1
|
Keller DA, Bassan A, Amberg A, Burns Naas LA, Chambers J, Cross K, Hall F, Jahnke GD, Luniwal A, Manganelli S, Mestres J, Mihalchik-Burhans AL, Woolley D, Tice RR. In silico approaches in carcinogenicity hazard assessment: case study of pregabalin, a nongenotoxic mouse carcinogen. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1234498. [PMID: 38026843 PMCID: PMC10679394 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1234498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In silico toxicology protocols are meant to support computationally-based assessments using principles that ensure that results can be generated, recorded, communicated, archived, and then evaluated in a uniform, consistent, and reproducible manner. We investigated the availability of in silico models to predict the carcinogenic potential of pregabalin using the ten key characteristics of carcinogens as a framework for organizing mechanistic studies. Pregabalin is a single-species carcinogen producing only one type of tumor, hemangiosarcomas in mice via a nongenotoxic mechanism. The overall goal of this exercise is to test the ability of in silico models to predict nongenotoxic carcinogenicity with pregabalin as a case study. The established mode of action (MOA) of pregabalin is triggered by tissue hypoxia, leading to oxidative stress (KC5), chronic inflammation (KC6), and increased cell proliferation (KC10) of endothelial cells. Of these KCs, in silico models are available only for selected endpoints in KC5, limiting the usefulness of computational tools in prediction of pregabalin carcinogenicity. KC1 (electrophilicity), KC2 (genotoxicity), and KC8 (receptor-mediated effects), for which predictive in silico models exist, do not play a role in this mode of action. Confidence in the overall assessments is considered to be medium to high for KCs 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 (immune system effects), 8, and 10 (cell proliferation), largely due to the high-quality experimental data. In order to move away from dependence on animal data, development of reliable in silico models for prediction of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, immunosuppression, and cell proliferation will be critical for the ability to predict nongenotoxic compound carcinogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jordi Mestres
- Chemotargets SL, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Obert LA, Crowell DM, Xia S, Roy MD, Coskran TM, Kreeger JM, Crabbs TA, Cohen SM, Cattley RC, Cook JC. Expression of Hematopoietic Stem and Endothelial Cell Markers in Canine Hemangiosarcoma. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:481-493. [PMID: 31918642 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319897539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several chemicals and pharmaceuticals increase the incidence of hemangiosarcomas (HSAs) in mice, but the relevance to humans is uncertain. Recently, canine HSAs were identified as a powerful tool for investigating the pathogenesis of human HSAs. To characterize the cellular phenotype of canine HSAs, we evaluated immunoreactivity and/or messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of markers for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), endothelial cells (ECs), a tumor suppressor protein, and a myeloid marker in canine HSAs. Neoplastic canine cells expressed EC markers and a myeloid marker, but expressed HSC markers less consistently. The canine tumor expression results were then compared to previously published immunoreactivity results for these markers in human and mouse HSAs. There are 2 noteworthy differences across species: (1) most human HSAs had HSC marker expression, indicating that they were comprised of tumor cells that were less differentiated than those in canine and mouse tumors; and (2) human and canine HSAs expressed a late-stage EC maturation marker, whereas mouse HSAs were negative, suggesting that human and canine tumors may retain greater differentiation potential than mouse tumors. These results indicate that HSA development is variable across species and that caution is necessary when discussing translation of carcinogenic risk from animal models to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie A Obert
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Shuhua Xia
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Marc D Roy
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - John M Kreeger
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Torrie A Crabbs
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Russell C Cattley
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL, USA. Kakiuchi-Kiyota is now with Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA; Obert is now with Translational Medicine & Comparative Pathology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA; Roy is now with Nonclinical Development, Sarepta Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jon C Cook
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cook JC, Obert LA, Koza-Taylor P, Coskran TM, Opsahl AC, Ziemek D, Roy M, Qian J, Lawton MP, Criswell KA. From the Cover: Fenretinide, Troglitazone, and Elmiron Add to Weight of Evidence Support for Hemangiosarcoma Mode-of-Action From Studies in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2017; 161:58-75. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
4
|
Movilla R, Altet L, Serrano L, Tabar MD, Roura X. Molecular detection of vector-borne pathogens in blood and splenic samples from dogs with splenic disease. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:131. [PMID: 28285583 PMCID: PMC5346854 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The spleen is a highly perfused organ involved in the immunological control and elimination of vector-borne pathogens (VBP), which could have a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of splenic disease. This study aimed to evaluate certain VBP in samples from dogs with splenic lesions. Methods Seventy-seven EDTA-blood and 64 splenic tissue samples were collected from 78 dogs with splenic disease in a Mediterranean area. Babesia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia/Anaplasma spp., Hepatozoon canis, Leishmania infantum, hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. were targeted using PCR assays. Sixty EDTA-blood samples from dogs without evidence of splenic lesions were included as a control group. Results More than half (51.56%) of the biopsies (33/64) were consistent with benign lesions and 48.43% (31/64) with malignancy, mostly hemangiosarcoma (25/31). PCR yielded positive results in 13 dogs with spleen alterations (16.67%), for Babesia canis (n = 3), Babesia gibsoni (n = 2), hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (n = 2), Rickettsia massiliae (n = 1) and “Babesia vulpes” (n = 1), in blood; and for B. canis, B. gibsoni, Ehrlichia canis and L. infantum (n = 1 each), in spleen. Two control dogs (3.3%) were positive for B. gibsoni and H. canis (n = 1 each). Benign lesions were detected in the 61.54% of infected dogs (8/13); the remaining 38.46% were diagnosed with malignancies (5/13). Infection was significantly associated to the presence of splenic disease (P = 0.013). There was no difference in the prevalence of infection between dogs with benign and malignant splenic lesions (P = 0.69); however B. canis was more prevalent in dogs with hemangiosarcoma (P = 0.006). Conclusions VBP infection could be involved in the pathogenesis of splenic disease. The immunological role of the spleen could predispose to alterations of this organ in infected dogs. Interestingly, all dogs with B. canis infection were diagnosed with hemangiosarcoma in the present survey. As previously reported, results support that VBP diagnosis could be improved by analysis of samples from different tissues. The sample size included here warrants further investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2074-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Movilla
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de L'Hospital s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Altet
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, Parc de Recerca de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Serrano
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, Parc de Recerca de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Tabar
- Hospital Veterinario San Vicente, Calle del Veterinario Manuel Isidro Rodríguez García N°17, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer de L'Hospital s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sasaki M, Sakurai T, Ishii A, Matsue K, Nakanishi Y, Tsutsumi S, Sato Y. Evaluation of potential activity of luseogliflozin on vascular proliferation in the mesenteric lymph node with or without vascular tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats in a carcinogenicity study. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:85-93. [PMID: 27182112 PMCID: PMC4865605 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of mesenteric lymph node vascular tumors can vary in rats, and appropriate assessment of potential risk of tumorigenicity is needed when the incidence is higher in treated groups than in a control group. In a 2-year rat carcinogenicity study of luseogliflozin, a selective sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, there was a slight but statistically significant increase in the total number of hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas in the mesenteric lymph nodes in males at a high-dose. As part of the risk assessment for luseogliflozin, its effect on the vascular proliferation potential in the mesenteric lymph nodes was examined in a rat carcinogenicity study by performing an image analysis using specimens with double immunohistochemical staining for PCNA and CD34 in control and high-dose males. In addition, immunohistochemical staining for VEGF was performed to detect enhanced angiogenesis. In the high-dose males that did not have a hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma, neither an increased number of PCNA/CD34-positive cells nor changes in the expression pattern of VEGF was observed. On the other hand, in the high-dose males that had a hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma, the number of PCNA-positive cells was increased in the tumor areas, and the number in the hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma was approximately one-half of that in the hemangiosarcoma in the control male. In conclusion, no potential change leading to vascular proliferation/tumors was detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes of high-dose males receiving luseogliflozin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Sasaki
- Drug Safety, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Takanobu Sakurai
- Drug Safety, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Aiko Ishii
- Drug Safety, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Kenta Matsue
- Drug Safety, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakanishi
- Drug Safety, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tsutsumi
- Drug Safety, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Drug Safety, Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pu X, Wang Z, Klaunig JE. Cryopreservation of human blood for alkaline and Fpg-modified comet assay. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:196-201. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1144126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
7
|
Tormos AM, Taléns-Visconti R, Nebreda AR, Sastre J. p38 MAPK: a dual role in hepatocyte proliferation through reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:905-16. [PMID: 23906070 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
p38 MAPKs are important mediators of signal transduction that respond to a wide range of extracellular stressors such as UV radiation, osmotic shock, hypoxia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress. The most abundant family member is p38α, which helps to couple cell proliferation and growth in response to certain damaging stimuli. In fact, increased proliferation and impaired differentiation are hallmarks of p38α-deficient cells. It has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in cytokine-induced p38α activation. Under physiological conditions, p38α can function as a mediator of ROS signaling and either activate or suppress cell cycle progression depending on the activation stimulus. The interplay between cell proliferation, p38 MAPK activation, and ROS production plays an important role in hepatocytes. In fact, low levels of ROS seem to be needed to activate several signaling pathways in response to hepatectomy and to orchestrate liver regeneration. p38 MAPK works as a sensor of oxidative stress and cells that have developed mechanisms to uncouple p38 MAPK activation from oxidative stress are more likely to become tumorigenic. So far, p38α influences the redox balance, determining cell survival, terminal differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. Further studies would be necessary in order to clarify the precise role of p38 MAPK signaling as a redox therapeutical target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Tormos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kurisetty V, Bryan BA. Aberrations in Angiogenic Signaling and MYC Amplifications are Distinguishing Features of Angiosarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 1. [PMID: 25374893 PMCID: PMC4217701 DOI: 10.4172/2329-9495.1000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiosarcomas are very aggressive, rare malignant tumors that originate from vascular or lymphatic vessels and primarily occur following chemical exposure or radiation therapy. Tumor response to either chemotherapy, radiation, or novel anti-angiogenic therapeutics is very low, and because little is known regarding the aberrant signaling that controls these tumors, personalized treatment options for many of these patients are lacking. In this review, we summarize several recent findings regarding the genomics of angiosarcomas, including new discoveries regarding aberrant angiogenic signaling and Myc amplification as key features of this tumor type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittal Kurisetty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Brad A Bryan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Criswell KA, Cook JC, Morse D, Lawton M, Somps C, Obert L, Roy M, Sokolowski S, Koza-Taylor P, Colangelo J, Navetta K, Brady J, Pegg D, Wojcinski Z, Rahbari R, Duddy S, Anderson T. Pregabalin Induces Hepatic Hypoxia and Increases EndothelialCell Proliferation in Mice, a Process Inhibited by DietaryVitamin E Supplementation. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:42-56. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
10
|
Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Arnold LL, Yokohira M, Koza-Taylor P, Suzuki S, Varney M, Pennington KL, Cohen SM. Evaluation of Direct and Indirect Effects of the PPARγ Agonist Troglitazone on Mouse Endothelial Cell Proliferation. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:1032-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311422080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kakiuchi-Kiyota
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lora L. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | | | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Michelle Varney
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Karen L. Pennington
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Approaches to cancer assessment in EPA's Integrated Risk Information System. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 254:170-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Sassaki GL, Riter DS, Santana Filho AP, Guerrini M, Lima MA, Cosentino C, Souza LM, Cipriani TR, Rudd TR, Nader HB, Yates EA, Gorin PAJ, Torri G, Iacomini M. A robust method to quantify low molecular weight contaminants in heparin: detection of tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) phosphate. Analyst 2011; 136:2330-8. [PMID: 21494716 DOI: 10.1039/c0an01010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) was identified in contaminated heparin preparations, which were linked to several adverse clinical events and deaths. Orthogonal analytical techniques, namely nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), have since been applied by several authors for the evaluation of heparin purity and safety. NMR identification and quantification of residual solvents and non-volatile low molecular contaminants with USP acceptance levels of toxicity was achieved 40-fold faster than the traditional GC-headspace technique, which takes ~120 min against ~3 min to obtain a (1)H NMR spectrum with a signal/noise ratio of at least 1000/1. The procedure allowed detection of Class 1 residual solvents at 2 ppm and quantification was possible above 10 ppm. 2D NMR techniques (edited-HSQC (1)H/(13)C) permitted visualization of otherwise masked EDTA signals at 3.68/59.7 ppm and 3.34/53.5 ppm, which may be overlapping mononuclear heparin signals, or those of ethanol and methanol. Detailed NMR and ESI-MS/MS studies revealed a hitherto unknown contaminant, tris(2-n-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), which has potential health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme L Sassaki
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR CEP: 81531-980, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Small, highly strained heterocycles are archetypical alkylating agents (oxiranes, beta-lactones, aziridinium, and thiirinium ions). Oxetanes, which are tetragonal ethers, are higher homologues of oxiranes and reduced counterparts of beta-lactones, and would therefore be expected to be active alkylating agents. Oxetanes are widely used in the manufacture of polymers, especially in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and are present, as a substructure, in compounds such as the widely used antimitotic taxol. Whereas the results of animal tests suggest that trimethylene oxide (TMO), the parent compound, and beta,beta-dimethyloxetane (DMOX) are active carcinogens at the site of injection, no studies have explored the alkylating ability and genotoxicity of oxetanes. This work addresses the issue using a mixed methodology: a kinetic study of the alkylation reaction of 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP), a trap for alkylating agents with nucleophilicity similar to that of DNA bases, by three oxetanes (TMO, DMOX, and methyloxetanemethanol), and a mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and cell viability study (Salmonella microsome test, BTC E. coli test, alkaline comet assay, and MTT assay). The results suggest either that oxetanes lack genotoxic capacity or that their mode of action is very different from that of epoxides and beta-lactones.
Collapse
|
14
|
Klaunig JE, Kamendulis LM, Hocevar BA. Oxidative stress and oxidative damage in carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 38:96-109. [PMID: 20019356 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309356453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving mutation and the subsequent selective clonal expansion of the mutated cell. Chemical and physical agents including those that induce reative oxygen species can induce and/or modulate this multistep process. Several modes of action by which carcinogens induce cancer have been identified, including through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules can arise through overproduction of ROS and faulty antioxidant and/or DNA repair mechanisms. In addition, ROS can stimulate signal transduction pathways and lead to activation of key transcription factors such as Nrf2 and NF-kappaB. The resultant altered gene expression patterns evoked by ROS contribute to the carcinogenesis process. Recent evidence demonstrates an association between a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in oxidative DNA repair genes and antioxidant genes with human cancer susceptibility. These aspects of ROS biology will be discussed in the context of their relationship to carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Klaunig
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Laifenfeld D, Gilchrist A, Drubin D, Jorge M, Eddy SF, Frushour BP, Ladd B, Obert LA, Gosink MM, Cook JC, Criswell K, Somps CJ, Koza-Taylor P, Elliston KO, Lawton MP. The role of hypoxia in 2-butoxyethanol-induced hemangiosarcoma. Toxicol Sci 2009; 113:254-66. [PMID: 19812364 PMCID: PMC2794330 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying compound-induced hemangiosarcomas in mice, and therefore, their human relevance, a systems biology approach was undertaken using transcriptomics and Causal Network Modeling from mice treated with 2-butoxyethanol (2-BE). 2-BE is a hemolytic agent that induces hemangiosarcomas in mice. We hypothesized that the hemolysis induced by 2-BE would result in local tissue hypoxia, a well-documented trigger for endothelial cell proliferation leading to hemangiosarcoma. Gene expression data from bone marrow (BM), liver, and spleen of mice exposed to a single dose (4 h) or seven daily doses of 2-BE were used to develop a mechanistic model of hemangiosarcoma. The resulting mechanistic model confirms previous work proposing that 2-BE induces macrophage activation and inflammation in the liver. In addition, the model supports local tissue hypoxia in the liver and spleen, coupled with increased erythropoeitin signaling and erythropoiesis in the spleen and BM, and suppression of mechanisms that contribute to genomic stability, events that could be contributing factors to hemangiosarcoma formation. Finally, an immunohistochemistry method (Hypoxyprobe) demonstrated that tissue hypoxia was present in the spleen and BM. Together, the results of this study identify molecular mechanisms that initiate hemangiosarcoma, a key step in understanding safety concerns that can impact drug decision processes, and identified hypoxia as a possible contributing factor for 2-BE-induced hemangiosarcoma in mice.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cohen SM, Storer RD, Criswell KA, Doerrer NG, Dellarco VL, Pegg DG, Wojcinski ZW, Malarkey DE, Jacobs AC, Klaunig JE, Swenberg JA, Cook JC. Hemangiosarcoma in rodents: mode-of-action evaluation and human relevance. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:4-18. [PMID: 19525443 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rarely occurring in humans, hemangiosarcomas (HS) have become important in evaluating the potential human risk of several chemicals, including industrial, agricultural, and pharmaceutical agents. Spontaneous HS arise frequently in mice, less commonly in rats, and frequently in numerous breeds of dogs. This review explores knowledge gaps and uncertainties related to the mode of action (MOA) for the induction of HS in rodents, and evaluates the potential relevance for human risk. For genotoxic chemicals (vinyl chloride and thorotrast), significant information is available concerning the MOA. In contrast, numerous chemicals produce HS in rodents by nongenotoxic, proliferative mechanisms. An overall framework is presented, including direct and indirect actions on endothelial cells, paracrine effects in local tissues, activation of bone marrow endothelial precursor cells, and tissue hypoxia. Numerous obstacles are identified in investigations into the MOA for mouse HS and the relevance of the mouse tumors to humans, including lack of identifiable precursor lesions, usually late occurrence of the tumors, and complexities of endothelial biology. This review proposes a working MOA for HS induced by nongenotoxic compounds that can guide future research in this area. Importantly, a common MOA appears to exist for the nongenotoxic induction of HS, where there appears to be a convergence of multiple initiating events (e.g., hemolysis, decreased respiration, adipocyte growth) leading to either dysregulated angiogenesis and/or erythropoiesis that results from hypoxia and macrophage activation. These later events lead to the release of angiogenic growth factors and cytokines that stimulate endothelial cell proliferation, which, if sustained, provide the milieu that can lead to HS formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of ethylene glycol ether aldehydes. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 178:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M. Ward
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| |
Collapse
|