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Holme JA, Vondráček J, Machala M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Vogel CFA, Le Ferrec E, Sparfel L, Øvrevik J. Lung cancer associated with combustion particles and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) - The roles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115801. [PMID: 37696458 PMCID: PMC10543654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking, contributing to 20% of all lung cancer deaths. Increased risk associated with living near trafficked roads, occupational exposure to diesel exhaust, indoor coal combustion and cigarette smoking, suggest that combustion components in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be central drivers of lung cancer. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) induces expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) and increase PAH metabolism, formation of reactive metabolites, oxidative stress, DNA damage and mutagenesis. Lung cancer tissues from smokers and workers exposed to high combustion PM levels contain mutagenic signatures derived from PAHs. However, recent findings suggest that ambient air PM2.5 exposure primarily induces lung cancer development through tumor promotion of cells harboring naturally acquired oncogenic mutations, thus lacking typical PAH-induced mutations. On this background, we discuss the role of AhR and PAHs in lung cancer development caused by air pollution focusing on the tumor promoting properties including metabolism, immune system, cell proliferation and survival, tumor microenvironment, cell-to-cell communication, tumor growth and metastasis. We suggest that the dichotomy in lung cancer patterns observed between smoking and outdoor air PM2.5 represent the two ends of a dose-response continuum of combustion PM exposure, where tumor promotion in the peripheral lung appears to be the driving factor at the relatively low-dose exposures from ambient air PM2.5, whereas genotoxicity in the central airways becomes increasingly more important at the higher combustion PM levels encountered through smoking and occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christoph F A Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric Le Ferrec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lydie Sparfel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
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Novak M, Žegura B, Baebler Š, Štern A, Rotter A, Stare K, Filipič M. Influence of selected anti-cancer drugs on the induction of DNA double-strand breaks and changes in gene expression in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14751-14761. [PMID: 26392091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In chemotherapy, various anti-cancer drugs with different mechanisms of action are used and may represent different risk of undesirable delayed side effects in treated patients as well as in occupationally exposed populations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate genotoxic potential of four widely used anti-cancer drugs with different mechanisms of action: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin (CDDP) and etoposide (ET) that cause cell death by targeting DNA function and imatinib mesylate (IM) that inhibits targeted protein kinases in cancer cells in an experimental model with human hepatoma HepG2 cells. After 24 h of exposure all four anti-cancer drugs at non-cytotoxic concentrations induced significant increase in formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), with IM being the least effective. The analysis of the changes in the expression of genes involved in the response to DNA damage (CDKN1A, GADD45A, MDM2), apoptosis (BAX, BCL2) and oncogenesis (MYC, JUN) showed that 5-FU, CDDP and ET upregulated the genes involved in DNA damage response, while the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 and oncogene MYC were downregulated. On the contrary, IM did not change the mRNA level of the studied genes, showing different mechanism of action that probably does not involve direct interaction with DNA processing. Genotoxic effects of the tested anti-cancer drugs were observed at their therapeutic concentrations that may consequently lead to increased risk for development of delayed adverse effects in patients. In addition, considering the genotoxic mechanism of action of 5-FU, CDDP and ET an increased risk can also not be excluded in occupationally exposed populations. The results also indicate that exposure to 5-FU, CDDP and ET represent a higher risk for delayed effects such as cancer, reproductive effects and heritable disease than exposure to IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ecological Engineering Institute, Maribor, Slovenia
- Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and System Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alja Štern
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Rotter
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and System Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Stępnik M, Spryszyńska S, Smok-Pieniążek A, Ferlińska M, Roszak J, Nocuń M. The modulating effect of ATM, ATR, DNA-PK inhibitors on the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene in human hepatocellular cancer cell line HepG2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:988-996. [PMID: 26595742 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related kinases (PIKK): ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) on response of HepG2 human liver cancer cells to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was investigated. PIKK inhibitors: KU55933 (5 μM), NU7026 (10 μM) or caffeine (1 and 2mM) when used as single agents or in combinations (KU55933/NU7026 and caffeine/NU7026) did not significantly influence the BaP (3 μM) cytotoxicity (MTT reduction test). BaP induced a weak proapoptotic effect which was moderately enhanced by both inhibitor combinations. HepG2 cells exposed to BaP showed a strong S-phase arrest which was considerably diminished by both inhibitor combinations. The DNA damage (comet assay) induced after continuous 24h exposure to BaP was significantly diminished by both inhibitor combinations. Weak induction of reactive oxygen species by BaP was observed, which was not modulated by the inhibitor combinations. Similarly, no modulation of the glutathione levels was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Stępnik
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Spryszyńska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Smok-Pieniążek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Ferlińska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Joanna Roszak
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Marek Nocuń
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
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Spryszyńska S, Smok-Pieniążek A, Ferlińska M, Roszak J, Nocuń M, Stępnik M. The influence of ATM, ATR, DNA-PK inhibitors on the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of dibenzo[def,p]chrysene on human hepatocellular cancer cell line HepG2. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 791:12-24. [PMID: 26338538 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase related kinases (PIKK): ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) on the response of HepG2 human liver cancer cells to dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) was investigated. High cytotoxicity of DBC (IC50=0.1μM) was observed after 72h incubation. PIKK inhibitors: KU55933 (5μM), NU7026 (10μM) or caffeine (1 and 2mM) when used alone did not significantly influence the cytotoxicity. However, two combinations: KU55933/NU7026 and caffeine/NU7026 significantly increased HepG2 viability (by 25%) after treatment with DBC at 0.5μM. The cytoprotective effect was confirmed by cell cycle and apoptosis/necrosis analysis. DNA damage level after exposure to DBC assessed by comet assay (single strand breaks) showed a long persistence and significant decrease after incubation of the cells in the presence the inhibitors (the combination of KU55933+NU7026 showed the strongest effect). Weak induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by DBC (0.5μM) was observed. Although, KU55933 and NU7026 when used alone did not increase ROS levels in the cells, their combination induced the ROS increase and moderately enhanced ROS generation by DBC. We propose a mechanism how cells with damaged DNA after exposure to DBC and under the condition of PIKK inhibition, may be at higher risk of undergoing malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Spryszyńska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Smok-Pieniążek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Ferlińska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Joanna Roszak
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Marek Nocuń
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Maciej Stępnik
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland.
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Hu DG, Mackenzie PI, Lu L, Meech R, McKinnon RA. Induction of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 Gene Expression by Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs in Liver Cancer HepG2 Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:660-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Steder M, Alla V, Meier C, Spitschak A, Pahnke J, Fürst K, Kowtharapu BS, Engelmann D, Petigk J, Egberts F, Schäd-Trcka SG, Gross G, Nettelbeck DM, Niemetz A, Pützer BM. DNp73 exerts function in metastasis initiation by disconnecting the inhibitory role of EPLIN on IGF1R-AKT/STAT3 signaling. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:512-27. [PMID: 24135282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dissemination of cancer cells from primary tumors is the key event in metastasis, but specific determinants are widely unknown. Here, we show that DNp73, an inhibitor of the p53 tumor suppressor family, drives migration and invasion of nonmetastatic melanoma cells. Knockdown of endogenous DNp73 reduces this behavior in highly metastatic cell lines. Tumor xenografts expressing DNp73 show a higher ability to invade and metastasize, while growth remains unaffected. DNp73 facilitates an EMT-like phenotype with loss of E-cadherin and Slug upregulation. We provide mechanistic insight toward regulation of LIMA1/EPLIN by p73/DNp73 and demonstrate a direct link between the DNp73-EPLIN axis and IGF1R-AKT/STAT3 activation. These findings establish initiation of the invasion-metastasis cascade via EPLIN-dependent IGF1R regulation as major activity of DNp73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Steder
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Recent advances in particulate matter and nanoparticle toxicology: a review of the in vivo and in vitro studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:279371. [PMID: 23865044 PMCID: PMC3705851 DOI: 10.1155/2013/279371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have linked exposure to particulate matter (PM) to adverse health effects, which may be registered as increased mortality and morbidity from various cardiopulmonary diseases. Despite the evidence relating PM to health effects, the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms causing such effects are still not fully characterized. Two main approaches are used to elucidate the mechanisms of toxicity. One is the use of in vivo experimental models, where various effects of PM on respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems can be evaluated. To more closely examine the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the different physiological effects, the use of various in vitro models has proven to be valuable. In the present review, we discuss the current advances on the toxicology of particulate matter and nanoparticles based on these techniques.
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Schuster B, Roszell L, Murr L, Ramirez D, Demaree J, Klotz B, Rosencrance A, Dennis W, Bao W, Perkins E, Dillman J, Bannon D. In vivo corrosion, tumor outcome, and microarray gene expression for two types of muscle-implanted tungsten alloys. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:128-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Niziolek-Kierecka M, Dreij K, Lundstedt S, Stenius U. γH2AX, pChk1, and Wip1 as Potential Markers of Persistent DNA Damage Derived from Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene and PAH-Containing Extracts from Contaminated Soils. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:862-72. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200436n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Non-dioxin-like-PCBs phosphorylate Mdm2 at Ser166 and attenuate the p53 response in HepG2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 182:191-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tang SC, Sheu GT, Wong RH, Huang CY, Weng MW, Lee LW, Hsu CP, Ko JL. Expression of glutathione S-transferase M2 in stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer and alleviation of DNA damage exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. Toxicol Lett 2009; 192:316-23. [PMID: 19900515 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of inducible enzymes that are important in carcinogen detoxification. GST-Mu class is showing the high activity towards most polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) epoxide. Our objective is to clarify the expression of GST-M2 in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients and to determine the role of GST-M2 in protecting against DNA damage. We detected changes in GST-M2 expression at mRNA levels with a panel of lung cell lines and clinical samples of malignant and paired adjacent non-malignant tissues from 50 patients with stage I or II non-small-cell lung carcinoma using real-time RT-PCR. Comet assay and gamma-H2AX were used to clarify whether DNA damaged was protected by GST-M2. Our data demonstrate that the expression of GST-M2 in tumor tissues is significantly lower than in paired adjacent non-malignant tissues (p=0.016). Loss of GST-M2 is closely associated with age, gender, T value, N value and cell differentiation (p<0.05) in early stage I/II patients. Downregulation of GST-M2 is mediated through aberrant hypermethylation in lung cancer cell lines. Protection against B[a]P-induced DNA damage by GST-M2 in lung cancer cells was detected by Comet assay and gamma-H2AX. In conclusion, DNA hypermethylation altered and reduced GST-M2 expression that resulted in susceptible to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) induced DNA damage. It implies that GST-M2 reduction occurs prior to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau-Chung Tang
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Mattsson A, Lundstedt S, Stenius U. Exposure of HepG2 cells to low levels of PAH-containing extracts from contaminated soils results in unpredictable genotoxic stress responses. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:337-348. [PMID: 19306413 DOI: 10.1002/em.20486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated soil is a serious environmental problem, constituting a risk to humans and the environment. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often present at contaminated sites. However, risk levels are difficult to estimate because of the complexity of contaminants present. Here, we compare cellular effects of extracts from contaminated soils collected at six industrial settings in Sweden. Chemical analysis showed that all soils contained complex mixtures of PAHs and oxy-PAHs. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were used to investigate DNA damage signaling in HepG2 cells exposed to extracts from these soils. The effects on phosphorylated Mdm2, p53, Erk, H2AX, 53BP1, and Chk2, cell cycle regulating proteins (cyclin D1 and p21), and cell proliferation were compared. We found that most soil extracts induced phosphorylation of Mdm2 at the 2A10 epitope at low concentrations. This is in line with previous studies suggesting that this endpoint reflects readily repaired DNA-damage. However, we found concentration- and time-dependent gammaH2AX and 53BP1 responses that were sustained for 48 hr. These endpoints may reflect the presence of different types of persistent DNA-damage. High concentrations of soil extracts decreased cyclin D1 and increased p21 response, indicating cell cycle arrest. Phosphorylation of Mdm2 at Ser166, which attenuates the p53 response and is induced by many tumor promoters, was induced in a time-dependent manner and was associated with Erk phosphorylation. Taken together, the PAH extracts elicited unpredictable signaling responses that differed between samples. More polar compounds, i.e., oxy-PAHs, also contributed to the complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ase Mattsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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