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Tien NTN, Anh TT, Yen NTH, Anh NK, Nguyen HT, Kim HS, Oh JH, Kim DH, Long NP. Time-course cross-species transcriptomics reveals conserved hepatotoxicity pathways induced by repeated administration of cyclosporine A. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:1010-1021. [PMID: 38937256 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2371894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) has shown efficacy against immunity-related diseases despite its toxicity in various organs, including the liver, emphasizing the need to elucidate its underlying hepatotoxicity mechanism. This study aimed to capture the alterations in genome-wide expression over time and the subsequent perturbations of corresponding pathways across species. Six data from humans, mice, and rats, including animal liver tissue, human liver microtissues, and two liver cell lines exposed to CsA toxic dose, were used. The microtissue exposed to CsA for 10 d was analyzed to obtain dynamically differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Single-time points data at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 28 d of different species were used to provide additional evidence. Using liver microtissue-based longitudinal design, DEGs that were consistently up- or down-regulated over time were captured, and the well-known mechanism involved in CsA toxicity was elucidated. Thirty DEGs that consistently changed in longitudinal data were also altered in 28-d rat in-house data with concordant expression. Some genes (e.g. TUBB2A, PLIN2, APOB) showed good concordance with identified DEGs in 1-d and 7-d mouse data. Pathway analysis revealed up-regulations of protein processing, asparagine N-linked glycosylation, and cargo concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, the down-regulations of pathways related to biological oxidations and metabolite and lipid metabolism were elucidated. These pathways were also enriched in single-time-point data and conserved across species, implying their biological significance and generalizability. Overall, the human organoids-based longitudinal design coupled with cross-species validation provides temporal molecular change tracking, aiding mechanistic elucidation and biologically relevant biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tran Nam Tien
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Trinh Tam Anh
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Thi Hai Yen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Ky Anh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ho-Sook Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Kallel H, Aroui M, Lakhrem M, Houcke S, Feki A, Hakim A, Zeghal KM, Kallel C, Triki M, Lambert Y, Drak Alsibai K, Resiere D, Pujo JM, Ben Amara I. Sex-related differences in toxic manifestations induced by Bothrops atrox venom in mice. Toxicon 2024; 249:108075. [PMID: 39179179 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Lancehead snakes of the genus Bothrops are responsible for 90% of the snakebites in Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the LD50, physical, and hematological manifestations induced by B. atrox venom in male and female mice inoculated by different routes. B. atrox venom was inoculated in male and female mice by intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intravenous (IV), and intraperitoneal (IP) routes. B. atrox venom LD50 was lower in male than female groups, regardless of the injection route. However, it was the lowest when the venom was inoculated by the IP route. Moreover, comparisons between male and female responses according to the injected venom dose showed higher edema-forming, local hemorrhagic, dermonecrotic, and myotoxic activities in male than in female mice. While the minimal hemorrhagic, and necrotic doses were not statistically different between the two groups, the difference between males and females was more pronounced at high venom doses. Hematological parameter changes were also more significant in male than in female mice. The venom decreased the levels of total leukocytes after 24 h of injection in male and female mice, with a more profound decrease in the male group. The micronucleus test, a tool for genotoxicity assessment, documented the mutagenic effects of B. atrox on leucocytes. We demonstrate the higher susceptibility of male mice to B. atrox venom than females. Sex differences must be considered when conducting experimental studies on snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Kallel
- . Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana; . Tropical Biome and Immunopathology CNRS UMR-9017, Inserm U 1019, Université de Guyane, French Guiana.
| | - Malek Aroui
- . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Lakhrem
- . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | | | - Amal Feki
- . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Hakim
- . Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Mounir Zeghal
- . Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Choumous Kallel
- . Hematology Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Sfax, University, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariam Triki
- . Laboratory of Anatomopathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Yann Lambert
- . Amazin PopHealth, Département de Recherche et d'Innovation en Santé Publique (DRISP), Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC 1424), Cayenne Hospital Centre Andrée Rosemon, F-97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- . Amazin PopHealth, Département de Recherche et d'Innovation en Santé Publique (DRISP), Inserm Centre d'Investigation Clinique (CIC 1424), Cayenne Hospital Centre Andrée Rosemon, F-97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; . Department of Pathology, Cayenne Hospital Centre, F-97306, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Dabor Resiere
- . Intensive Care Unit, Martinique University Hospital, Martinique, France
| | - Jean Marc Pujo
- . Emergency department, Cayenne General Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ibtissem Ben Amara
- . Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana; . Tropical Biome and Immunopathology CNRS UMR-9017, Inserm U 1019, Université de Guyane, French Guiana; . Laboratory of Medicinal and Environment Chemistry, Higher Institute of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, PB 261, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
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3
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Teschke R. Copper, Iron, Cadmium, and Arsenic, All Generated in the Universe: Elucidating Their Environmental Impact Risk on Human Health Including Clinical Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6662. [PMID: 38928368 PMCID: PMC11203474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans are continuously exposed to various heavy metals including copper, iron, cadmium, and arsenic, which were specifically selected for the current analysis because they are among the most frequently encountered environmental mankind and industrial pollutants potentially causing human health hazards and liver injury. So far, these issues were poorly assessed and remained a matter of debate, also due to inconsistent results. The aim of the actual report is to thoroughly analyze the positive as well as negative effects of these four heavy metals on human health. Copper and iron are correctly viewed as pollutant elements essential for maintaining human health because they are part of important enzymes and metabolic pathways. Healthy individuals are prepared through various genetically based mechanisms to maintain cellular copper and iron homeostasis, thereby circumventing or reducing hazardous liver and organ injury due to excessive amounts of these metals continuously entering the human body. In a few humans with gene aberration, however, liver and organ injury may develop because excessively accumulated copper can lead to Wilson disease and substantial iron deposition to hemochromatosis. At the molecular level, toxicities of some heavy metals are traced back to the Haber Weiss and Fenton reactions involving reactive oxygen species formed in the course of oxidative stress. On the other hand, cellular homeostasis for cadmium and arsenic cannot be provided, causing their life-long excessive deposition in the liver and other organs. Consequently, cadmium and arsenic represent health hazards leading to higher disability-adjusted life years and increased mortality rates due to cancer and non-cancer diseases. For unknown reasons, however, liver injury in humans exposed to cadmium and arsenic is rarely observed. In sum, copper and iron are good for the human health of most individuals except for those with Wilson disease or hemochromatosis at risk of liver injury through radical formation, while cadmium and arsenic lack any beneficial effects but rather are potentially hazardous to human health with a focus on increased disability potential and risk for cancer. Primary efforts should focus on reducing the industrial emission of hazardous heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, 63450 Hanau, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-6181/21859; Fax: +49-6181/2964211
- Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, 60590 Hanau, Germany
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4
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Avilés-Ramírez C, Moreno-Godínez ME, Bonner MR, Parra-Rojas I, Flores-Alfaro E, Ramírez M, Huerta-Beristain G, Ramírez-Vargas MA. Effects of exposure to environmental pollutants on mitochondrial DNA copy number: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43588-43606. [PMID: 35399130 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutants has been associated with alteration on relative levels of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn). However, the results obtained from epidemiological studies are inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether environmental pollutant exposure can modify the relative levels of mtDNAcn in humans. We performed a literature search using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. We selected and reviewed original articles performed in humans that analyzed the relationship between environmental pollutant exposure and the relative levels of mtDNAcn; the selection of the included studies was based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only twenty-two studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. A total of 6011 study participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. We grouped the included studies into four main categories according to the type of environmental pollutant: (1) heavy metals, (2) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), (3) particulate matter (PM), and (4) cigarette smoking. Inconclusive results were observed in all categories; the pooled analysis shows a marginal increase of relative levels of mtDNAcn in response to environmental pollutant exposure. The trial sequential analysis and rate confidence in body evidence showed the need to perform new studies. Therefore, a large-scale cohort and mechanistic studies in this area are required to probe the possible use of relative levels of mtDNAcn as biomarkers linked to environmental pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Avilés-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Y Salud Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, 39089, Chilpancingo, GRO, México
| | - Ma Elena Moreno-Godínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Y Salud Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, 39089, Chilpancingo, GRO, México
| | - Matthew R Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad Y Diabetes, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Laboratorio de Epidemiología Clínica Y Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Mónica Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, CONACyT, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Gerardo Huerta-Beristain
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Y Salud Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, 39089, Chilpancingo, GRO, México
| | - Marco Antonio Ramírez-Vargas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Y Salud Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma De Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, 39089, Chilpancingo, GRO, México.
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5
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Welch C, Mulligan K. Does Bisphenol A Confer Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders? What We Have Learned from Developmental Neurotoxicity Studies in Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2894. [PMID: 35270035 PMCID: PMC8910940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous environmental chemical used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, can impair brain development. Clinical and epidemiological studies exploring potential connections between BPA and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans have repeatedly identified correlations between early BPA exposure and developmental disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Investigations using invertebrate and vertebrate animal models have revealed that developmental exposure to BPA can impair multiple aspects of neuronal development, including neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, synapse formation, and synaptic plasticity-neuronal phenotypes that are thought to underpin the fundamental changes in behavior-associated neurodevelopmental disorders. Consistent with neuronal phenotypes caused by BPA, behavioral analyses of BPA-treated animals have shown significant impacts on behavioral endophenotypes related to neurodevelopmental disorders, including altered locomotor activity, learning and memory deficits, and anxiety-like behavior. To contextualize the correlations between BPA and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, this review summarizes the current literature on the developmental neurotoxicity of BPA in laboratory animals with an emphasis on neuronal phenotypes, molecular mechanisms, and behavioral outcomes. The collective works described here predominantly support the notion that gestational exposure to BPA should be regarded as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Welch
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Kimberly Mulligan
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
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6
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Jafari Roshan S, Mansoori Y, Hosseini SR, Sabour D, Daraei A. Genetic variations in ATM and H2AX loci contribute to risk of hematological abnormalities in individuals exposed to BTEX chemicals. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24321. [PMID: 35235704 PMCID: PMC8993635 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loci controlling DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) repair play an important role in defending against the harmful health effects of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), but their gene variants may alter their repair capacity. The aim of the current study was to determine the relationship of functional polymorphisms ATM‐rs228589 A>T, WRN‐rs1800392 G>T and H2AX‐rs7759 A>G in DBS repair loci with the abnormal hematological indices in workers who exposed to BTEXs. Methods We included 141 cases with one or more abnormal hematological parameters, who had been occupationally exposed to BTEX chemicals and 152 controls with a similar exposure condition but without any abnormal hematological parameters. Atmospheric concentrations of BTEXs were measured and whole blood samples were taken from the participants to determine hematologic parameters and SNP genotyping. Results Results showed that T allele of ATM‐rs228589 and G allele of H2AX‐rs7759 had a higher frequency in cases than controls (p = 0.012 and p = 0.001, respectively). Also, AT and TT genotypes of ATM‐rs228589 and AG and GG genotypes of H2AX‐rs7759 were higher in cases compared to controls. The AT and TT genotypes of ATM‐rs228589 have significant associations with a risk of hematological abnormalities in the codominant (AT vs. AA, p = 0.018), dominant (AT + TT vs. AA, p = 0.010) and overdominant (AT vs. AA + TT, p = 0.037) models. The GG and AG genotypes of H2AX‐rs7759 were in relation with increased risk of abnormal hematological indices under codominant (GA vs. AA, p = 0.009 & GG vs. AA, p = 0.005), dominant (AG + GG vs. AA, p = 0.001), and recessive (GG vs. AA + AG, p = 0.025) models. Conclusions These observations may help to understand the mechanisms of BTEX hematotoxicity and identify useful biomarkers of risk assessment for workers exposed to BTEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Jafari Roshan
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Yaser Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Davood Sabour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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7
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Bendiksen Skogvold H, Yazdani M, Sandås EM, Østeby Vassli A, Kristensen E, Haarr D, Rootwelt H, Elgstøen KBP. A pioneer study on human 3-nitropropionic acid intoxication: Contributions from metabolomics. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:818-829. [PMID: 34725838 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme participating both in the citric acid cycle and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In human intoxications, it produces symptoms such as vomiting and stomach ache in mild cases, and dystonia, coma, and sometimes death in severe cases. We report the results from a liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry metabolomics study mapping the metabolic impacts of 3-NPA intoxication in plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of a Norwegian boy initially suspected to suffer from a mitochondrial disease. In addition to the identification of 3-NPA, our findings included a large number of annotated/identified altered metabolites (80, 160, and 62 in plasma, urine, and CSF samples, respectively) belonging to different compound classes, for example, amino acids, fatty acids, and purines and pyrimidines. Our findings indicated protective mechanisms to attenuate the toxic effects of 3-NPA (e.g., decreased oleamide), occurrence of increased oxidative stress in the patient (such as increased free fatty acids and hypoxanthine) and energy turbulence caused by the intoxication (e.g., increased succinate). To our knowledge, this is the first case of 3-NPA intoxication reported in Norway and the first published metabolomics study of human 3-NPA intoxication worldwide. The unexpected identification of 3-NPA illustrates the importance for health care providers to consider intake-related intoxications during diagnostic evaluations, treatment and follow-up examinations for neurotoxicity and a wide range of metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Bendiksen Skogvold
- Department of Mechanical, Electronic and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mazyar Yazdani
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elise Mørk Sandås
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anja Østeby Vassli
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erle Kristensen
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dagfinn Haarr
- Chief City Medical Officer, City of Kristiansand, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Helge Rootwelt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katja Benedikte Prestø Elgstøen
- National Unit for Screening and Diagnosis of Congenital Pediatric Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Tantikanlayaporn D, Wichit P, Suksen K, Suksamrarn A, Piyachaturawat P. Andrographolide modulates OPG/RANKL axis to promote osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells and protects bone loss during estrogen deficiency in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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9
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Inhalation Exposure Analysis of Lung-Inhalable Particles in an Approximate Rat Central Airway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142571. [PMID: 31323852 PMCID: PMC6678433 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rats have been widely used as surrogates for evaluating the adverse health effects of inhaled airborne particulate matter. This paper presents a computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) study of particle transport and deposition in an approximate rat central airway model. The geometric model was constructed based on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data sourced from previous study. Lung-inhalable particles covering a diameter range from 20 nm to 1.0 µm were passively released into the trachea, and the Lagrangian particle tracking approach was used to predict individual particle trajectories. Overall, regional and local deposition patterns in the central airway were analyzed in detail. A preliminary interspecies data comparison was made between present rat models and previously published human data. Results showed deposition “hot spots” were mainly concentrated at airway bifurcation apexes, and a gravitational effect should also be considered for inertia particles when using a rat as a laboratory animal. While for humans, this may not happen as the standing posture is completely different. Lastly, the preliminary interspecies data comparison confirms the deposition similarity in terms of deposition enhancement factors, which is a weighted deposition concentration parameter. This interspecies comparison confirms feasibility of extrapolating surrogate rat deposition data to humans using existing data extrapolation approach, which mostly relies on bulk anatomical differences as dose adjustment factors.
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10
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Reed BD, McKee KS, Plegue MA, Park SK, Haefner HK, Harlow SD. Environmental Exposure History and Vulvodynia Risk: A Population-Based Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 28:69-76. [PMID: 30307787 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk factors for vulvodynia continue to be elusive. We evaluated the association between past environmental exposures and the presence of vulvodynia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The history of 28 lifetime environmental exposures was queried in the longitudinal population-based Woman-to-Woman Health Study on the 24-month follow-up survey. Relationships between these and vulvodynia case status were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, 1585 women completed the 24-month survey, the required covariate responses, and questions required for case status assessment. Screening positive as a vulvodynia case was associated with history of exposures to home-sprayed chemicals (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides-odds ratio [OR] 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71-3.58, p < 0.0001), home rodent poison and mothballs (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.25-2.09, p < 0.001), working with solvents and paints (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.68-3.70, p < 0.0001), working as a housekeeper/maid (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.42-3.00, p < 0.0001), working as a manicurist/hairdresser (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.14-3.53, p < 0.05), and working at a dry cleaning facility (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.08-4.19, p < 0.05). When classified into nine individual environmental exposure categories and all included in the same model, significant associations remained for four categories (home-sprayed chemicals, home rodent poison or mothballs, paints and solvents, and working as a housekeeper). CONCLUSIONS This preliminary evaluation suggests a positive association between vulvodynia and the reported history of exposures to a number of household and work-related environmental toxins. Further investigation of timing and dose of environmental exposures, relationship to clinical course, and treatment outcomes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D Reed
- 1 Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kimberly S McKee
- 2 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Melissa A Plegue
- 1 Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- 3 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hope K Haefner
- 2 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sioban D Harlow
- 3 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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11
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Ippolito DL, AbdulHameed MDM, Tawa GJ, Baer CE, Permenter MG, McDyre BC, Dennis WE, Boyle MH, Hobbs CA, Streicker MA, Snowden BS, Lewis JA, Wallqvist A, Stallings JD. Gene Expression Patterns Associated With Histopathology in Toxic Liver Fibrosis. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:67-88. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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12
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Felter SP, Daston GP, Euling SY, Piersma AH, Tassinari MS. Assessment of health risks resulting from early-life exposures: Are current chemical toxicity testing protocols and risk assessment methods adequate? Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:219-44. [PMID: 25687245 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.993919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Over the last couple of decades, the awareness of the potential health impacts associated with early-life exposures has increased. Global regulatory approaches to chemical risk assessment are intended to be protective for the diverse human population including all life stages. However, questions persist as to whether the current testing approaches and risk assessment methodologies are adequately protective for infants and children. Here, we review physiological and developmental differences that may result in differential sensitivity associated with early-life exposures. It is clear that sensitivity to chemical exposures during early-life can be similar, higher, or lower than that of adults, and can change quickly within a short developmental timeframe. Moreover, age-related exposure differences provide an important consideration for overall susceptibility. Differential sensitivity associated with a life stage can reflect the toxicokinetic handling of a xenobiotic exposure, the toxicodynamic response, or both. Each of these is illustrated with chemical-specific examples. The adequacy of current testing protocols, proposed new tools, and risk assessment methods for systemic noncancer endpoints are reviewed in light of the potential for differential risk to infants and young children.
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Zhang L, McHale CM, Greene N, Snyder RD, Rich IN, Aardema MJ, Roy S, Pfuhler S, Venkatactahalam S. Emerging approaches in predictive toxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:679-688. [PMID: 25044351 PMCID: PMC4749138 DOI: 10.1002/em.21885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Predictive toxicology plays an important role in the assessment of toxicity of chemicals and the drug development process. While there are several well-established in vitro and in vivo assays that are suitable for predictive toxicology, recent advances in high-throughput analytical technologies and model systems are expected to have a major impact on the field of predictive toxicology. This commentary provides an overview of the state of the current science and a brief discussion on future perspectives for the field of predictive toxicology for human toxicity. Computational models for predictive toxicology, needs for further refinement and obstacles to expand computational models to include additional classes of chemical compounds are highlighted. Functional and comparative genomics approaches in predictive toxicology are discussed with an emphasis on successful utilization of recently developed model systems for high-throughput analysis. The advantages of three-dimensional model systems and stem cells and their use in predictive toxicology testing are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoping Zhang
- Genes and Environment Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health and Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Cliona M. McHale
- Genes and Environment Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health and Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Nigel Greene
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer World-wide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Marilyn J. Aardema
- Marilyn Aardema Consulting, LLC, Fairfield Ohio
- Toxicology Division, BioReliance Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shambhu Roy
- Toxicology Division, BioReliance Corporation, Rockville, Maryland
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Markunas CA, Xu Z, Harlid S, Wade PA, Lie RT, Taylor JA, Wilcox AJ. Identification of DNA methylation changes in newborns related to maternal smoking during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:1147-53. [PMID: 24906187 PMCID: PMC4181928 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with significant infant morbidity and mortality, and may influence later disease risk. One mechanism by which smoking (and other environmental factors) might have long-lasting effects is through epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation. OBJECTIVES We conducted an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) investigating alterations in DNA methylation in infants exposed in utero to maternal tobacco smoke, using the Norway Facial Clefts Study. METHODS The Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip was used to assess DNA methylation in whole blood from 889 infants shortly after delivery. Of 889 mothers, 287 reported smoking-twice as many smokers as in any previous EWAS of maternal smoking. CpG sites related to maternal smoking during the first trimester were identified using robust linear regression. RESULTS We identified 185 CpGs with altered methylation in infants of smokers at genome-wide significance (q-value < 0.05; mean Δβ = ± 2%). These correspond to 110 gene regions, of which 7 have been previously reported and 10 are newly confirmed using publicly available results. Among these 10, the most noteworthy are FRMD4A, ATP9A, GALNT2, and MEG3, implicated in processes related to nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, and placental and embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified 10 genes with newly established links to maternal smoking. Further, we note differences between smoking-related methylation changes in newborns and adults, suggesting possible distinct effects of direct versus indirect tobacco smoke exposure as well as potential differences due to age. Further work would be needed to determine whether these small changes in DNA methylation are biologically or clinically relevant. The methylation changes identified in newborns may mediate the association between in utero maternal smoking exposure and later health outcomes.
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McHale CM, Smith MT, Zhang L. Application of toxicogenomic profiling to evaluate effects of benzene and formaldehyde: from yeast to human. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1310:74-83. [PMID: 24571325 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation underlies a significant proportion of the individual variation in human susceptibility to toxicants. The primary current approaches to identify gene-environment (GxE) associations, genome-wide association studies and candidate gene association studies, require large exposed and control populations and an understanding of toxicity genes and pathways, respectively. This limits their application in the study of GxE associations for the leukemogens benzene and formaldehyde, whose toxicity has long been a focus of our research. As an alternative approach, our published work has applied innovative in vitro functional genomics testing systems, including unbiased functional screening assays in yeast and a near-haploid human bone marrow cell line. Through comparative genomic and computational analyses of the resulting data, human genes and pathways that may modulate susceptibility to benzene and formaldehyde were identified, and the roles of several genes in mammalian cell models were validated. In populations occupationally exposed to low levels of benzene, we applied peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptomics and chromosome-wide aneuploidy studies in lymphocytes. In this review, we describe our comprehensive toxicogenomic approach and the potential mechanisms of toxicity and susceptibility genes identified for benzene and formaldehyde, as well as related studies conducted by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliona M McHale
- Genes and Environment Laboratory, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
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Sankhwar ML, Yadav RS, Shukla RK, Singh D, Ansari RW, Pant AB, Parmar D, Khanna VK. Monocrotophos induced oxidative stress and alterations in brain dopamine and serotonin receptors in young rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:422-36. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713500834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to monocrotophos, an organophosphate pesticide, could occur due to its high use in agriculture to protect crops. Recently, we found that postlactational exposure to monocrotophos impaired cholinergic mechanisms in young rats and such changes persisted even after withdrawal of monocrotophos exposure. In continuation to this, the effect of monocrotophos on noncholinergic targets and role of oxidative stress in its neurotoxicity has been studied. Exposure of rats from postnatal day (PD)22 to PD49 to monocrotophos (0.50 or 1.0 mg kg−1 body weight, perorally) significantly impaired motor activity and motor coordination on PD50 as compared to controls. A significant decrease in the binding of 3H-spiperone to striatal membrane (26%, p < 0.01; 30%, p < 0.05) in rats exposed to monocrotophos at both the doses and increase in the binding of 3H-ketanserin to frontocortical membrane (14%, p > 0.05; 37%, p < 0.05) in those exposed at a higher dose, respectively, was observed on PD50 compared with the controls. Alterations in the binding persisted even after withdrawal of monocrotophos exposure on PD65. Increased oxidative stress in brain regions following exposure of rats to monocrotophos was also observed on PD50 that persisted 15 days after withdrawal of exposure on PD65. The results suggest that monocrotophos exerts its neurobehavioral toxicity by affecting noncholinergic functions involving dopaminergic and serotonergic systems associated with enhanced oxidative stress. The results also exhibit vulnerability of developing brain to monocrotophos as most of the changes persisted even after withdrawal of its exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu L Sankhwar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh S Yadav
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, School of Applied Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra K Shukla
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reyaz W Ansari
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya B Pant
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinay K Khanna
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Phillips L, Moya J. The evolution of EPA's Exposure Factors Handbook and its future as an exposure assessment resource. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:13-21. [PMID: 22805985 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The need to compile and summarize exposure factors data into a resource document was first established in 1983 after the publication of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) report on Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process and subsequent publication of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) exposure guidelines in 1986 (NAS, 1983; US EPA, 1986). During the same time frame, the EPA published a report entitled Development of Statistical Distributions or Ranges of Standard Factors Used in Exposure Assessment to promote consistency among various exposure assessment activities in which EPA was involved and to serve as a support document to the 1986 exposure guidelines (US EPA, 1985). As the exposure assessment field continued to advance during the 1980s and 1990s, so did the need for more comprehensive data on exposure factors. The Exposure Factors Handbook was first published in 1989 in response to this need (US EPA, 1989). It became an important reference document and has been revised and updated since its original publication (US EPA, 1989; US EPA, 1997a; US EPA, 2011a). This paper reviews the evolution of the Exposure Factors Handbook, and explores anticipated needs and some of the potential options for future updates of the handbook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Phillips
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Mailcode 8623P, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20460, USA.
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Kadhel P, Monnier P, Boucoiran I, Chaillet N, Fraser WD. Organochlorine Pollutants and Female Fertility. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:1246-59. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719112446077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Kadhel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Pointe à Pitre / Abymes, Service de Gynécologie et Obstétrique, Route de Chauvel, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
- Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), U1085, IRSET, Campus de Fouillole, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Patricia Monnier
- MUHC Reproductive Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boucoiran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Center of Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nils Chaillet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Center of Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D. Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Research Center of Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Integrating susceptibility into environmental policy: an analysis of the national ambient air quality standard for lead. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:1077-96. [PMID: 22690184 PMCID: PMC3366601 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9041077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to chemical toxins has not been adequately addressed in risk assessment methodologies. As a result, environmental policies may fail to meet their fundamental goal of protecting the public from harm. This study examines how characterization of risk may change when susceptibility is explicitly considered in policy development; in particular we examine the process used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set a National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead. To determine a NAAQS, EPA estimated air lead-related decreases in child neurocognitive function through a combination of multiple data elements including concentration-response (CR) functions. In this article, we present alternative scenarios for determining a lead NAAQS using CR functions developed in populations more susceptible to lead toxicity due to socioeconomic disadvantage. The use of CR functions developed in susceptible groups resulted in cognitive decrements greater than original EPA estimates. EPA’s analysis suggested that a standard level of 0.15 µg/m3 would fulfill decision criteria, but by incorporating susceptibility we found that options for the standard could reasonably be extended to lower levels. The use of data developed in susceptible populations would result in the selection of a more protective NAAQS under the same decision framework applied by EPA. Results are used to frame discussion regarding why cumulative risk assessment methodologies are needed to help inform policy development.
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Soni I, Syed F, Bhatnagar P, Mathur R. Perinatal toxicity of cyfluthrin in mice: Developmental and behavioral effects. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:1096-105. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327110391386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the teratogenic and behavioral effects of perinatal exposure to cyfluthrin (Synthetic Pyrethroid) on mice offspring. Humans are exposed to this compound as it is widely used in various household insecticide formulations and in public health programmes. Pregnant females were exposed to 16 mg/kg (low dose) and 32 mg/kg (high dose) body weight cyfluthrin daily by oral intubation from gestation day 14 through parturition and lactation up to weaning. On 18th day of gestation, 50% females were euthanized for teratological studies and the remaining were allowed to deliver their pups normally. The fetuses were weighed and observed for gross external malformations and routine teratological examination was done. The neonates were observed for neuromotor reflexes (surface righting, tail hang reflex and pivoting) from day 1 up to day 7 after birth. Movement and exploratory behavior of weanlings were observed using ‘open-field’ and ‘hole-board.’ The fetuses did not show any external malformation. Skeletal aberrations observed included poor ossification of the skull and phalanges and short ribs. Surface righting and pivoting were significantly affected by the high dose. Both doses produced significant changes in the locomotion, exploration, and rearing frequencies in the open-field. The study indicates that cyfluthrin when administered at the above-mentioned doses did not elicit significant teratogenicity but both the doses caused significant difference in behavioral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Soni
- Environmental Toxicology and Animal Behavior Laboratories, Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - F. Syed
- Environmental Toxicology and Animal Behavior Laboratories, Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India,
| | - P. Bhatnagar
- Environmental Toxicology and Animal Behavior Laboratories, Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - R. Mathur
- Environmental Toxicology and Animal Behavior Laboratories, Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Shaw PJ, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury and the role of inflammatory stress with an emphasis on an animal model of trovafloxacin hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:7-18. [PMID: 20538741 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) occur in a minority of patients yet account for the majority of postmarketing use restrictions by the Food and Drug Administration. Despite the impact of these toxicities, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Animal models of IADRs would be beneficial in understanding mechanisms and in developing assays with predictive potential. Recent work exploring the interactions between inflammatory stress and drugs associated with human idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) has led to the development of the first animal models that apply to a range of drugs. Here, we discuss hypotheses for the mechanisms of IDILI and focus on a murine model of trovafloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity as an example related to the inflammatory stress hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA
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Kirsch-Volders M, Bonassi S, Herceg Z, Hirvonen A, Möller L, Phillips DH. Gender-related differences in response to mutagens and carcinogens. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:213-21. [PMID: 20194421 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidences of many cancers can be very different in men and women. Besides differences in exposures to putative causative agents, it is plausible that both genetic and epigenetic effects play roles in these differences. In addition, gender-specific lifestyle and behavioural factors may modulate the effects of exposure to genotoxins. This commentary focuses on several aspects of gender-related differences in responses to mutagens and carcinogens, including sensitivity to chromosome damage, the contribution of genotypic variation and the role of DNA methylation. It is concluded that the reasons for gender differences in cancer susceptibility remain largely unknown in many cases, and the subject deserves more attention and study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Astiz M, de Alaniz MJT, Marra CA. Antioxidant defense system in rats simultaneously intoxicated with agrochemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 28:465-473. [PMID: 21784044 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dimethoate, zineb and glyphosate administered alone or in combination on liver, kidney, brain and plasma antioxidant defense system was investigated. Lipid peroxidation, and RNS production were increased in all tissues studied, especially in those groups that received a combination of drugs. Intoxicated rats exhibited lower antioxidant ability, higher oxidized protein and glutathione levels in plasma with a decreased concentration of α-tocopherol in brain and liver, between 30% and 60% of control. Superoxide dismutase was decreased in liver and brain. Glutathione reductase was inhibited in liver while glutathione peroxidase and transferase were unaffected. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were both increased. The associations of drugs produce more damage than individual administration being the effects observed strongly dependent on the kind of tissue analyzed. In conclusion, the present paper evidenced both the role of the oxidative stress as a mechanism of action of some pesticides and the potential additive effects of a simultaneous exposure to more than one compound. In addition, results suggest a potential contribution of pesticide mixtures to the aetiology of some neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Astiz
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Astiz M, de Alaniz MJT, Marra CA. Effect of pesticides on cell survival in liver and brain rat tissues. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:2025-2032. [PMID: 19493570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are the main environmental factor associated with the etiology of human neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that the treatment of rats with low doses of dimethoate, zineb or glyphosate alone or in combination induces oxidative stress (OS) in liver and brain. The aim of the present work was to investigate if the pesticide-induced OS was able to affect brain and liver cell survival. The treatment of Wistar rats with the pesticides (i.p. 1/250 LD50, three times a week for 5 weeks) caused loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and cardiolipin content, especially in substantia nigra (SN), with a concomitant increase of fatty acid peroxidation. The activation of calpain apoptotic cascade (instead of the caspase-dependent pathway) would be responsible for the DNA fragmentation pattern observed. Thus, these results may contribute to understand the effect(s) of chronic and simultaneous exposure to pesticides on cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Astiz
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120 (1900) La Plata, Argentina.
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Löfgren S, Baldwin RM, Carlerös M, Terelius Y, Fransson-Steen R, Mwinyi J, Waxman DJ, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Regulation of human CYP2C18 and CYP2C19 in transgenic mice: influence of castration, testosterone, and growth hormone. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1505-12. [PMID: 19339376 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.026963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormonal regulation of human CYP2C18 and CYP2C19, which are expressed in a male-specific manner in liver and kidney in a mouse transgenic model, was examined. The influence of prepubertal castration in male mice and testosterone treatment of female mice was investigated, as was the effect of continuous administration of growth hormone (GH) to transgenic males. Prepubertal castration of transgenic male mice suppressed the expression of CYP2C18 and CYP2C19 in liver and kidney to female levels, whereas expression was increased for the endogenous female-specific mouse hepatic genes Cyp2c37, Cyp2c38, Cyp2c39, and Cyp2c40. Testosterone treatment of female mice increased CYP2C18 and CYP2C19 expression in kidney, and to a lesser extent in liver, but was without effect in brain or small intestine, where gene expression was not gender-dependent. Continuous GH treatment of transgenic males for 7 days suppressed hepatic expression of CYP2C19 (>90% decrease) and CYP2C18 ( approximately 50% decrease) but had minimal effect on the expression of these genes in kidney, brain, or small intestine. Under these conditions, continuous GH induced all four female-specific mouse liver Cyp2c genes in males to normal female levels. These studies indicate that the human CYP2C18 and CYP2C19 genes contain regulatory elements that respond to the endogenous mouse hormonal profiles, with androgen being the primary regulator of male-specific expression in kidney, whereas the androgen-dependent pituitary GH secretory pattern is the primary regulator of male-specific expression in liver in a manner that is similar to the regulation of the endogenous gender-specific hepatic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Löfgren
- Safety Assessment Sweden, AstraZeneca R&D, Department of Pathology, B681:2, 15185 Södertälje, Sweden.
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Vickers AE. Tissue slices for the evaluation of metabolism-based toxicity with the example of diclofenac. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 179:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Vickers AEM. Characterization of hepatic mitochondrial injury induced by fatty acid oxidation inhibitors. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:78-88. [PMID: 19234235 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308329285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of liver mitochondrial beta-oxidation is an important mechanism of drug-induced liver injury. Four inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation were compared in short-term rat in vivo studies in which the rats were administered one or four doses. The hepatocellular vacuolation represented ultra-structural mitochondrial changes. Urine nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that both FOX988 and SDZ51-641 induced a persistent dicarboxylic aciduria, suggesting an inhibition of mitochondrial beta-oxidation and incomplete fatty acid metabolism. Etomoxir caused minimal mitochondrial ultrastructural changes and induced only transient dicarboxylic aciduria. CPI975 served as a negative control, in that there were no significant perturbations to the mitochondrial ultrastructural morphology or in the urine NMR composition; however, compound exposure was confirmed by the up-regulation of liver gene expression compared to vehicle control. The liver gene expression changes that were altered by the compounds were indicative of mitochondria, general and oxidative stress, and peroxisomal enzymes involved in beta-oxidation, suggestive of a compensatory response to the inhibition in the mitochondria. In addition, both FOX988 and SDZ51-641 up-regulated ribosomal genes associated with apoptosis, as well as p53 pathways linked with apoptosis. In summary, metabonomics and liver gene expression provided mechanistic information on mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired fatty acid oxidation to further define the clinical pathology and histopathology findings of hepatotoxicity.
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Vickers A. Toxicogenomics in Non-Clinical Safety Studies. Genomics 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420067064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guo TL. (Xeno)estrogen regulation of food allergy. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 5:259-70. [PMID: 18830886 DOI: 10.1080/15376510802312290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy and other types of allergies are becoming epidemic in both the developed and developing countries. A large amount of information is available in literature that (xeno)estrogens can regulate the immune response in general, and the development of allergy in particular; however, the effect of (xeno)estrogens on food allergy is basically unknown. With increasing use of xenobiotics worldwide, chemicals with estrogenic activity have been accumulating in our environment. This review has summarized the current literature relating to the topic (xeno)estrogen regulation of food allergy. The effect of (xeno)estrogens on enterocytes, proteases for protein hydrolysis, dendritic cells and T-regulatory cells in the gastrointestinal tract has been discussed. Finally, considering the current confusion in literature regarding the effect of phytoestrogen genistein on the immune system, a brief discussion has been included for its effect on T(H)1-T(H)2 polarization, and possibly food allergy in its relation to windows of exposure. Sufficient evidences exist to support the notion that (xeno)estrogens can regulate food allergy, with the developmental periods more sensitive. Further clinical and animal studies are needed to determine the causal relationship between the exposure of (xeno)estrogens and incidence of food allergy, and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, USA.
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Skin sensitization in chemical risk assessment: Report of a WHO/IPCS international workshop focusing on dose–response assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 50:155-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dermal sensitization quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for fragrance ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 52:3-23. [PMID: 18406028 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on chemical, cellular, and molecular understanding of dermal sensitization, an exposure-based quantitative risk assessment (QRA) can be conducted to determine safe use levels of fragrance ingredients in different consumer product types. The key steps are: (1) determination of benchmarks (no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL)); (2) application of sensitization assessment factors (SAF); and (3) consumer exposure (CEL) calculation through product use. Using these parameters, an acceptable exposure level (AEL) can be calculated and compared with the CEL. The ratio of AEL to CEL must be favorable to support safe use of the potential skin sensitizer. This ratio must be calculated for the fragrance ingredient in each product type. Based on the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) Expert Panel's recommendation, RIFM and the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) have adopted the dermal sensitization QRA approach described in this review for fragrance ingredients identified as potential dermal sensitizers. This now forms the fragrance industry's core strategy for primary prevention of dermal sensitization to these materials in consumer products. This methodology is used to determine global fragrance industry product management practices (IFRA Standards) for fragrance ingredients that are potential dermal sensitizers. This paper describes the principles of the recommended approach, provides detailed review of all the information used in the dermal sensitization QRA approach for fragrance ingredients and presents key conclusions for its use now and refinement in the future.
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Muralidhara BK, Halpert JR. Thermodynamics of ligand binding to P450 2B4 and P450eryF studied by isothermal titration calorimetry. Drug Metab Rev 2007; 39:539-56. [PMID: 17786637 DOI: 10.1080/03602530701498182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural plasticity and cooperativity in ligand recognition are two key aspects of the catalytic diversity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. As more mammalian P450 crystal structures have emerged, computational modeling has become a major tool to predict drug metabolism and interactions. There is a need for real solution thermodynamic data to support modeling and crystallographic observations. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) we successfully evaluated the conformational flexibility of P450 2B4 in binding imidazole inhibitors of different size and chemistry and dissected the stoichiometry and energetics of ligand binding allostery in P450eryF. Thermodynamic signatures obtained by ITC nicely correlated with structural and modeling results. Thus, ITC is a powerful tool to study structure-function relationships in P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Muralidhara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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Ritter L, Totman C, Krishnan K, Carrier R, Vézina A, Morisset V. Deriving uncertainty factors for threshold chemical contaminants in drinking water. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2007; 10:527-557. [PMID: 17934949 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600975178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty factors are used in the development of drinking-water guidelines to account for uncertainties in the database, including extrapolations of toxicity from animal studies and variability within humans, which result in some uncertainty about risk. The application of uncertainty factors is entrenched in toxicological risk assessment worldwide, but is not applied consistently. This report, prepared in collaboration with Health Canada, provides an assessment of the derivation of the uncertainty factor assumptions used in developing drinking-water quality guidelines for chemical contaminants. Assumptions used by Health Canada in the development of guidelines were compared to several other major regulatory jurisdictions. This assessment has revealed that uncertainty factor assumptions have been substantially influenced by historical practice. While the application of specific uncertainty factors appears to be well entrenched in regulatory practice, a well-documented and disciplined basis for the selection of these factors was not apparent in any of the literature supporting the default assumptions of Canada, the United States, Australia, or the World Health Organization. While there is a basic scheme used in most cases in developing drinking-water quality guidelines for nonthreshold contaminants by the jurisdictions included in this report, additional factors are sometimes included to account for other areas of uncertainty. These factors may include extrapolating subchronic data to anticipated chronic exposure, or use of a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL. The default value attributed to each uncertainty factor is generally a factor of 3 or 10; however, again, no comprehensive guidance to develop and apply these additional uncertainty factors was evident from the literature reviewed. A decision tree has been developed to provide guidance for selection of appropriate uncertainty factors, to account for the range of uncertainty encountered in the risk assessment process. Recent development of a series of "decision trees" by WHO to derive chemical specific adjustment factors for inter- and intraspecies variability may present an opportunity for a more systematic approach for the identification of evidence-based uncertainty factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Ritter
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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de Castro VLSS, de Mello MA, Diniz C, Morita L, Zucchi T, Poli P. Neurodevelopmental effects of perinatal fenarimol exposure on rats. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 23:98-105. [PMID: 17070007 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the potential toxic effects of fenarimol, a widely used fungicide, is still limited. Fenarimol is an aromatase inhibitor and therefore can affect estrogen/androgen levels in vivo in rodents. In view of these facts, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of fenarimol maternal exposure during different critical phases in the development of central nervous system in rat pups, on early physical and neurobehavioral endpoints essential to their development. For that, the effects of the fungicide fenarimol (150 and 300 mg/kg) were examined at three different developmental stages in the rat: during the first 6 days of gestation, prenatal (15-21 days), or first 6 days of lactation. Three categories of the impact of fenarimol on neonatal growth and neurobehavioral development of offspring were assessed: (1) physical, (2) reflex and strength, and (3) motor coordination. Findings on the pups' physical development did not indicate any significant alterations of the postnatal age at which specific developmental milestones were observed (pinna detachment, development of the fur, eruption of the incisor teeth, opening of the ears and eyes and testes descent). However, there was a reduced rate of weight gain in pups of mothers treated during lactation related to the earlier testing time periods (1-23 days of life). The study of the functional state of the rat pup nervous systems at different stages of postnatal development revealed some neurodevelopmental delays in righting reflex, climbing and grip response and locomotion (20-90 days of life) in the treated groups. Taken together, findings of this study emphasize that, as a result of fenarimol maternal exposure, some neuromuscular and behavioral deficits in nursing pups may occur principally during the last gestational period and lactation. These results could be the basis for further studies on molecular actions of fenarimol in order to predict better the biological consequences of this fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L S S de Castro
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Rodovia SP 340, km 127.5, 13820-000 Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil.
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Bronley-DeLancey A, McMillan DC, McMillan JM, Jollow DJ, Mohr LC, Hoel DG. Application of cryopreserved human hepatocytes in trichloroethylene risk assessment: relative disposition of chloral hydrate to trichloroacetate and trichloroethanol. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1237-42. [PMID: 16882532 PMCID: PMC1551986 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a suspected human carcinogen and a common groundwater contaminant. Chloral hydrate (CH) is the major metabolite of TCE formed in the liver by cytochrome P450 2E1. CH is metabolized to the hepatocarcinogen trichloroacetate (TCA) by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and to the noncarcinogenic metabolite trichloroethanol (TCOH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). ALDH and ADH are polymorphic in humans, and these polymorphisms are known to affect the elimination of ethanol. It is therefore possible that polymorphisms in CH metabolism will yield subpopulations with greater than expected TCA formation with associated enhanced risk of liver tumors after TCE exposure. METHODS The present studies were undertaken to determine the feasibility of using commercially available, cryogenically preserved human hepatocytes to determine simultaneously the kinetics of CH metabolism and ALDH/ADH genotype. Thirteen human hepatocyte samples were examined. Linear reciprocal plots were obtained for 11 ADH and 12 ALDH determinations. RESULTS There was large interindividual variation in the Vmax values for both TCOH and TCA formation. Within this limited sample size, no correlation with ADH/ALDH genotype was apparent. Despite the large variation in Vmax values among individuals, disposition of CH into the two competing pathways was relatively constant. CONCLUSIONS These data support the use of cryopreserved human hepatocytes as an experimental system to generate metabolic and genomic information for incorporation into TCE cancer risk assessment models. The data are discussed with regard to cellular factors, other than genotype, that may contribute to the observed variability in metabolism of CH in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lawrence C. Mohr
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South
Carolina, USA
| | - David G. Hoel
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Epidemiology
- Address correspondence to D.G. Hoel, Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics
and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon
St., Suite 303, P.O. Box 250835, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Telephone: (843) 876-1109. Fax: (843) 876-1126. E-mail:
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Vickers AEM, Fisher RL. Precision-cut organ slices to investigate target organ injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2005; 1:687-99. [PMID: 16863433 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.1.4.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced organ injury is a multifaceted process, involving numerous cell types and mediators, and remains a significant safety issue in pharmaceutical development and clinical therapy. Organ slices, an in vitro model representing the multicellular, structural and functional features of in vivo tissue, is a promising model for elucidating mechanisms of drug-induced organ injury and for characterising species susceptibilities. Time- and concentration-dependent drug-induced effects on organ slice gene expression, function and morphology are providing insight into the molecular and biochemical pathways leading to organ dysfunction, an altered morphology and the induction of repair pathways. Human organ slice studies are valuable for bridging the extrapolation of animal-derived data and for identifying mechanisms relevant for humans. The liver is the major organ used in organ slice studies; however, the utility of extrahepatic-derived slices, as well as cocultures for investigating multiple organ involvement in tissue injury is increasing. Organ slice investigations can further our understanding of the cell types and cell interactions involved in drug-induced injury and the consequences of drug-induced off-target effects for identifying compound liabilities that will impact safety.
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Jones-Otazo HA, Clarke JP, Diamond ML, Archbold JA, Ferguson G, Harner T, Richardson GM, Ryan JJ, Wilford B. Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:5121-30. [PMID: 16082939 DOI: 10.1021/es048267b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) body burdens in North America are 20 times that of Europeans and some "high accumulation" individuals have burdens up to 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than median values, the reasons for which are not known. We estimated emissions and fate of sigma PBDEs (minus BDE-209) in a 470 km2 area of Toronto, Canada, using the Multi-media Urban Model (MUM-Fate). Using a combination of measured and modeled concentrations for indoor and outdoor air, soil, and dust plus measured concentrations in food, we estimated exposure to sigma PBDEs via soil, dust, and dietary ingestion and indoor and outdoor inhalation pathways. Fate calculations indicate that 57-85% of PBDE emissions to the outdoor environment originate from within Toronto and that the dominant removal process is advection by air to downwind locations. Inadvertent ingestion of house dust is the largest contributor to exposure of toddlers through to adults and is thus the main exposure pathway for all life stages other than the infant, including the nursing mother, who transfers PBDEs to her infant via human milk. The next major exposure pathway is dietary ingestion of animal and dairy products. Infant consumption of human milk is the largest contributor to lifetime exposure. Inadvertent ingestion of dust is the main exposure pathway for a scenario of occupational exposure in a computer recycling facility and a fish eater. Ingestion of dust can lead to almost 100-fold higher exposure than "average" for a toddler with a high dust intake rate living in a home in which PBDE concentrations are elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Jones-Otazo
- Department of Geography, Centre for Urban Health Initiatives, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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