1
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Nguyen HD. Effects of mixed heavy metals on obstructive lung function: findings from epidemiological and toxicogenomic data. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:8663-8683. [PMID: 37700191 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and associations of mixed heavy metals (lead, mercury, and cadmium) on obstructive lung function (OLF) in males and females remain unknown. Here, we evaluated the interaction between the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio and three common heavy metals in males and females (n = 6221). Molecular processes involved in OLF development caused by mixed heavy metals were also identified to corroborate the earlier findings. In both males and females, as well as across the entire population, we found that serum cadmium levels were inversely related to the FEV1/FVC ratio. Interactions between serum cadmium and lead, as well as cadmium and mercury, were observed in relation to the FEV1/FVC ratio. Additionally, we observed negative correlations between the FEV1/FVC ratio and mixed serum cadmium, lead, and mercury in both men and women as well as in the overall population. Seven genes were identified as contributing to the etiology of OLF and targeted by combined heavy metals in silico analysis (CYP1A1, CRP, CXCL8, HMOX1, IL6, NOS2, and TNF). The primary relationships between these genes were co-expression interactions. The significant transcription factors and miRNAs associated with OLF and a combination of the examined heavy metals were identified as NFKB2, hsa-miR-155-5p, and hsa-miR-203a-3p. The main biological processes involved in the emergence of OLF induced by mixed heavy metals were listed as inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways, lung fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as cytokine activity, monooxygenase activity, oxidoreductase activity, and interleukin-8 production. Threshold estimations and miRNA sponge patterns for heavy metal exposure levels associated with OLF were evaluated for both males and females. This study found that cadmium plays the most important role in the mixture of cadmium, lead, and mercury in the pathogenesis of OLF. Future studies are required to verify our findings and uncover the molecular mechanisms of long-term exposure to a variety of heavy metals, especially cadmium, in other populations, including children, adolescents, and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Singh T, Banerjee P, Uditi, Kumari S, Chopra A, Singh N, Qamar I. Expression of Regucalcin, a calcium-binding protein is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Life Sci 2022; 292:120278. [PMID: 35041836 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Regucalcin (RGN) regulates intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and the activity of several proteins involved in intracellular signaling pathways, which highlights its importance in cell biology. Regucalcin has cytoprotective effects reducing intracellular levels of oxidative stress, also playing a crucial role in the control of cell survival and apoptosis. In an effort to assess its gene regulation, we initially identified the expression of Regucalcin in rat lungs treated with hypoxia at various time points. Previously, HIF-1α expression was also reported to be upregulated in hypoxia. Interestingly hypoxic induced Regucalcin expression in a fashion similar to that of HIF-1α expression in rat lungs. Sequence analysis of the Regucalcin promoter region revealed the presence of putative HRE binding motifs. Further analysis of the 1 kb Regucalcin promoter region with 5' deletion and point mutants of HRE binding motif showed that the HRE binding site was critical for high promoter activity. In addition, HIF-1α protein binds directly to the HRE binding motifs within the Regucalcin promoter in-vivo, and regulates Regucalcin gene expression. All together, these findings suggest that Regucalcin is the novel target gene of HIF-1α and that Regucalcin gene expression in hypoxia may be regulated by the control of HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U.P. 201312, India
| | - Pallabi Banerjee
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U.P. 201312, India
| | - Uditi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U.P. 201312, India
| | - Sarita Kumari
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. BRA-IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Chopra
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. BRA-IRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nagendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U.P. 201312, India
| | - Imteyaz Qamar
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U.P. 201312, India.
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Janssen R, Wouters EFM, Janssens W, Daamen WF, Hagedoorn P, de Wit HAJM, Serré J, Gayan-Ramirez G, Franssen FME, Reynaert NL, von der Thüsen JH, Frijlink HW. Copper-Heparin Inhalation Therapy To Repair Emphysema: A Scientific Rationale. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:2587-2602. [PMID: 32063701 PMCID: PMC6884741 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s228411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacotherapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) aims at reducing respiratory symptoms and exacerbation frequency. Effective therapies to reduce disease progression, however, are still lacking. Furthermore, COPD medications showed less favorable effects in emphysema than in other COPD phenotypes. Elastin fibers are reduced and disrupted, whereas collagen levels are increased in emphysematous lungs. Protease/antiprotease imbalance has historically been regarded as the sole cause of emphysema. However, it is nowadays appreciated that emphysema may also be provoked by perturbations in the sequential repair steps following elastolysis. Essentiality of fibulin-5 and lysyl oxidase-like 1 in the elastin restoration process is discussed, and it is argued that copper deficiency is a plausible reason for failing elastin repair in emphysema patients. Since copper-dependent lysyl oxidases crosslink elastin as well as collagen fibers, copper supplementation stimulates accumulation of both proteins in the extracellular matrix. Restoration of abnormal elastin fibers in emphysematous lungs is favorable, whereas stimulating pulmonary fibrosis formation by further increasing collagen concentrations and organization is detrimental. Heparin inhibits collagen crosslinking while stimulating elastin repair and might therefore be the ideal companion of copper for emphysema patients. Efficacy and safety considerations may lead to a preference of pulmonary administration of copper-heparin over systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Janssen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel FM Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Janssens
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willeke F Daamen
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Hagedoorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo AJM de Wit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jef Serré
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frits ME Franssen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Koopsamy Naidoo SV, Bester MJ, Arbi S, Venter C, Dhanraj P, Oberholzer HM. Oral exposure to cadmium and mercury alone and in combination causes damage to the lung tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 69:86-94. [PMID: 30981014 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental presence and human exposure to heavy metals in air and cigarette smoke has led to a worldwide increase in respiratory disease. The effects of oral exposure to heavy metals in liver and kidney structure and function have been widely investigated and the respiratory system as a target is often overlooked. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible structural changes in the lung tissue of Sprague-Dawley rats after oral exposure for 28 days to cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg), alone and in combination at 1000 times the World Health Organization's limit for each metal in drinking water. Following exposure, the general morphology of the bronchiole and lungs as well as collagen and elastin distribution was evaluated using histological techniques and transmission electron microscopy. In the lungs, structural changes to the alveoli included collapsed alveolar spaces, presence of inflammatory cells and thickening of the alveolar walls. In addition, exposure to Cd and Hg caused degeneration of the alveolar structures resulting in confluent alveoli. Changes in bronchiole morphology included an increase in smooth muscle mass with luminal epithelium degeneration, detachment and aggregation. Prominent bronchiole-associated lymphoid tissue was present in the group exposed to Cd and Hg. Ultrastructural examination confirmed the presence of fibrosis where in the Cd exposed group, collagen fibrils arrangement was dense, while in the Hg exposed group, additional prominent elastin was present. This study identified the lungs as target of heavy metals toxicity following oral exposure resulting in cellular damage, inflammation and fibrosis and increased risk of respiratory disease where Hg showed the greatest fibrotic effect, which was further, aggravated in combination with Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Jean Bester
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Sandra Arbi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Laboratory for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Priyanka Dhanraj
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Hester Magdalena Oberholzer
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa.
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Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like proteins (LOXL), a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) crosslinking enzymes that have been recognised as playing an important role in fibrogenesis for more than 40 years, are logical targets for antifibrotic treatments. Pulmonary fibrosis, especially idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is a progressive and lethal disease characterised by excessive deposition of ECM in the lung parenchyma. In this review, we discuss the current clinical approaches for IPF and review members of LOX family-LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 and LOXL4 in IPF patients and in animal models of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Although these findings are controversial and require further validation, LOX/LOXL1/LOXL2 as potential therapeutic targets for IPF deserve continued attention. So far to our knowledge, LOXL3 or LOXL4 has not clearly shown specific therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Chen
- a Department of Pharmacology , Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shifeng Li
- a Department of Pharmacology , Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wande Li
- b Department of Biochemistry , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
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Andrulewicz-Botulińska E, Wiśniewska R, Brzóska MM, Rogalska J, Galicka A. Beneficial impact of zinc supplementation on the collagen in the bone tissue of cadmium-exposed rats. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:996-1007. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Róża Wiśniewska
- Department of Pharmacology; Medical University of Bialystok; Kilinskiego 1 15-230 Bialystok Poland
| | - Malgorzata M. Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology; Medical University of Bialystok; Kilinskiego 1 15-230 Bialystok Poland
| | - Joanna Rogalska
- Department of Toxicology; Medical University of Bialystok; Kilinskiego 1 15-230 Bialystok Poland
| | - Anna Galicka
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Medical University of Bialystok; Kilinskiego 1 15-230 Bialystok Poland
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Besiktepe N, Kayalar O, Ersen E, Oztay F. The copper dependent-lysyl oxidases contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:247-255. [PMID: 28965583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the elastic fiber biology are seen in pulmonary emphysema (PE). The copper-dependent lysyl oxidases regulate the production and accumulation of elastic fibers in the connective tissue. This study focused on the relationship between lysyl oxidase (LOX), LOX-like protein 1 (LOXL1), and LOXL2 and PE pathogenesis. Lung samples with or without PE from patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (n=35) were used. Protein levels of elastin, LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), copper metabolism domain containing-1 (COMMD1), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) were assayed using microscopic and biochemical methods The emphysematous areas were characterized by enlargement of the alveoli, destruction of the alveolar structure, accumulation of macrophages in the alveolar lumens, and showed increased HIF-1α immunoreactivity. Additionally, the emphysematous areas had significantly lower elastin, LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, HIF-1α, COMMD1, and PTEN protein levels than the non-emphysematous areas. We suppose that the reductions in the HIF-1α levels led to decreases in the protein levels of active LOX, LOXL1, and LOXL2. These decreases might cause abnormalities in the elastic fiber biology. HIF-1α activation induced by decreased COMMD1 and protease activation induced by decreased PTEN might contribute to the development of PE. Finally, methods aimed at increasing the protein levels of LOXs, COMMD1 and PTEN might be effective for treating PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neziha Besiktepe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozgecan Kayalar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ezel Ersen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, 34098 Kocamustafapasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fusun Oztay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Ahmed TAE, Suso HP, Hincke MT. In-depth comparative analysis of the chicken eggshell membrane proteome. J Proteomics 2017; 155:49-62. [PMID: 28087451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The avian eggshell membrane (ESM) is stabilized by extensive cross-linkages, making the identification of its protein constituents technically challenging. Herein, we applied various extraction/solubilization conditions followed by proteomic analysis to characterize the protein constituents of ESM derived from the unfertilized chicken eggs. The egg white and eggshell proteomes (including previous published work) were determined and compared to ESM to identify proteins that are relatively or highly specific to ESM. Merging the results from different extraction/solubilization conditions with various proteomes allowed the identification of 472, 225, and 488 proteins in the ESM, egg white, and eggshell proteomes, respectively. Of these, 163 and 124 proteins were relatively or highly specific to ESM, respectively. GO term analysis of the common proteins and ESM unique proteins generated 8 and 9 significantly enriched functional groups, respectively. Different families of proteins that were identified as ESM-specific included collagens, CREMPs, histones, AvBDs, lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), and ovocalyxin-36 (OCX36). These proteins serve as a foundation for the mechanically stable ESM that rests upon the egg white compartment and is a physical barrier against pathogen invasion. Overall, our results highlight the structural nature of the ESM constituents that are relevant to various biomedical applications, such as wound healing. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The eggshell membranes (ESM) are a highly resilient double-layered fibrous meshwork that is secreted while the forming egg transits a specialized oviduct segment, the white isthmus. The ESM protects against pathogen invasion and provides a platform for nucleation of the calcitic eggshell (ES). ESM is greatly stabilized by the extensive desmosine, isodesmosine and disulfide cross-linkages which make the identification of its protein constituents by standard proteomic approaches technically challenging. Comparative proteomic analyses of ESM, egg white, and ES proteins showed proteins groups that are relatively or highly specific to ESM. These groups of proteins serve as a foundation for the mechanically stable ESM that rests upon the egg white compartment and is a physical barrier against pathogen invasion. These features are essential for eggshell quality and for the prevention of pathogen invasion which reinforce food safety of the table egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer A E Ahmed
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Maxwell T Hincke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Leem AY, Kim SK, Chang J, Kang YA, Kim YS, Park MS, Kim SY, Kim EY, Chung KS, Jung JY. Relationship between blood levels of heavy metals and lung function based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV-V. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:1559-70. [PMID: 26345298 PMCID: PMC4531039 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s86182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metal exposure may contribute to inflammation in the lungs via increased oxidative stress, resulting in tissue destruction and obstructive lung function (OLF). In this study, we evaluated the relationship between lead and cadmium levels in blood, and lung function in the Korean population. METHODS Pooled cross-sectional data from 5,972 subjects who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2012 were used for this study. OLF was defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) <0.7. Graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to measure levels of lead and cadmium in blood. RESULTS Adjusted means for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status in blood lead and cadmium levels were increased with age and were higher in men and current smokers. The FEV1/FVC ratio was lower in the highest quartile group of lead (78.4% vs 79.0%; P=0.025) and cadmium (78.3% vs 79.2%; P<0.001) concentrations, compared with those in the lowest quartile groups. Multiple linear regression demonstrated an inverse relationship between the FEV1/FVC ratio and concentrations of lead (estimated -0.002; P=0.007) and cadmium (estimated -0.005; P=0.001). Of the 5,972 subjects, 674 (11.3%) were classified into the OLF group. Among current smokers, the risk of OLF was higher in subjects in the highest quartile group of cadmium concentration than in those in the lowest quartile group (odds ratio 1.94; 95% confidence interval 1.06-3.57). CONCLUSION We demonstrated a significant association between the FEV1/FVC ratio and blood concentrations of lead and cadmium in the Korean population. The risk for OLF was elevated with increasing concentrations of cadmium among current smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Young Leem
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Kyu Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Chang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ae Kang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Suk Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yee Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Chung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ye Jung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Disease, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Chung HK, Chang YS, Ahn CW. Effects of blood lead levels on airflow limitations in Korean adults: findings from the 5th KNHNES 2011. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:274-279. [PMID: 25460646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether blood levels of heavy metals, such as lead, mercury and cadmium, are related with pulmonary function in Korean adults. This investigation included 870 Korean adults (≥ 40 years) who received pulmonary function testing in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V-2, 2011. Data of blood levels of heavy metals, pulmonary function tests and anthropometric measurements were acquired. Blood lead levels showed inverse correlations with the FEV1/FVC ratio before (r = -0.276, p < 0.001) and after adjustment of multiple compounding factors (r = -0.115, p = 0.001). A logistic multiple regression analysis revealed that blood lead levels were a significant influencing factor for the FEV1/FVC ratio (β = -0.017, p = 0.001, adjusted R(2) = 0.267). The odds ratios (ORs) for the FEV1/FVC ratio were significantly lower in the highest tertile group of the blood lead levels than in the lowest tertile group in Model 1 (OR = 0.007, 95% CI = 0.000-0.329) and Model 2 (OR = 0.006, 95% CI = 0.000-0.286). These findings imply that environmental exposure to lead might be an important factor that may cause airflow limitations in Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Chung
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Woo Ahn
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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11
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NNK, a tobacco-specific carcinogen, inhibits the expression of lysyl oxidase, a tumor suppressor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 12:64-82. [PMID: 25546273 PMCID: PMC4306850 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is believed to contribute to the cancer burden in cigarette smokers. To evaluate NNK effects on the expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a tumor suppressor, we examined this enzyme at various levels in NNK-treated rat fetal lung fibroblasts (RFL6). Exposure of cells to NNK reduced levels of steady-states LOX mRNA and new transcript synthesis. NNK inhibited all LOX protein species in a dose-dependent manner. Although 300 µM NNK markedly decreased the level in the 46 kDa preproenzyme, under same conditions, there was no detectable amounts of the 50 kDa proenzyme and the 32 kDa mature enzyme suggesting NNK perturbing the LOX protein processing to its mature form. Moreover, NNK also suppressed LOX activities in conditioned media of treated cells. At the promoter level, NNK enhanced methylation of CpG, but decreased acetylation of histone H3 at the core promoter region of the LOX gene. These results indicated that transcriptional and translational processes of LOX are major targets for NNK. Thus, inactivation of tumor suppressor gene LOX may play a critical role in NNK carcinogenesis.
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13
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Gao S, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Toselli P, Li W. Hypoxia-response element (HRE)-directed transcriptional regulation of the rat lysyl oxidase gene in response to cobalt and cadmium. Toxicol Sci 2012; 132:379-89. [PMID: 23161664 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LO) catalyzes crosslink of collagen, elastin, and histone H1, stabilizing the extracellular matrix and cell nucleus. This enzyme displays dual functions for tumorigenesis, i.e., as a tumor suppressor inactivating the ras oncogene and as a tumor promoter enhancing malignant cell metastasis. To elucidate LO transcriptional regulation, we have cloned the 804 base pair region upstream of the translation start site (ATG) of the rat LO gene with the maximal promoter activity. Computer analysis indicated that at least four hypoxia-response element (HRE) consensuses (5'-ACGTG-3') exist in the cloned LO promoter. Treatment of rat lung fibroblasts (RFL6) with CoCl2 (Co, 10-100 μM), a chemical hypoxia reagent, enhanced LO mRNA expression and promoter activities. Overexpression of LO was associated with upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α at mRNA levels in cobalt (Co)-treated cells. Thus, LO is a hypoxia-responsive gene. Dominant negative-HIF-1α inhibited LO promoter activities stimulated by Co. Electrophoretic mobility shift, oligonucleotide competition, and in vitro translated HIF-1α binding assays indicated that only one HRE mapped at -387/-383 relative to ATG was functionally active among four consensuses. Site-directed mutation of this HRE significantly diminished the Co-induced and LO promoter-directed expression of the reporter gene. Cadmium (Cd), an inducer of reactive oxygen species, inhibited HIF-1α mRNA expression and HIF-1α binding to the LO gene in Co-treated cells as revealed by RT-PCR and ChIP assays, respectively. Thus, modulation of the HRE activity by Co and Cd plays a critical role in LO gene transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Fujishiro H, Kubota K, Inoue D, Inoue A, Yanagiya T, Enomoto S, Himeno S. Cross-resistance of cadmium-resistant cells to manganese is associated with reduced accumulation of both cadmium and manganese. Toxicology 2011; 280:118-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lacorte LM, Delella FK, Porto Amorim EM, Justulin LA, Godinho AF, Almeida AA, Felipe Pinheiro PF, Amorim RL, Felisbino SL. Early changes induced by short-term low-dose cadmium exposure in rat ventral and dorsolateral prostates. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:988-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Li W, Zhou J, Chen L, Luo Z, Zhao Y. Lysyl oxidase, a critical intra- and extra-cellular target in the lung for cigarette smoke pathogenesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:161-84. [PMID: 21318022 PMCID: PMC3037068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS), a complex chemical mixture, contains more than 4,800 different compounds, including oxidants, heavy metals, and carcinogens, that individually or in combination initiate or promote pathogenesis in the lung accounting for 82% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths. Lysyl oxidase (LO), a Cu-dependent enzyme, oxidizes peptidyl lysine residues in collagen, elastin and histone H1, essential for stabilization of the extracellular matrix and cell nucleus. Considerable evidences have shown that LO is a tumor suppressor as exemplified by inhibiting transforming activity of ras, a proto oncogene. CS condensate (CSC), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and cadmium (Cd), major components of CS, down-regulate LO expression at such multiple levels as mRNA, protein and catalytic activity in lung cells in vitro and in vivo indicating LO as a critical intra- and extracellular target for CS pathogenesis in the lung. In view of multiple biological functions and regulation characteristics of the LO gene, molecular mechanisms for CS damage to lung LO and its role in emphysema and cancer pathogenesis are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wande Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (Z.L); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (Z.L); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510089, China; E-Mail: (L.C.)
| | - Zhijun Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (Z.L); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yinzhi Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mails: (J.Z.); (Z.L); (Y.Z.)
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Chen LJ, Li WD, Li SF, Su XW, Lin GY, Huang YJ, Yan GM. Bleomycin induces upregulation of lysyl oxidase in cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:554-9. [PMID: 20418892 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Cultured human fetal lung fibroblast (HLF) cells were exposed to bleomycin (BLM) at 0-30 microg/mL for 24 h. Western blot analysis was used to detect lysyl oxidase (LO) protein expression. Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect LO mRNA level. LO catalytic activity was measured using diaminopentane as a substrate and Amplex red as a hydrogen peroxide probe. Copper (Cu) concentration was detected by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS Exposure of HLF cells to BLM at 10 microg/mL and 30 microg/mL increased LO catalytic activity to 130% and 158% of the control in the conditioned media. The expression of LO mRNA was increased to 5.5-fold of the control in HLF cells exposure to BLM at 3 microg/mL. BLM at 3 microg/mL also increased the expression of 46 kDa preproLO, 50 kDa proLO and 32 kDa mature LO to 219%, 130%, and 135% of the control, respectively. The Cu concentrations in conditioned media of cultured HLF cells exposed to BLM (10 and 30 microg/mL) were increased significantly to 1.48 and 2.46-fold of the control, respectively. CONCLUSION Bleomycin induces upregulation of LO in cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts, which may be the mechanism of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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The critical role of the cellular thiol homeostasis in cadmium perturbation of the lung extracellular matrix. Toxicology 2009; 267:60-9. [PMID: 19879314 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) inhalation can result in emphysema. Cd exposure of rat lung fibroblasts (RFL6) enhanced levels of metal scavenging thiols, e.g., metallothionein (MT) and glutathione (GSH), and the heavy chain of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), a key enzyme for GSH biosynthesis, concomitant with downregulation of lysyl oxidase (LO), a copper-dependent enzyme for crosslinking collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cd downregulation of LO in treated cells was closely accompanied by suppression of synthesis of collagen, a major structure component of the lung ECM. Using rats intratracheally instilled with cadmium chloride (30 microg, once a week) as an animal model, we further demonstrated that although 2-week Cd instillation induced a non-significant change in the lung LO activity and collagen synthesis, 4- and 6-week Cd instillation resulted in a steady decrease in the lung LO and collagen expression. The lung MT and total GSH levels were both upregulated upon the long-term Cd exposure. Emphysematous lesions were generated in lungs of 6-week Cd-dosed rats. Increases of cellular thiols by transfection of cells with MT-II expression vectors or treatment of cells with GSH monoethyl ester, a GSH delivery system, markedly inhibited LO mRNA levels and catalytic activities in the cell model. Thus, Cd upregulation of cellular thiols may be a critical cellular event facilitating downregulation of LO, a potential mechanism for Cd-induced emphysema.
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Ashtamker C, Kiss V, Sagi M, Davydov O, Fluhr R. Diverse subcellular locations of cryptogein-induced reactive oxygen species production in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:1817-26. [PMID: 17277088 PMCID: PMC1851816 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.090902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in many cellular responses and signaling pathways, including the oxidative burst defense response to pathogens. We have examined very early events in cryptogein-induced ROS production in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow-2 suspension cells. Using Amplex Red and Amplex Ultra Red reagents, which report real-time H2O2 accumulation in cell populations, we show that the internal signal for H2O2 develops more rapidly than the external apoplastic signal. Subcellular accumulation of H2O2 was also followed in individual cells using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe. Major accumulation was detected in endomembrane, cytoplasmic, and nuclear compartments. When cryptogein was added, the signal developed first in the nuclear region and, after a short delay, in the cell periphery. Interestingly, isolated nuclei were capable of producing H2O2 in a calcium-dependent manner, implying that nuclei can serve as a potential active source of ROS production. These results show complex spatial compartmentalization for ROS accumulation and an unexpected temporal sequence of events that occurs after cryptogein application, suggesting novel intricacy in ROS-signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cher Ashtamker
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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