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Kirkpatrick LT, Gómez JFM, Beline M, Yen CN, Bodmer JS, Wicks JC, Shi TH, Silva SL, Aalhus JL, King DA, Gerrard DE. Muscle of dark and normal beef differs metabolically. Meat Sci 2023; 206:109344. [PMID: 37778129 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Reduction in muscle glycogen triggered by adverse antemortem handling events alters postmortem energy metabolism and results in a high ultimate pH and dark, firm and dry beef, often referred to as 'dark-cutting'. However, the relationship between atypical dark (AT) beef, postmortem energy metabolism and underlying tissue characteristics remains somewhat unclear. Cattle harvested in the US and Canada representing normal (pH < 5.6), AT dark (pH 5.6-5.8) and dark cutting (DC; pH > 5.8) beef were analyzed for tissue characteristics related to energy metabolism. Results show AT dark beef is more oxidative but similar to normal beef in glycolytic potential and nucleotide abundance. Mitochondria DNA content (P < 0.05, Canada; P < 0.005, US) and oxidative enzymes for DC and AT dark beef were greater (P < 0.01; Canada and US) compared to normal beef. Myoglobin tracked (P < 0.01) with color classification. These findings show both DC and AT beef are inherently more oxidative and raise the possibility that more oxidative muscle may be more prone to develop dark beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Kirkpatrick
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - J F M Gómez
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - M Beline
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - C-N Yen
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - J S Bodmer
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - J C Wicks
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - T H Shi
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - S L Silva
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900, Brazil
| | - J L Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C & D Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - D A King
- USDA-ARS, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - D E Gerrard
- Virginia Tech, School of Animal Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Krusinski L, Maciel ICF, van Vliet S, Ahsin M, Lu G, Rowntree JE, Fenton JI. Measuring the Phytochemical Richness of Meat: Effects of Grass/Grain Finishing Systems and Grapeseed Extract Supplementation on the Fatty Acid and Phytochemical Content of Beef. Foods 2023; 12:3547. [PMID: 37835200 PMCID: PMC10572853 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Grass-finished beef (GFB) can provide beneficial bioactive compounds to healthy diets, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and secondary bioactive compounds, such as phytochemicals. The objective of this study was to compare fatty acids (FAs), micronutrients, and phytochemicals of beef fed a biodiverse pasture (GRASS), a total mixed ration (GRAIN), or a total mixed ration with 5% grapeseed extract (GRAPE). This was a two-year study involving fifty-four Red Angus steers (n = 54). GFB contained higher levels of n-3 PUFAs, vitamin E, iron, zinc, stachydrine, hippuric acid, citric acid, and succinic acid than beef from GRAIN and GRAPE (p < 0.001 for all). No differences were observed in quantified phytochemicals between beef from GRAIN and GRAPE (p > 0.05). Random forest analysis indicated that phytochemical and FA composition of meat can predict cattle diets with a degree of certainty, especially for GFB (5.6% class error). In conclusion, these results indicate that GFB contains higher levels of potentially beneficial bioactive compounds, such as n-3 PUFAs, micronutrients, and phytochemicals, compared to grain-finished beef. Additionally, the n-6:n-3 ratio was the most crucial factor capable of separating beef based on finishing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Krusinski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Isabella C. F. Maciel
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (I.C.F.M.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Center for Human Nutrition Studies, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (S.v.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Muhammad Ahsin
- Center for Human Nutrition Studies, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (S.v.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Guanqi Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Jason E. Rowntree
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (I.C.F.M.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Jenifer I. Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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Krusinski L, Maciel ICF, Sergin S, Jambunathan V, Garg E, Garmyn AJ, Singh S, Bitler CA, Rowntree JE, Fenton JI. Effects of Hay, Baleage, and Soybean Hulls Waste Used as Supplemental Feeds on the Nutritional Profile of Grass-Finished Beef. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233856. [PMID: 36496663 PMCID: PMC9741108 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass-finished beef (GFB) has demonstrated wide nutritional variations with some GFB having a considerably higher n-6:n-3 ratio compared to grain-finished beef. To better understand these variations, the current study investigated the effects of commonly used supplemental feeds on the nutritional profile of GFB. This two-year study involved 117 steers randomly allocated to one of four diets: (1) grass+hay (G-HAY), (2) grass+baleage (G-BLG), (3) grass+soybean hulls (G-SH), and (4) baleage+soybean hulls in feedlot (BLG-SH). Feed samples were analyzed for their nutritional value, and beef samples underwent analysis for fatty acids (FAs), vitamin E, minerals, lipid oxidation, and shear force. FAs were measured by GC-MS, vitamin E was analyzed chromatographically, minerals were analyzed by ICP-MS, and lipid oxidation was measured via a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. G-SH beef had the highest n-6:n-3 ratio (p < 0.001), while BLG-SH beef contained less vitamin E (p < 0.001) and higher TBARS values (p < 0.001) compared to the other groups. G-HAY beef contained more long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated FAs compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). In conclusion, G-HAY beef had the most beneficial nutritional profile, while soybean hulls increased the n-6:n-3 ratio of beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Krusinski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Isabella C. F. Maciel
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Selin Sergin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vijayashree Jambunathan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Esha Garg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrea J. Garmyn
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sukhdeep Singh
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Jason E. Rowntree
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jenifer I. Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(517)-353-3342
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Fatty Acid and Micronutrient Profile of Longissimus Lumborum from Red Angus and Red Angus x Akaushi Cattle Finished on Grass or Grain. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213451. [PMID: 36360064 PMCID: PMC9656263 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle diet and breed modify the nutritional profile of beef. The objective of this study was to compare the fatty acid (FA) and micronutrient profiles of Red Angus (RA) and RA x Akaushi (AK) crossbreed steers fed either a grass or grain diet. This two-year study randomly assigned steers to the diets using a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. FAs and micronutrients were analyzed. Diet effect was the strongest with grass-finished beef being higher in n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (p < 0.001), conjugated linoleic acid (p < 0.05), vaccenic acid (p < 0.05), iron (p < 0.001), and vitamin E (p < 0.001) compared to grain-finished beef. Breed effects were observed for lauric and myristic acids (p < 0.05), selenium (p < 0.05), and zinc (p < 0.01) with AK containing more of these compounds than RA. Diet × breed effects were non-existent. These results indicate that diet has a stronger influence than breed on modifying the nutritional profile of beef. Because of a more favorable FA and antioxidant profile, consumption of grass-finished beef could benefit human health.
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Krusinski L, Maciel ICDF, Sergin S, Goeden T, Ali H, Kesamneni S, Jambunathan V, Cassida KA, Singh S, Medina-Meza IG, Rowntree JE, Fenton JI. Evaluation of fatty acid and antioxidant variation in a complex pasture system as compared to standard cattle feed in the Great Lakes region. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.945080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the demand for grass-fed ruminant products keeps increasing, more data are needed to assess the nutritional value of feedstuffs, especially pastures. In addition, global climate change adds another challenge to the management of grasslands with projections of changing temperature and precipitation patterns. Consequently, the variations in bioactive compounds such as fatty acids and antioxidants in feeds will be harder to predict. Therefore, it is critical to report region and time-specific results of the nutritional value of feeds intended for ruminant nutrition. The objectives of this study were to compare the antioxidant and fatty acid content of commonly used feedstuffs including a complex pasture mixture from the Great Lakes Region and a traditional grain-based diet, and to assess the variations of these bioactive compounds in the pasture over the course of two grazing seasons. Weather parameters including temperature and rainfall were recorded for the length of the study. Feed samples were collected between June and September 2019 and 2020 and analyzed for nutrient composition, chlorophyll A and B, carotenoids, and total phenols. Fatty acids were analyzed by GC-MS. Correlations were reported to analyze the relationship between individual plant species, antioxidants, and fatty acids. We observed higher antioxidant parameters in the pasture compared to the grain diet. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the pasture including α-linolenic acid while the grain diet was higher in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids including linoleic acid. The n-6:n-3 ratio was more beneficial in the pasture and was 50–90 times higher in the grain diet. Variations in the fatty acid profile of the pasture were observed and varied between 2019 and 2020. Plant growth cycles, climatic conditions, and grazing methods were hypothesized to cause these changes. Altogether, this study increased our knowledge about the nutritional value of feedstuffs and will help ranchers and researchers to better understand the variations of bioactive content based on region, season, and climatic conditions.
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