibility value of amino acids than conventional animal proteins in growing pigs. Due to the limited amount of insect products used for pig feeding study, most previous pig studies have been conducted in weaned pigs. Thus, further study is needed about the optimal inclusion level of insect products in every phase diet from weaned pigs to sows. The use of insect products in swine diets has some challenges in terms of cost, supply, and safety. Lastly, intrinsic differences among insect species, processing method, and feeding phase should be taken into consideration for the use of insect products in the swine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Live black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) provisioning is a promising environmental enrichment for pigs as indicated by feed- and enrichment-preference tests. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Håkenåsen IM, Grepperud GH, Hansen JØ, Øverland M, Ånestad RM, Mydland LT. Full-fat insect meal in pelleted diets for weaned piglets: Effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal function, and microbiota. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Calvez J, Gaudichon C. Insects on the menu: characterization of protein quality to evaluate potential as an alternative protein source for human consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:833-834. [PMID: 34036332 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Calvez
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
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Crosbie M, Zhu C, Karrow NA, Huber LA. The effects of partially replacing animal protein sources with full fat black soldier fly larvae meal ( Hermetia illucens) in nursery diets on growth performance, gut morphology, and immune response of pigs. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab057. [PMID: 34179700 PMCID: PMC8221453 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and forty-four newly weaned pigs (6.74 ± 0.23 kg initial BW; 21 d of age) were used to determine the effect of partially replacing animal protein sources with black solider fly larvae meal (BSFLM) in nursery diets on growth performance, gut morphology, and immune response. After weaning, pigs were placed in 24 pens (six pigs per pen) and pens were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments (study d 0; n = 6), which were fed over three phases (phases I, II, and III were fed for 7, 14, and 21 d, respectively). Two nursery diets were formulated with 25% (LowFF) and 50% (HighFF) of the animal protein sources replaced by full fat BSFLM. Conventional nursery diets including animal protein sources without (CON−) and with antibiotics (220 mg Aureomycin per kg of complete feed; CON+) served as controls. On d 8, two pigs per pen were sacrificed to collect organ weights and for intestinal histomorphological measurements. On d 9 and d 23, two pigs per pen were vaccinated with the novel antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Blood samples were collected on d 9, d 23, and d 38 to assess concentrations of plasma haptoglobin and OVA-specific immunoglobulins G (IgG) and IgG1. On d 38, the same two pigs per pen underwent a dermal hypersensitivity test and skin-fold thickness was measured at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h postintradermal injection with OVA. Pigs fed the CON- had greater ADFI and lower G:F in phase II vs. those fed CON+ and HighFF diets (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05); intermediate ADFI was observed for pigs fed the LowFF diet. Overall in the nursery period, ADG (496 ± 13 g), ADFI (743 ± 23 g), G:F, and final BW (27.61 ± 0.66 kg) were not different among dietary treatments. There were no differences in organ weights, jejunal or ileal villus heights, or crypt depths among dietary treatments. There were no differences in OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, or plasma haptoglobin among dietary treatments at any of the blood sampling times. Although not different, pigs fed the LowFF, HighFF, and CON+ diets had respectively 2.0×, 1.7×, and 1.4× greater dermal hypersensitivity response to OVA versus those fed CON−. Both inclusion levels of BSFLM in nursery diets supported growth performance, gut morphology, and indices of immune function not different from the CON+, which suggest that full fat BSFLM can replace at least 50% of animal protein sources in nursery diets of pigs without any deleterious effects on pig growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelina Crosbie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Cuilan Zhu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Lee-Anne Huber
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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