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Pain E, Snowden S, Oddy J, Shinhmar S, Alhammad YMA, King JS, Müller-Taubenberger A, Williams RSB. Pharmacological inhibition of ENT1 enhances the impact of specific dietary fats on energy metabolism gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321874121. [PMID: 39207736 PMCID: PMC11388398 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321874121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Medium chain fatty acids are commonly consumed as part of diets for endurance sports and as medical treatment in ketogenic diets where these diets regulate energy metabolism and increase adenosine levels. However, the role of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), which is responsible for adenosine transport across membranes in this process, is not well understood. Here, we investigate ENT1 activity in controlling the effects of two dietary medium chain fatty acids (decanoic and octanoic acid), employing the tractable model system Dictyostelium. We show that genetic ablation of three ENT1 orthologues unexpectedly improves cell proliferation specifically following decanoic acid treatment. This effect is not caused by increased adenosine levels triggered by both fatty acids in the presence of ENT1 activity. Instead, we show that decanoic acid increases expression of energy-related genes relevant for fatty acid β-oxidation, and that pharmacological inhibition of ENT1 activity leads to an enhanced effect of decanoic acid to increase expression of tricarboxylicacid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation components. Importantly, similar transcriptional changes have been shown in the rat hippocampus during ketogenic diet treatment. We validated these changes by showing enhanced mitochondria load and reduced lipid droplets. Thus, our data show that ENT1 regulates the medium chain fatty acid-induced increase in cellular adenosine levels and the decanoic acid-induced expression of important metabolic enzymes in energy provision, identifying a key role for ENT1 proteins in metabolic effects of medium chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Pain
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 OEX, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Snowden
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 OEX, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Oddy
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 4 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Shinhmar
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 OEX, United Kingdom
| | - Yousef M A Alhammad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Müller-Taubenberger
- Department of Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Robin S B Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 OEX, United Kingdom
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2
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Lépori CMO, Luna MA, Challier C, Beassoni PR, Correa NM, Falcone RD. Exploring the Properties of Unilamellar Vesicle Bilayers Formed by Ionic Liquid Surfactants for Future Applications in Nanomedicine. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6940-6950. [PMID: 38956449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Two ionic liquids (ILs) with amphiphilic properties composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dioctylsulfosuccinate (bmim-AOT) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium dioctylsulfosuccinate (hmim-AOT) form unilamellar vesicles spontaneously simply by dissolving the IL-like surfactant in water. These novel vesicles were characterized using two different and highly sensitive fluorescent probes: 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylaminonaphthalene) (PRODAN) and trans-4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide (HC). These fluorescent probes provide information about the physicochemical properties of the bilayer, such as micropolarity, microviscosity, and electron-donor capacity. In addition, the biocompatibility of these vesicles with the blood medium was evaluated, and their toxicity was determined using Dictyostelium discoideum amoebas. First, using PRODAN and HC, it was found that the bilayer composition and the chemical structure of the ions at the interface produced differences between both amphiphiles, making the vesicles different. Thus, the bilayer of hmim-AOT vesicles is less polar, more rigid, and has a lower electron-donor capacity than those made by bmim-AOT. Finally, the results obtained from the hemolysis studies and the growth behavior of unicellular amoebas, particularly utilizing the D. discoideum assay, showed that both vesicular systems do not produce toxic effects up to a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL. This elegant assay, devoid of animal usage, highlights the potential of these newly organized systems for the delivery of drugs and bioactive molecules of different polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian M O Lépori
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - M Alejandra Luna
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC., Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Challier
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Paola R Beassoni
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y de la Salud (INBIAS), CONICET-UNRC, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - N Mariano Correa
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC., Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - R Dario Falcone
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC., Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Douali L. Machine Learning to Predict Teratogenicity: Theory and Practice. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:159-180. [PMID: 38285338 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that consists of developing algorithms that can automatically learn patterns and relationships from data, without being explicitly programmed. It continues to advance with the development of more sophisticated algorithms, increased computational power, and larger datasets, leading to significant advancements in AI technology. With the significant progress made in ML, the need to apply these systems in the area of teratogenicity is growing. It is sought as robust boosting methods to overcome many limitations and restrictions facing the experimental studies. By performing tasks such as classification, regression, clustering, anomaly detection, and decision systems, ML can be used to assess whether an agent is teratogen or not or to determine its teratogenic potential. It may also be used for the purpose of deciding on the use of medicinal products. In this chapter, we describe how ML can be used to investigate teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Douali
- Centre of Education and Training Professions (CRMEF) of Marrakech-Safi, Marrakech, Morocco
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Ahn C, Jeong S, Jeung EB. Mitochondrial dynamics when mitochondrial toxic chemicals exposed in 3D cultured mouse embryonic stem cell. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:239-249. [PMID: 37008696 PMCID: PMC10050276 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria need to use considerable energy for the intracellular organelles that produce ATP. They are abundant in the cells of organs, such as muscles, liver, and kidneys. The heart, which requires a lot of energy, is also rich in mitochondria. Mitochondrial damage can induce cell death. Doxorubicin, acetaminophen, valproic acid, amiodarone, and hydroxytamoxifen are representative substances that induce mitochondrial damage. On the other hand, the effects of this substance on the progress of cardiomyocyte-differentiating stem cells have not been investigated. Therefore, a 3D cultured embryonic body toxicity test was performed. The results confirmed that the cytotoxic effects on cardiomyocytes were due to mitochondrial damage in the stage of cardiomyocyte differentiation. After drug treatment, the cells were raised in the embryoid body state for four days to obtain the ID50 values, and the levels of mRNA expression associated with the mitochondrial complex were examined. The mitochondrial DNA copy numbers were also compared to prove that the substance affects the number of mitochondria in EB-state cardiomyocytes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-022-00161-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243 Republic of Korea
| | - SunHwa Jeong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
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Marikawa Y. Toward better assessments of developmental toxicity using stem cell-based in vitro embryogenesis models. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:972-982. [PMID: 35102709 PMCID: PMC9339025 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, pluripotent stem cells have been explored as nonanimal alternatives to assess the developmental toxicity of chemicals. To date, numerous versions of stem cell-based assays have been reported that are allegedly effective. Nonetheless, none of the assays has become the gold standard in developmental toxicity assessment. Why? This article discusses several issues in the hope of facilitating the refinement of stem cell assays and their acceptance as the cornerstone in predictive developmental toxicology. Each stem cell assay is built on a limited representation of embryogenesis, so that multiple assays are needed to detect the diverse effects of various chemicals. To validate and compare the strengths and weaknesses of individual assays, standardized lists of reference chemicals should be established. Reference lists should consist of exposures defined by toxicokinetic data, namely maternal plasma concentrations that cause embryonic death or malformations, and also by the effects on the molecular machineries that control embryogenesis. Although not entirely replacing human or animal tests, carefully selected stem cell assays should serve as practical and ethical alternatives to proactively identify chemical exposures that disturb embryogenesis. To achieve this goal, unprecedented levels of coordination and conviction are required among research and regulatory communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Marikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and PhysiologyInstitute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of MedicineHonoluluHawaiiUSA
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6
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Ogasawara T, Watanabe J, Adachi R, Ono Y, Kamimura Y, Muramoto T. CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-wide screening of Dictyostelium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11215. [PMID: 35780186 PMCID: PMC9250498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide screening is powerful method used to identify genes and pathways associated with a phenotype of interest. The simple eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum has a unique life cycle and is often used as a crucial research model for a wide range of biological processes and rare metabolites. To address the inadequacies of conventional genetic screening approaches, we developed a highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-wide screening system for Dictyostelium. A genome-wide library of 27,405 gRNAs and a kinase library of 4,582 gRNAs were compiled and mutant pools were generated. The resulting mutants were screened for defects in cell growth and more than 10 candidate genes were identified. Six of these were validated and five recreated mutants presented with growth abnormalities. Finally, the genes implicated in developmental defects were screened to identify the unknown genes associated with a phenotype of interest. These findings demonstrate the potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 system as an efficient genome-wide screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ogasawara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Watanabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Remi Adachi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamimura
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Muramoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
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