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Kwon WB, Shin SY, Song YS, Kong C, Kim BG. Effects of Mycotoxin-Sequestering Agents on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Growing Pigs Fed Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1953. [PMID: 37895335 PMCID: PMC10607961 DOI: 10.3390/life13101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental mycotoxin-sequestering agents on growth performance and nutrient utilization in growing pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 35.5 kg (standard deviation = 1.3) were assigned to six dietary treatments in a replicated 6 × 5 incomplete Latin square design. Five experimental diets consisted of an uncontaminated diet (PC), a DON-contaminated diet at 6.89 mg/kg (NC), NC + bentonite 0.5%, NC + yeast cell wall 0.5%, and NC + a mixture product 0.5% which consisted of enzymes, microorganisms, minerals, and plant extracts. Pigs had ad libitum access to the five diets. In the last group, the PC diet was restrictedly provided to pigs at the quantity of feed consumption of the NC group. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed were not affected by supplemental mycotoxin-sequestering agents except for the mixed product that tended to improve (p = 0.064) gain:feed in pigs fed DON-contaminated diets. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter was not affected by DON contamination or by supplemental mycotoxin-sequestering agents, whereas the ATTD of Ca was decreased (p = 0.032) by supplemental yeast cell wall in pigs fed DON-contaminated diets. The ATTD of P was greater (p = 0.042) in pigs fed the NC diet compared with the pigs fed the restricted amount of the PC diet. In conclusion, bentonite and yeast cell wall did not affect growth performance of pigs fed DON-contaminated diets, but a supplemental mixed product consisting of enzymes, microorganisms, minerals, and plant extracts partially alleviated the negative effects of dietary DON on the gain:feed of pigs. Calcium digestibility was decreased by supplemental yeast cell wall in pigs fed DON-contaminated diets. Based on the present work, the use of a mixed product consisting of enzymes, microorganisms, minerals, and plant extracts is suggested, and the reduction of Ca digestibility by yeast cell wall needs to be considered in diet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung Youp Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.S.); (Y.S.S.)
| | - Yoon Soo Song
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.S.); (Y.S.S.)
| | - Changsu Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea;
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.S.); (Y.S.S.)
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Dänicke S, Carlson L, Heymann AK, Grümpel-Schlüter A, Doupovec B, Schatzmayr D, Streit B, Kersten S, Kluess J. Inactivation of zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in complete feed for weaned piglets: Efficacy of ZEN hydrolase ZenA and of sodium metabisulfite (SBS) as feed additives. Mycotoxin Res 2023:10.1007/s12550-023-00486-2. [PMID: 37249806 PMCID: PMC10393848 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Female pigs respond sensitive both to DON and ZEN with anorexia and endocrine disruption, respectively, when critical diet concentrations are exceeded. Therefore, the frequent co-contamination of feed by DON and ZEN requires their parallel inactivation. The additive ZenA hydrolyzes ZEN while SBS inactivates DON through sulfonation. Both supplements were simultaneously added (+, 2.5 g SBS and 100 U ZenA/kg) to a control diet (CON-, 0.04 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg; CON+, 0.03 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg) and a Fusarium toxin contaminated diet (FUS-, 2.57 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg; FUS+, 2.04 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg). The 4 diets were fed to 20 female weaned piglets each (6 kg initial body weight) for 35 days; the piglets were sacrificed thereafter for collecting samples. Supplements improved performance and modified metabolism and hematology independent of dietary DON contamination. The mechanisms behind these changes could not be clarified and require further consideration. SBS reduced DON concentration in feed by approximately 20% and to the same extent in blood plasma and urine suggesting that no further DON sulfonate formation occurred in the digestive tract before absorbing DON in the upper digestive tract or that additionally formed DON sulfonates escaped absorption. DON sulfonates were detected in feces suggesting that unabsorbed DON sulfonates reached feces and/or that unabsorbed DON was sulfonated in the hindgut. The observed reduction rate of 20% was evaluated to be insufficient for feeding practice. Galenic form of SBS added to dry feed needs to be improved to support the DON sulfonation in the proximal digestive tract.ZenA was active in the digestive tract as demonstrated by the presence of its hydrolyzed none-estrogenic reaction products hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN) and decarboxylated and hydrolyzed ZEN (DHZEN) both in feces, systemic circulation, and urine of group FUS+ compared to group FUS-. The presence of these hydrolysis products was paralleled by a significant decrease in high-estrogenic ZEN concentrations which, in turn, was related to a decrease in relative weights of uteri and ovaries when compared to group FUS-. Thus, ZenA was proven to be effective; both in terms of biomarkers and biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Linn Carlson
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Heymann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
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Wang J, Wang L, Zhang H, Mei X, Qiu L, Liu J, Zhou Y. Development of a time-resolved immunochromatographic strip for rapid and quantitative determination of deoxynivalenol. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1142820. [PMID: 37008353 PMCID: PMC10060663 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1142820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of food crops and feeds is almost impossible to avoid completely; however, through best management practices, this risk can be effectively managed and maximumly mitigated. Accurate and rapid detection of DON contamination as early in the entire value chain as possible is critical. To achieve this goal, we developed a DON test strip based on time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) and a specific DON monoclonal antibody for the rapid quantification of DON in food crops and feeds. The strip displayed a good linearity (R2 = 0.9926), with a limit of quantification of 28.16 μg/kg, a wide linear range of 50 ~ 10,000 μg/kg. The intra-batch coefficient of variation (CV) and the inter-batch CV was <5.00 and 6.60%, respectively. This TRFIA-DON test strip was applied to detect DON in real samples, and the accuracy and reliability were confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results showed that the relative standard deviation between the DON strips and LC-MS/MS was <9%. The recovery rates in corn samples ranged from 92 to 104%. The established TRFIA-DON test strip had the characteristics of high sensitivity, high accuracy, and a wide linear range which was suitable for rapid and quantitative determination of DON in food crops and feeds at both on-site and laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingneng Wang
- Shanghai Xiongtu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinglin Mei
- Shanghai Xiongtu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Liangzhu Qiu
- Shanghai Xiongtu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Liu
| | - Yongsong Zhou
- Shanghai Xiongtu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Yongsong Zhou
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He L, Zhao X, Li J, Yang C. Post-weaning diarrhea and use of feedstuffs in pigs. Anim Front 2022; 12:41-52. [PMID: 36530506 PMCID: PMC9749819 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Xu R, Kiarie EG, Yiannikouris A, Sun L, Karrow NA. Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:69. [PMID: 35672806 PMCID: PMC9175326 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are commonly detected as natural contaminants in agricultural commodities worldwide. Mycotoxin exposure can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans when found in animal feeds and food products, and at lower concentrations can affect animal performance by disrupting nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and animal physiology. Thus, mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a significant issue to the livestock industry and is a health threat to food animals. Since prevention of mycotoxin formation is difficult to undertake to avoid contamination, mitigation strategies are needed. This review explores how the mycotoxins aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A impose nutritional and metabolic effects on food animals and summarizes mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of mycotoxicity.
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Bean-Hodgins L, Mohammadigheisar M, Edwards A, Wang C, Barbut S, Kiarie E. Comparative impact of conventional and alternative gut health management programs on growth performance and breast meat quality in broiler chickens raised in commercial and research settings. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Horky P, Gruberova HA, Aulichova T, Malyugina S, Slama P, Pavlik A, Skladanka J, Skoric M, Skalickova S. Protective effect of a new generation of activated and purified bentonite in combination with yeast and phytogenic substances on mycotoxin challenge in pigs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259132. [PMID: 34705867 PMCID: PMC8550360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the efficacy of new mycotoxin adsorbents based on purified and activated bentonites combined with yeast and phytogenic compounds in fattening pigs. The experiment involved 96 pigs (31.2±2.4 kg). Control (C) group was fed a diet naturally contaminated with mycotoxins (5 mg/kg deoxynivalenol, DON) without an adsorbent. Treated groups received the feed with mycotoxin adsorbents: purified and activated bentonite (T1), purified and activated bentonite, yeast derivatives, phytogenic substances (T2), and purified, activated, and sulphurated bentonite with phytogenic substances (T3). Evaluated parameters involved growth performance, organ weight, small intestine and liver histopathology, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, antioxidant status of the organism and total and free DON content in urine. In all treated groups, an significant increase in intestinal GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio was observed when compared to C. No significant effects on liver and kidney weight, complete blood count, serum or intestinal malondialdehyde concentration, or total/free DON content in urine were observed. All adsorbents improved histopathological findings in the liver when compared to C. Moreover, T1, and T2 groups showed no presence of inflammatory reaction or necrotic changes in the livers. Although, mycotoxin adsorbents investigated in this study had no significant impact on pig growth performance, they reduced the oxidative stress, and on the tissue level they protected the jejunal tissue and liver parenchyma under deoxynivalenol challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Horky
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Hana Abigail Gruberova
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Tereza Aulichova
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Svetlana Malyugina
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Petr Slama
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Ales Pavlik
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Jiri Skladanka
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Misa Skoric
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
| | - Sylvie Skalickova
- Faculty of AgriSciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Forage Production, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic, European Union
- * E-mail:
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