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Barbosa J, Faria J, Garcez F, Leal S, Afonso LP, Nascimento AV, Moreira R, Queirós O, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Repeated Administration of Clinical Doses of Tramadol and Tapentadol Causes Hepato- and Nephrotoxic Effects in Wistar Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070149. [PMID: 32664348 PMCID: PMC7407499 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tramadol and tapentadol are fully synthetic and extensively used analgesic opioids, presenting enhanced therapeutic and safety profiles as compared with their peers. However, reports of adverse reactions, intoxications and fatalities have been increasing. Information regarding the molecular, biochemical, and histological alterations underlying their toxicological potential is missing, particularly for tapentadol, owing to its more recent market authorization. Considering the paramount importance of liver and kidney for the metabolism and excretion of both opioids, these organs are especially susceptible to toxicological damage. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the putative hepatic and renal deleterious effects of repeated exposure to therapeutic doses of tramadol and tapentadol, using an in vivo animal model. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six experimental groups, composed of six animals each, which received daily single intraperitoneal injections of 10, 25 or 50 mg/kg tramadol or tapentadol (a low, standard analgesic dose, an intermediate dose and the maximum recommended daily dose, respectively). An additional control group was injected with normal saline. Following 14 consecutive days of administration, serum, urine and liver and kidney tissue samples were processed for biochemical, metabolic and histological analysis. Repeated administration of therapeutic doses of both opioids led to: (i) increased lipid and protein oxidation in liver and kidney, as well as to decreased total liver antioxidant capacity; (ii) decreased serum albumin, urea, butyrylcholinesterase and complement C3 and C4 levels, denoting liver synthesis impairment; (iii) elevated serum activity of liver enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, as well as lipid profile alterations, also reflecting hepatobiliary commitment; (iv) derangement of iron metabolism, as shown through increases in serum iron, ferritin, haptoglobin and heme oxygenase-1 levels. In turn, elevated serum cystatin C, decreased urine creatinine output and increased urine microalbumin levels were detected upon exposure to tapentadol only, while increased serum amylase and urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities were observed for both opioids. Collectively, these results are compatible with kidney injury. Changes were also found in the expression levels of liver- and kidney-specific toxicity biomarker genes, upon exposure to tramadol and tapentadol, correlating well with alterations in lipid profile, iron metabolism and glomerular and tubular function. Histopathological analysis evidenced sinusoidal dilatation, microsteatosis, mononuclear cell infiltrates, glomerular and tubular disorganization, and increased Bowman's spaces. Although some findings are more pronounced upon tapentadol exposure, our study shows that, when compared with acute exposure, prolonged administration of both opioids smooths the differences between their toxicological effects, and that these occur at lower doses within the therapeutic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Barbosa
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (J.B.); +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.)
| | - Juliana Faria
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda Garcez
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Sandra Leal
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pedro Afonso
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Vanessa Nascimento
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Roxana Moreira
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Odília Queirós
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- IINFACTS—Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; (J.F.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (A.V.N.); (R.M.); (O.Q.)
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE—Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (R.J.D.-O.); Tel.: +351-224-157-216 (J.B.); +351-224-157-216 (R.J.D.-O.)
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Mohammed AT, Khalil SR, Mahmoud FA, Elmowalid GA, Ali HA, El-Serehy HA, Abdel-Daim MM. The role of sulpiride in attenuating the cardiac, renal, and immune disruptions in rats receiving clozapine: mRNA expression pattern of the genes encoding Kim-1, TIMP-1, and CYP isoforms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:25404-25414. [PMID: 32350838 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to explore the cardio-, immuno-, and nephrotoxic effects of the antipsychotic agent clozapine (CLZ) and the alleviative potency of sulpiride (SPD) on these impairments in rats. For this purpose, 40 male rats were divided into four groups and were orally treated with saline (control), CLZ (0.5 mg/kg bw), SPD (28 mg/kg bw), or a combination of CLZ and SPD (CLZ+SPD), daily for 30 consecutive days. At necropsy, blood samples and specimens from the heart, kidneys, and spleen were collected for biochemical, molecular, and histopathological investigations. The results showed that CLZ administration was associated with significantly lower immune status indices and increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, cardiac, and renal tissues injury markers. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (Kim-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms were markedly upregulated in CLZ-treated rats, compared to the control group. On the other hand, rats treated with SPD alone showed non-significant differences in terms of immune response indices, tissue injury markers, and mRNA expression levels of Kim-1, TIMP-1, and CYP isoforms. Finally, CLZ+SPD co-treatment significantly modulated almost all biochemical indices. Besides, Kim-1, TIMP-1, and CYP2C19 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated, while other CYP isoforms showed no modulation, compared with CLZ-treated group. Histopathologically, CLZ-treated rats showed severe lesions in renal, splenic, and cardiac tissues, compared with control rats, which were restored in CLZ+SPD-co-treated rats. Overall, these findings demonstrate that CLZ treatment induces significant cardiac, immune, and nephropathic alterations, which were reduced with CLZ+SPD co-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany T Mohammed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Samah R Khalil
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Fagr A Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Elmowalid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Haytham A Ali
- Department of Biochemistry. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Hamed A El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Validation and optimization of a membrane system for carbon dioxide removal in anesthesia circuits under realistic patient scenarios. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Knight B, Yuan J, Koegler S, Pande P, Hall J, Hill JD, Hart SE, Phillips JA, Ku WW. Pathogenesis of Renal Injury and Gene Expression Changes in the Male CD-1 Mouse Associated with Exposure to Empagliflozin. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:671-682. [PMID: 29945496 DOI: 10.1177/0192623318784514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An increased incidence of renal tubular adenomas and carcinomas was identified in the 2-year CD-1 mouse carcinogenicity study with empagliflozin (sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor) in high dose (1,000 mg/kg/day) male mice. A 13-week mouse renal investigative pathogenesis study was conducted with empagliflozin to evaluate dose dependency and temporal onset of nonneoplastic degenerative/regenerative renal tubular and molecular (genes, pathways) changes which precede neoplasia. Male and female CD-1 mice were given daily oral doses of 0, 100, 300, or 1,000 mg/kg/day (corresponding carcinogenicity study dose levels) for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 13 weeks. The maximum expected pharmacology with secondary osmotic diuresis was observed by week 1 at ≥100 mg/kg/day in both genders. Histopathologic kidney changes were first detected after 4 weeks of dosing in the male 1,000 mg/kg/day dose group, with progressive increases in the incidence and/or number of findings in this dose group so that they were more readily detected during weeks 8 and 13. Changes detected starting on week 4 consisted of minimal single-cell necrosis and minimal increases in mitotic figures. These changes persisted at an increased incidence at weeks 8 and 13 and were accompanied by minimal to mild tubular epithelial karyomegaly, minimal proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cell hyperplasia, and a corresponding increase in Ki-67-positive nuclei in epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. There were no corresponding changes in serum chemistry or urinalysis parameters indicative of any physiologically meaningful effect on renal function and thus these findings were not considered to be adverse. Similar changes were not identified in lower-dose groups in males nor were they present in females of any dose group. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed male mouse-specific changes in kidney over 13 weeks of dosing at 1,000 mg/kg/day. Treatment-related changes included genes and pathways related to p53-regulated cell cycle and proliferation, transforming growth factor β, oxidative stress, and renal injury and the number of genes with significant expression change dramatically increased at week 13. These treatment-related changes in genes and pathways were predominant in high-dose males and complemented the observed temporal renal tubular changes. Overall, these mouse investigative study results support the role of early empagliflozin-related degenerative/regenerative changes only observed in high-dose male CD-1 mice as a key contributing feature to a nongenotoxic mode of renal tumor pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Knight
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jing Yuan
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.,2 Amgen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sally Koegler
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.,3 Portland Gastroenterology Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Parimal Pande
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer Hall
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jon D Hill
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Susan Emeigh Hart
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan A Phillips
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.,4 Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Warren W Ku
- 1 Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
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Ciechanowicz S, Zhao H, Chen Q, Cui J, Mi E, Mi E, Lian Q, Ma D. Differential effects of sevoflurane on the metastatic potential and chemosensitivity of non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma and renal cell carcinoma in vitro. Br J Anaesth 2018; 120:368-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Zhao T, Shen XL, Chen W, Liao X, Yang J, Wang Y, Zou Y, Fang C. Advances in research of nephrotoxicity and toxic antagonism of ochratoxin A. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2016.1243560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Calcium oxalate calculi-induced clusterin expression in kidney. Urolithiasis 2015; 43:411-8. [PMID: 25993895 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-015-0785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate clusterin expression in the kidney and evaluate the urine clusterin level in the kidney stone formers. (1) In vitro, we treated the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line with different concentrations of calcium oxalate (CaOx), and then the clusterin protein expression in the cells was evaluated by Western blotting. (2) Kidney stone patients who received percutaneous nephrolithotomy were enrolled in our study. Urine samples were collected before surgery, the kidney punctured to obtain kidney tissue guided by ultrasound intraoperatively. Clusterin expression in the human kidney tissue was evaluated by immunochemistry. The urine clusterin level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Non-kidney disease subjects were chosen as controls. In vitro, the clusterin expression was up-regulated in the MDCK cells induced by CaOx. The study included 49 patients and 41 non-kidney disease subjects. All calculi were composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate or calcium oxalate dihydrate and a few also contained protein or uric acid. Mean ± SD urine clusterin level was 17.47 ± 18.61 μg/ml in patients, and 3.31 ± 5.42 μg/ml in non-kidney disease subjects, respectively (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed the clusterin was located in the cytoplasm of the renal distal and collecting tubular epithelial cells. Also the tissue clusterin expression increased significantly in the kidney stone formers compared to the control groups (p = 0.001). CaOx could induce clusterin expression in renal tubular cells, and increase clusterin levels in the kidney and urine from the kidney stone formers.
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Abstract
The kidney is a complex excretory organ playing a crucial role in various physiological processes such as fluid and electrolyte balance, control of blood pressure, removal of waste products, and drug disposition. Drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) remains a significant cause of candidate drug attrition during drug development. However, the incidence of renal toxicities in preclinical studies is low, and the mechanisms by which drugs induce kidney injury are still poorly understood. Although some in vitro investigational tools have been developed, the in vivo assessment of renal function remains the most widely used methodology to identify DIKI. Stand-alone safety pharmacology studies usually include assessment of glomerular and hemodynamic function, coupled with urine and plasma analyses. However, as renal function is not part of the ICH S7A core battery, such studies are not routinely conducted by pharmaceutical companies. The most common approach consists in integrating renal/urinary measurements in repeat-dose toxicity studies. In addition to the standard analyses and histopathological examination of kidneys, novel promising urinary biomarkers have emerged over the last decade, offering greater sensitivity and specificity than traditional renal parameters. Seven of these biomarkers have been qualified by regulatory agencies for use in rat toxicity studies.
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Kim SY, Moon A. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity and its biomarkers. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 20:268-72. [PMID: 24130922 PMCID: PMC3794522 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity occurs when kidney-specific detoxification and excretion do not work properly due to the damage or destruction of kidney function by exogenous or endogenous toxicants. Exposure to drugs often results in toxicity in kidney which represents the major control system maintaining homeostasis of body and thus is especially susceptible to xenobiotics. Understanding the toxic mechanisms for nephrotoxicity provides useful information on the development of drugs with therapeutic benefi ts with reduced side effects. Mechanisms for drug-induced nephrotoxicity include changes in glomerular hemodynamics, tubular cell toxicity, inflammation, crystal nephropathy, rhabdomyolysis, and thrombotic microangiopathy. Biomarkers have been identifi ed for the assessment of nephrotoxicity. The discovery and development of novel biomarkers that can diagnose kidney damage earlier and more accurately are needed for effective prevention of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Although some of them fail to confer specificity and sensitivity, several promising candidates of biomarkers were recently proved for assessment of nephrotoxicity. In this review, we summarize mechanisms of drug-induced nephrotoxicity and present the list of drugs that cause nephrotoxicity and biomarkers that can be used for early assessment of nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
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Kurosaki T, Kawakami S, Higuchi Y, Suzuki R, Maruyama K, Sasaki H, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Kidney-selective gene transfection using anionic bubble lipopolyplexes with renal ultrasound irradiation in mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1829-38. [PMID: 24954382 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study assessed the ability of a new ultrasound (US) responsive gene delivery carrier, bubble lipopolyplexes, to deliver genes to the kidneys. The bubble lipopolyplexes showed highly selective gene expression in kidney tubules, but only after renal irradiation with US. These bubble lipopolyplexes, however, did not increase the expression of biomarkers of kidney injury, including blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, kidney injury molecule-1 mRNA, and clusterin mRNA, or induce any histopathological abnormalities in the kidney. Furthermore, pDNA containing CMV early enhancer/chicken beta-actin promoter prolonged gene expression by the bubble lipopolyplexes in the kidney for 42 days. This novel renal gene delivery method, in which transfection of bubble lipopolyplexes was followed by US irradiation of the kidneys, resulting in cell-selective, high, and long-term gene expression without renal injury in mice, may have future applications in patient treatment. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This study demonstrates a novel gene delivery method to the kidneys, utilizing bubble resulting in highly selective gene expression in renal tubules after ultrasound irradiation. In the studied rodent model, there was no evidence for renal damage using this novel delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Kurosaki
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sasaki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Institute of Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Nan-Ya KI, Kajihara M, Kojima N, Degawa M. Usefulness of urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) as a biomarker for cisplatin-induced sub-chronic kidney injury. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:124-32. [PMID: 24737228 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We explored biomarkers suitable for monitoring sub-chronic kidney injury using the three rat models of cisplatin (CDDP)-induced kidney injury, which were designed to extend the current knowledge beyond the sub-acute exposure period. In the pilot study, a single intravenous administration of 1.5 mg kg(-1) CDDP to rats was confirmed to result in no histopathological changes. Subsequently, CDDP was intravenously administered to rats at a dose of 1.5 mg kg(-1) for 4 days at 24-h intervals (Experimental model 1) and for up to 10 weeks at weekly intervals (Experimental models 2 and 3), and the changes in blood and urine components, such as recently recommended urinary biomarkers (Kim-1, clusterin and so on) and traditional blood biomarkers (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine), were examined together with the histopathological changes in renal tissues during the development of the kidney injury in each model. In these experimental models, a significant increase in urinary Kim-1 was observed prior to the histopathological changes in renal tissues, and these changes were retained after the adverse histopathological changes. Significant changes in all of the other urinary biomarkers examined occurred along with the histopathological changes. In addition, the increase in urinary Kim-1 after weekly treatment with CDDP for 4 weeks was reduced in a time-dependent manner after cessation of the drug. The present findings indicate that urinary Kim-1 is the most useful biomarker for CDDP-induced rat sub-chronic kidney injury among the biomarkers examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Nan-Ya
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd, 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8731, Japan; Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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Fuchs TC, Mally A, Wool A, Beiman M, Hewitt P. An Exploratory Evaluation of the Utility of Transcriptional and Urinary Kidney Injury Biomarkers for the Prediction of Aristolochic Acid–Induced Renal Injury in Male Rats. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:680-94. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813498779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The predictive value of different urinary and transcriptional biomarkers was evaluated in a proof-of-principle toxicology study in rats using aristolochic acid (AA), a known nephrotoxic agent. Male Wistar rats were orally dosed with 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg for 12 days. Urine was collected on days 1, 5, and 12 over 24 hours. Gene expression analysis was also conducted using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Illumina whole-genome chips. Protein biomarkers (Kim-1, Timp-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, osteopontin, clusterin, cystatin C, calbindin D-28K, β2-microglobulin, α–glutathione S-transferase, GSTY1b, RPA-1, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) were measured in these urine samples. Treatment with AA resulted in a slight dose- and/or time-dependent increase in urinary β2-microglobulin, lipocalin 2, and osteopontin before an increase in serum creatinine or serum urea nitrogen was observed. A strong decrease in urinary calbindin D-28K was also detected. The Compugen Ltd. prediction model scored both the 1- and 10-mg/kg AA dose groups as positive for nephrotoxicity despite the absence of renal histopathological changes. In addition, several previously described transcriptional biomarkers were identified as early predictors of renal toxicity as they were detected before morphological alterations had occurred. Altogether, these findings demonstrated the predictive values of renal biomarkers approved by the Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Pharmaceuticals & Medical Devices Agency in AA-induced renal injury in rats and confirmed the utility of renal transcriptional biomarkers for detecting progression of compound-induced renal injury in rats. In addition, several transcriptional biomarkers identified in this exploratory study could present early predictors of renal tubular epithelium injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Fuchs
- Merck Serono, Non-Clinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A. Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A. Wool
- Compugen Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - P. Hewitt
- Merck Serono, Non-Clinical Safety, Darmstadt, Germany
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Wang A, Pu K, Dong B, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Duan W, Zhu Y. Role of surface charge and oxidative stress in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of graphene oxide towards human lung fibroblast cells. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:1156-64. [PMID: 23775274 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, attempts have been made to apply graphene oxide (GO) in the field of biology and medicine, such as DNA sensing and drug delivery with some necessary modifications. Therefore, the toxicity of GO must be evaluated before it is applied further in biomedicine. In this paper, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of GO to human lung fibroblast (HLF) cells have been assessed with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), sub-G1 measurement and comet assays, and the mechanism of its toxicity has been explored. Various modifications of GO have been made to help us determine the factors which could affect the toxicity of GO. The results indicated that cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of GO to HLF cells were concentration dependent, and the genotoxicity induced by GO was more severe than the cytotoxicity to HLF cells. Oxidative stress mediated by GO might explain the reason of its toxic effect. Furthermore, the electronic charge on the surface of GO would play a very important role in the toxicity of GO to HLF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxin Wang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanobiomedicine, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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14
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Abstract
Biomarkers are characteristics objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of: normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic response(s) to a therapeutic intervention. In environmental research and risk assessment, biomarkers are frequently referred to as indicators of human or environmental hazards. Discovering and implementing new biomarkers for toxicity caused by exposure to a chemical either from a therapeutic intervention or accidentally through the environment continues to be pursued through the use of animal models to predict potential human effects, from human studies (clinical or epidemiologic) or biobanked human samples, or the combination of all such approaches. The key to discovering or inferring biomarkers through computational means involves the identification or prediction of the molecular target(s) of the chemical(s) and the association of these targets with perturbed biological pathways. Two examples are given in this chapter: (1) inferring potential human biomarkers from animal toxicogenomics data, and (2) the identification of protein targets through computational means and associating these in one example with potential drug interactions and in another case with increasing the risk of developing certain human diseases.
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15
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Xie HG, Wang SK, Cao CC, Harpur E. Qualified kidney biomarkers and their potential significance in drug safety evaluation and prediction. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:100-7. [PMID: 23017937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is one of the major organs drug toxicity may target. Some renal safety biomarkers have been proposed to measure kidney injury and function accordingly. Despite the widespread use for diagnosis and monitoring of renal injury and function for decades, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen are nonspecific biomarkers with insensitive and delayed response in the clinical setting. There is an urgent need to identify and qualify novel kidney safety biomarkers that would be used to detect and predict drug-induced nephrotoxicity in preclinical toxicological studies, clinical trials and patient care in sequence. To do that, eight novel renal safety biomarkers have been well characterized and qualified for preclinical drug safety screening, and their clinical bridging validation is underway as well. Of them, some are used to detect or predict proximal tubular injury, and others are used to diagnose and monitor glomerular damage. Thus, measurement of a panel of kidney safety biomarkers in parallel would help maximally capture all potential safety signals for a more informative decision to be made in drug research and development as well as for optimal selection of the drug and its dose in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Guang Xie
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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16
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Fuchs TC, Frick K, Emde B, Czasch S, Landenberg FV, Hewitt P. Evaluation of Novel Acute Urinary Rat Kidney Toxicity Biomarker for Subacute Toxicity Studies in Preclinical Trials. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:1031-48. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312444618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Emde
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono, Toxicology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Philip Hewitt
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono, Toxicology, Darmstadt, Germany
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17
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Kondo C, Aoki M, Yamamoto E, Tonomura Y, Ikeda M, Kaneto M, Yamate J, Torii M, Uehara T. Predictive genomic biomarkers for drug-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. J Toxicol Sci 2012; 37:723-37. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Kondo
- Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Miwa Aoki
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Emi Yamamoto
- Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Yutaka Tonomura
- Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Minoru Ikeda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Masako Kaneto
- Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Mikinori Torii
- Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Takeki Uehara
- Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University
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18
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Swain A, Turton J, Scudamore C, Maguire D, Pereira I, Freitas S, Smyth R, Munday M, Stamp C, Gandhi M, Sondh S, Ashall H, Francis I, Woodfine J, Bowles J, York M. Nephrotoxicity of hexachloro-1:3-butadiene in the male Hanover Wistar rat; correlation of minimal histopathological changes with biomarkers of renal injury. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:417-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Swain
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire; SG12 0DP; UK
| | - John Turton
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science; University College London; 3rd Floor Research Laboratories, 67 Riding House Street; London; W1W 7EJ; UK
| | - Cheryl Scudamore
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; UK
| | - David Maguire
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Veterinary College; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire; AL9 7TA; UK
| | - Ines Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy; University of London; 29/39 Brunswick Square; London; WC1N 1AX; UK
| | - Sofia Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy; University of London; 29/39 Brunswick Square; London; WC1N 1AX; UK
| | - Rosemary Smyth
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy; University of London; 29/39 Brunswick Square; London; WC1N 1AX; UK
| | - Michael Munday
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy; University of London; 29/39 Brunswick Square; London; WC1N 1AX; UK
| | - Clare Stamp
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire; SG12 0DP; UK
| | - Mitul Gandhi
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire; SG12 0DP; UK
| | - Surjit Sondh
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire; SG12 0DP; UK
| | - Holly Ashall
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire; SG12 0DP; UK
| | - Ian Francis
- Histotechnology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire; SG12 0DP; UK
| | - Jennifer Woodfine
- Histotechnology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire; SG12 0DP; UK
| | - John Bowles
- Histotechnology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire; SG12 0DP; UK
| | - Malcolm York
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire; SG12 0DP; UK
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19
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Harpur E, Ennulat D, Hoffman D, Betton G, Gautier JC, Riefke B, Bounous D, Schuster K, Beushausen S, Guffroy M, Shaw M, Lock E, Pettit S. Biological Qualification of Biomarkers of Chemical-Induced Renal Toxicity in Two Strains of Male Rat. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:235-52. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Graham Betton
- Betton ToxPath Consulting LLP, Macclesfield, UK, SK11 0SE
| | | | | | - Denise Bounous
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward Lock
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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20
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Patel-Chamberlin M, Wang Y, Satirapoj B, Phillips LM, Nast CC, Dai T, Watkins RA, Wu X, Natarajan R, Leng A, Ulanday K, Hirschberg RR, LaPage J, Nam EJ, Haq T, Adler SG. Hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 (Gpnmb/Osteoactivin) is a biomarker of progressive renal injury across species. Kidney Int 2011; 79:1138-48. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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22
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Hoffmann D, Fuchs TC, Henzler T, Matheis KA, Herget T, Dekant W, Hewitt P, Mally A. Evaluation of a urinary kidney biomarker panel in rat models of acute and subchronic nephrotoxicity. Toxicology 2010; 277:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of remifentanil-based general anesthesia: a survey of clinical economics under the Japanese health care system. J Anesth 2010; 24:832-7. [PMID: 20827560 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-010-1006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Remifentanil has been available in Japan for 3 years. The use of this new opioid is considered a useful adjuvant to general anesthesia. Knowing the exact cost-effectiveness of remifentanil should lead to improved anesthetic outcomes with a reasonable cost. METHODS This single-blinded, prospective, randomized study compared the cost of remifentanil-based general anesthesia combined with isoflurane, sevoflurane, or propofol with fentanyl-based conventional techniques in 210 women who underwent breast surgeries. RESULTS Remifentanil-based general anesthesia was no more expensive than fentanyl-based conventional anesthesia. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly less frequent after remifentanil-based than fentanyl-based anesthesia. CONCLUSION This study shows that remifentanil-based general anesthesia is no more expensive than conventional fentanyl-based anesthesia under the Japanese health care system because of the small difference in price between remifentanil and fentanyl.
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24
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Dieterle F, Perentes E, Cordier A, Roth DR, Verdes P, Grenet O, Pantano S, Moulin P, Wahl D, Mahl A, End P, Staedtler F, Legay F, Carl K, Laurie D, Chibout SD, Vonderscher J, Maurer G. Urinary clusterin, cystatin C, beta2-microglobulin and total protein as markers to detect drug-induced kidney injury. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:463-9. [PMID: 20458316 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Earlier and more reliable detection of drug-induced kidney injury would improve clinical care and help to streamline drug-development. As the current standards to monitor renal function, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or serum creatinine (SCr), are late indicators of kidney injury, we conducted ten nonclinical studies to rigorously assess the potential of four previously described nephrotoxicity markers to detect drug-induced kidney and liver injury. Whereas urinary clusterin outperformed BUN and SCr for detecting proximal tubular injury, urinary total protein, cystatin C and beta2-microglobulin showed a better diagnostic performance than BUN and SCr for detecting glomerular injury. Gene and protein expression analysis, in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry provide mechanistic evidence to support the use of these four markers for detecting kidney injury to guide regulatory decision making in drug development. The recognition of the qualification of these biomarkers by the EMEA and FDA will significantly enhance renal safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Dieterle
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Swain A, Turton J, Scudamore CL, Pereira I, Viswanathan N, Smyth R, Munday M, McClure F, Gandhi M, Sondh S, York M. Urinary biomarkers in hexachloro-1:3-butadiene-induced acute kidney injury in the female Hanover Wistar rat; correlation ofα-glutathioneS-transferase, albumin and kidney injury molecule-1 with histopathology and gene expression. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:366-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Swain
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road Ware Hertfordshire SG12 0DP UK
| | - John Turton
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science; University College London; 3rd Floor Research Laboratories, 67 Riding House Street London W1W 7EJ UK
| | - Cheryl L. Scudamore
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road Ware Hertfordshire SG12 0DP UK
| | - Ines Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry; The School of Pharmacy; University of London; 29/39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Neeti Viswanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry; The School of Pharmacy; University of London; 29/39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Rosemary Smyth
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry; The School of Pharmacy; University of London; 29/39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Michael Munday
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry; The School of Pharmacy; University of London; 29/39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Fiona McClure
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road Ware Hertfordshire SG12 0DP UK
| | - Mitul Gandhi
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road Ware Hertfordshire SG12 0DP UK
| | - Surjit Sondh
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road Ware Hertfordshire SG12 0DP UK
| | - Malcolm York
- Clinical Pathology; GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Park Road Ware Hertfordshire SG12 0DP UK
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26
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Abstract
Histopathology is the gold standard for defining renal injury, but it is invasive, time-consuming and expensive, plus it is seldom used in subjects with mild renal injury. Using biomarkers linked to distinct, defined cell types and tissues provides a direct link to histopathology without its drawbacks, plus it provides increased sensitivity, and specificity. The nephron consists of several sections, each with its own specific biomarkers; therefore, by the use of a battery of tests injuries can be localised to distinct areas of it. Using urine samples simplifies repeated sampling from the same subject or animal leading to better defined toxicokinetics and disease monitoring.Serum creatinine is the most widely used renal biomarker in spite of its known shortcomings. Cell-specific biomarkers are more specific and sensitive and have been known for over 40 years, but they are still underused in renal medicine and research. In particular, while many studies have shown cell-specific biomarkers to be valuable in diagnosis, there are few studies where they have been used to guide therapy or linked to quantitative changes in the kidney. Furthermore, the great majority of cell-specific biomarkers are from the proximal tubule, which may have hindered research into the study of conditions where the distal tubules are affected. Recently, the range of biomarkers and their applications has been expanded by the introduction of indicators of cellular regeneration.This chapter will discuss how using biomarkers with a known cellular origin, renal effects may be found earlier and at lower levels of injury. Their use in both renal medicine and drug research will be presented. Knowledge of these existing markers lays the foundation for evaluation, comparison, and characterisation of new markers that will be identified in the future.
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27
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KVOLIK S, DOBROSEVIC B, MARCZI S, PRLIC L, GLAVAS-OBROVAC L. Different apoptosis ratios and gene expressions in two human cell lines after sevoflurane anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1192-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Wang F, Gao F, Lan M, Yuan H, Huang Y, Liu J. Oxidative stress contributes to silica nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:808-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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dos Santos Diego LA, Marques CD, Vianna PTG, Marlene Viero R, Braz JRC, Castiglia YMM. Glibenclamide Effects on Renal Function and Histology after Acute Hemorrhage in Rats under Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Ren Fail 2009; 29:1039-45. [DOI: 10.1080/08860220701641835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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30
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Sieber M, Hoffmann D, Adler M, Vaidya VS, Clement M, Bonventre JV, Zidek N, Rached E, Amberg A, Callanan JJ, Dekant W, Mally A. Comparative analysis of novel noninvasive renal biomarkers and metabonomic changes in a rat model of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2009; 109:336-49. [PMID: 19349640 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although early detection of toxicant induced kidney injury during drug development and chemical safety testing is still limited by the lack of sensitive and reliable biomarkers of nephrotoxicity, omics technologies have brought enormous opportunities for improved detection of toxicity and biomarker discovery. Thus, transcription profiling has led to the identification of several candidate kidney biomarkers such as kidney injury molecule (Kim-1), clusterin, lipocalin-2, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (Timp-1), and metabonomic analysis of urine is increasingly used to indicate biochemical perturbations due to renal toxicity. This study was designed to assess the value of a combined (1)H-NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabonomics approach and a set of novel urinary protein markers for early detection of nephrotoxicity following treatment of male Wistar rats with gentamicin (60 and 120 mg/kg bw, s.c.) for 7 days. Time- and dose-dependent separation of gentamicin-treated animals from controls was observed by principal component analysis of (1)H-NMR and GC-MS data. The major metabolic alterations responsible for group separation were linked to the gut microflora, thus related to the pharmacology of the drug, and increased glucose in urine of gentamicin-treated animals, consistent with damage to the S(1) and S(2) proximal tubules, the primary sites for glucose reabsorption. Altered excretion of urinary protein biomarkers Kim-1 and lipocalin-2, but not Timp-1 and clusterin, was detected before marked changes in clinical chemistry parameters were evident. The early increase in urine, which correlated with enhanced gene and protein expression at the site of injury, provides further support for lipocalin-2 and Kim-1 as sensitive, noninvasive biomarkers of nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Sieber
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Zhou T, Chou J, Watkins PB, Kaufmann WK. Toxicogenomics: transcription profiling for toxicology assessment. EXS 2009; 99:325-66. [PMID: 19157067 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxicogenomics, the application of transcription profiling to toxicology, has been widely used for elucidating the molecular and cellular actions of chemicals and other environmental stressors on biological systems, predicting toxicity before any functional damages, and classification of known or new toxicants based on signatures of gene expression. The success of a toxicogenomics study depends upon close collaboration among experts in different fields, including a toxicologist or biologist, a bioinformatician, statistician, physician and, sometimes, mathematician. This review is focused on toxicogenomics studies, including transcription profiling technology, experimental design, significant gene extraction, toxicological results interpretation, potential pathway identification, database input and the applications of toxicogenomics in various fields of toxicological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Center for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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32
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Dieterich C, Puey A, Lin S, Lyn S, Swezey R, Furimsky A, Fairchild D, Mirsalis JC, Ng HH. Gene expression analysis reveals new possible mechanisms of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity and identifies gene markers candidates. Toxicol Sci 2008; 107:258-69. [PMID: 18930951 PMCID: PMC2638642 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin, one of few effective treatments against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is nephrotoxic. The goals of this study were to (1) gain insights into molecular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity at the genomic level, (2) evaluate gene markers of vancomycin-induced kidney injury, and (3) compare gene expression responses after iv and ip administration. Groups of six female BALB/c mice were treated with seven daily iv or ip doses of vancomycin (50, 200, and 400 mg/kg) or saline, and sacrificed on day 8. Clinical chemistry and histopathology demonstrated kidney injury at 400 mg/kg only. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that kidney gene expression profiles of all mice treated at 400 mg/kg clustered with those of mice administered 200 mg/kg iv. Transcriptional profiling might thus be more sensitive than current clinical markers for detecting kidney damage, though the profiles can differ with the route of administration. Analysis of transcripts whose expression was changed by at least twofold compared with vehicle saline after high iv and ip doses of vancomycin suggested the possibility of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in vancomycin-induced toxicity. In addition, our data showed changes in expression of several transcripts from the complement and inflammatory pathways. Such expression changes were confirmed by relative real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Finally, our results further substantiate the use of gene markers of kidney toxicity such as KIM-1/Havcr1, as indicators of renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dieterich
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025-3493, USA
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Rokushima M, Fujisawa K, Furukawa N, Itoh F, Yanagimoto T, Fukushima R, Araki A, Okada M, Torii M, Kato I, Ishizaki J, Omi K. Transcriptomic Analysis of Nephrotoxicity Induced by Cephaloridine, a Representative Cephalosporin Antibiotic. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1186-96. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition with a high risk of death. The standard metrics used to define and monitor the progression of AKI, such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, are insensitive, nonspecific, and change significantly only after significant kidney injury and then with a substantial time delay. This delay in diagnosis not only prevents timely patient management decisions, including administration of putative therapeutic agents, but also significantly affects the preclinical evaluation of toxicity thereby allowing potentially nephrotoxic drug candidates to pass the preclinical safety criteria only to be found to be clinically nephrotoxic with great human costs. Studies to establish effective therapies for AKI will be greatly facilitated by two factors: (a) development of sensitive, specific, and reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis/prognosis of AKI in preclinical and clinical studies, and (b) development and validation of high-throughput innovative technologies that allow rapid multiplexed detection of multiple markers at the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal S Vaidya
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Rached E, Hoffmann D, Blumbach K, Weber K, Dekant W, Mally A. Evaluation of putative biomarkers of nephrotoxicity after exposure to ochratoxin a in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:371-81. [PMID: 18308701 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is one of the main targets of xenobiotic-induced toxicity, but early detection of renal damage is difficult. Recently, several novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity have been identified by transcription profiling, including kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), lipocalin-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (Timp-1), clusterin, osteopontin (OPN), and vimentin, and suggested as sensitive endpoints for acute kidney injury in vivo. However, it is not known if these cellular marker molecules may also be useful to predict chronic nephrotoxicity or to detect nephrotoxic effects in vitro. In this study, a panel of new biomarkers of renal toxicity was assessed via quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting in rats treated with the nephrotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) for up to 90 days and in rat proximal tubule cells (NRK-52E) treated with OTA in vitro. Repeated administration of OTA to male F344/N rats for 14, 28, or 90 days resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in the expression of Kim-1, Timp-1, lipocalin-2, OPN, clusterin, and vimentin. Changes in gene expression were found to correlate with the progressive histopathological alterations and preceded effects on traditional clinical parameters indicative of impaired kidney function. Induction of Kim-1 messenger RNA expression was the earliest and most prominent response observed, supporting the use of this marker as sensitive indicator of chronic kidney injury. In contrast, no significant increase in the expression of putative marker genes and proteins were evident in NRK-52E cells after exposure to OTA for up to 48 h, suggesting that they may not be suitable endpoints for sensitive detection of nephrotoxic effects in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rached
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg D-97078, Germany
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Wang EJ, Snyder RD, Fielden MR, Smith RJ, Gu YZ. Validation of putative genomic biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in rats. Toxicology 2008; 246:91-100. [PMID: 18289764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced renal injury is a common finding in the early preclinical phase of drug development. But the specific genes responding to renal injury remain poorly defined. Identification of drug-induced gene changes is critical to provide insights into molecular mechanisms and detection of renal damage. To identify genes associated with the development of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, a literature survey was conducted and a panel of 48 genes was selected based on gene expression changes in multiple published studies. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed daily for 1, 3 or 5 days to the known nephrotoxicants gentamicin, bacitracin, vancomycin and cisplatin, or the known hepatotoxicants ketoconazole, 1-naphthyl isothiocyanate and 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane. Histopathological evaluation and clinical chemistry revealed renal proximal tubular necrosis in rats treated with the nephrotoxicants, but not from those treated with the hepatotoxicants. RNA was extracted from the kidney, and RT-PCR was performed to evaluate expression profiles of the selected genes. Among the genes examined, 24 genes are confirmed to be highly induced or repressed in rats treated with nephrotoxicants; further investigation identified that 5 of the 24 genes were also altered by hepatotoxicants. These data led to the identification of a set of genomic biomarker candidates whose expression in kidney is selectively regulated only by nephrotoxicants. Among those genes displaying the highest expression changes specifically in nephrotoxicant-treated rats were kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim1), lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), and osteopontin (Spp1). The establishment of such a genomic marker set offers a new tool in our ongoing quest to monitor nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Jia Wang
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Drug Safety and Metabolism Division, Schering-Plough Corporation, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
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Ferguson MA, Vaidya VS, Bonventre JV. Biomarkers of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury. Toxicology 2008; 245:182-93. [PMID: 18294749 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common condition with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Epidemiologic data suggest that a significant proportion of AKI cases is at least partially attributable to nephrotoxin exposure. This is not surprising given intrinsic renal susceptibility to toxicant-induced injury, a consequence of the unique physiologic and biochemical properties of the normally functioning kidney. A number of pathophysiologic mechanisms have been identified that mediate toxic effects on the kidney, resulting in a variety of clinical syndromes ranging from subtle changes in tubular function to fulminant renal failure. Unfortunately, standard metrics used to diagnose and monitor kidney injury, such as blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, are insensitive and nonspecific, resulting in delayed diagnosis and intervention. Considerable effort has been made to identify biomarkers that will allow the earlier diagnosis of AKI. Further characterization of these candidate biomarkers will clarify their utility in the setting of acute nephrotoxicity, define new diagnostic and prognostic paradigms for kidney injury, facilitate clinical trials, and lead to novel effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Ferguson
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Boston, Hunnewell 319, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Anders MW. Chemical Toxicology of Reactive Intermediates Formed by the Glutathione-Dependent Bioactivation of Halogen-Containing Compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 21:145-59. [PMID: 17696489 DOI: 10.1021/tx700202w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept that reactive intermediate formation during the biotransformation of drugs and chemicals is an important bioactivation mechanism was proposed in the 1970s and is now accepted as a major mechanism for xenobiotic-induced toxicity. The enzymology of reactive intermediate formation as well as the characterization of the formation and fate of reactive intermediates are now well-established. The mechanism by which reactive intermediates cause cell damage and death is, however, still poorly understood. Although most xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes catalyze the bioactivation of chemicals, glutathione-dependent biotransformation has been largely associated with detoxication processes, particularly mercapturic acid formation. Abundant evidence now shows that glutathione-dependent biotransformation constitutes an important bioactivation mechanism for halogen-containing drugs and chemicals and has for many compounds been implicated in their organ-selective toxicity and in their mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. The glutathione-dependent biotransformation of haloalkenes is the first step in the cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase pathway for the bioactivation of nephrotoxic haloalkenes. This pathway has been a rich source of reactive intermediates, including thioacyl halides, alpha-chloroalkenethiolates, 3-halo-alpha-thiolactones, 2,2,3-trihalothiiranes, halothioketenes, and vinylic sulfoxides. Glutathione-dependent bioactivation of gem-dihalomethanes and 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dihaloalkanes leads to the formation of alpha-chlorosulfides, thiiranium ions, sulfenate esters, and tetrahydrothiophenium ions, respectively, and these reactions lead to reactive intermediate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 214642, USA
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Vaidya VS, Bonventre JV. Mechanistic biomarkers for cytotoxic acute kidney injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 2:697-713. [PMID: 17014390 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.5.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a common condition and is associated with a high mortality rate. It has been recognised that routinely used measures of renal function, such as levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, increase significantly only after substantial kidney injury occurs and then with a time delay. Insensitivity of such tests delays the diagnosis in humans, making it particularly challenging to administer putative therapeutic agents in a timely fashion. Furthermore, this insensitivity affects the evaluation of toxicity in preclinical studies by allowing drug candidates, which have low, but nevertheless important, nephrotoxic side effects in animals, to pass the preclinical safety criteria only to be found to be clinically nephrotoxic with great human costs. This review presents the current status of sensitive and specific biomarkers to detect preclinical and clinical renal injury and summarises the techniques used to quantitate these biomarkers in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal S Vaidya
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Renal Division, Rm 550, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lin W, Huang YW, Zhou XD, Ma Y. In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 217:252-9. [PMID: 17112558 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of 15-nm and 46-nm silica nanoparticles was investigated by using crystalline silica (Min-U-Sil 5) as a positive control in cultured human bronchoalveolar carcinoma-derived cells. Exposure to 15-nm or 46-nm SiO(2) nanoparticles for 48 h at dosage levels between 10 and 100 microg/ml decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Both SiO(2) nanoparticles were more cytotoxic than Min-U-Sil 5; however, the cytotoxicities of 15-nm and 46-nm silica nanoparticles were not significantly different. The 15-nm SiO(2) nanoparticles were used to determine time-dependent cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses. Cell viability decreased significantly as a function of both nanoparticle dosage (10-100 microg/ml) and exposure time (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). Indicators of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, including total reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione, malondialdehyde, and lactate dehydrogenase, were quantitatively assessed. Exposure to SiO(2) nanoparticles increased ROS levels and reduced glutathione levels. The increased production of malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase release from the cells indicated lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. In summary, exposure to SiO(2) nanoparticles results in a dose-dependent cytotoxicity in cultural human bronchoalveolar carcinoma-derived cells that is closely correlated to increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
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