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Díez-Solinska A, Vegas O, Azkona G. Refinement in the European Union: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233263. [PMID: 36496784 PMCID: PMC9735736 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Refining experiments and housing conditions so as to cause the minimum possible pain and distress is one of the three principles (3Rs) on which Directive 2010/63/EU is based. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify and summarize published advances in the refinement protocols made by European Union-based research groups from 2011 to 2021, and to determine whether or not said research was supported by European or national grants. We included 48 articles, the majority of which were related to improvements in experimental procedures (37/77.1%) for mice (26/54.2%) and were written by research groups belonging to universities (36/57.1%) and from the United Kingdom (21/33.9%). More than two thirds (35/72.9%) of the studies received financial support, 26 (mostly British) at a national level and 8 at a European level. Our results indicated a clear willingness among the scientific community to improve the welfare of laboratory animals, as although funding was not always available or was not specifically granted for this purpose, studies were published nonetheless. However, in addition to institutional support based on legislation, more financial support is needed. We believe that more progress would have been made in refinement during these years if there had been more specific financial support available at both the national and European Union levels since our data suggest that countries investing in refinement have the greatest productivity in successfully publishing refinements.
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2
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Overexpression of Hepatocyte Chemerin-156 Lowers Tumor Burden in a Murine Model of Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010252. [PMID: 31905933 PMCID: PMC6982125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor inhibitory potential of the highly active chemerin-156 isoform was described in orthotopic models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The majority of HCC arises in the fibrotic liver, which was not reproduced in these studies. Here, a potential therapeutic activity of chemerin-156 was evaluated in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer, which mimics fibrosis-associated HCC. Mice were infected with adeno-associated virus (AAV) six months after DEN injection to overexpress chemerin-156 in the liver, and animals injected with non-recombinant-AAV served as controls. Three months later, the animals were killed. Both groups were comparable with regard to liver steatosis and fibrosis. Of note, the number of very small tumors was reduced by chemerin-156. Anyhow, the expression of inflammatory and profibrotic genes was similar in larger tumors of control and chemerin-156-AAV-infected animals. Although genes with a role in lipid metabolism, like 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzym-A--reductase, were overexpressed in tumors of animals with high chemerin-156, total hepatic cholesterol, diacylglycerol and triglyceride levels, and distribution of individual lipid species were normal. Chemerin-156-AAV-infected mice had elevated hepatic and systemic chemerin. Ex vivo activation of the chemerin receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 increased in parallel with serum chemerin, illustrating the biological activity of the recombinant protein. In the tumors, chemerin-155 was the most abundant variant. Chemerin-156 was not detected in tumors of the controls and was hardly found in chemerin-156-AAV infected animals. In conclusion, the present study showed that chemerin-156 overexpression caused a decline in the number of small lesions but did not prevent the growth of pre-existing neoplasms.
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Wilkinson PD, Delgado ER, Alencastro F, Leek MP, Roy N, Weirich MP, Stahl EC, Otero PA, Chen MI, Brown WK, Duncan AW. The Polyploid State Restricts Hepatocyte Proliferation and Liver Regeneration in Mice. Hepatology 2019; 69:1242-1258. [PMID: 30244478 PMCID: PMC6532408 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver contains a mixture of hepatocytes with diploid or polyploid (tetraploid, octaploid, etc.) nuclear content. Polyploid hepatocytes are commonly found in adult mammals, representing ~90% of the entire hepatic pool in rodents. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate polyploidization have been well characterized; however, it is unclear whether diploid and polyploid hepatocytes function similarly in multiple contexts. Answering this question has been challenging because proliferating hepatocytes can increase or decrease ploidy, and animal models with healthy diploid-only livers have not been available. Mice lacking E2f7 and E2f8 in the liver (liver-specific E2f7/E2f8 knockout; LKO) were recently reported to have a polyploidization defect, but were otherwise healthy. Herein, livers from LKO mice were rigorously characterized, demonstrating a 20-fold increase in diploid hepatocytes and maintenance of the diploid state even after extensive proliferation. Livers from LKO mice maintained normal function, but became highly tumorigenic when challenged with tumor-promoting stimuli, suggesting that tumors in LKO mice were driven, at least in part, by diploid hepatocytes capable of rapid proliferation. Indeed, hepatocytes from LKO mice proliferate faster and out-compete control hepatocytes, especially in competitive repopulation studies. In addition, diploid or polyploid hepatocytes from wild-type (WT) mice were examined to eliminate potentially confounding effects associated with E2f7/E2f8 deficiency. WT diploid cells also showed a proliferative advantage, entering and progressing through the cell cycle faster than polyploid cells, both in vitro and during liver regeneration (LR). Diploid and polyploid hepatocytes responded similarly to hepatic mitogens, indicating that proliferation kinetics are unrelated to differential response to growth stimuli. Conclusion: Diploid hepatocytes proliferate faster than polyploids, suggesting that the polyploid state functions as a growth suppressor to restrict proliferation by the majority of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Evan R. Delgado
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Frances Alencastro
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Madeleine P. Leek
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Nairita Roy
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Matthew P. Weirich
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Elizabeth C. Stahl
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - P. Anthony Otero
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Maelee I. Chen
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Whitney K. Brown
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Andrew W. Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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Anton N, Parlog A, Bou About G, Attia MF, Wattenhofer-Donzé M, Jacobs H, Goncalves I, Robinet E, Sorg T, Vandamme TF. Non-invasive quantitative imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice by micro-CT using liver-targeted iodinated nano-emulsions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13935. [PMID: 29066853 PMCID: PMC5655328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the only cancer for which non-invasive diagnosis is recognized by international guidelines. Contrast agent free ultrasound imaging, computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging are techniques used for early detection and confirmation. Clinical evidence depicts that CT is 30% less precise as compared to MRI for detection of small tumors. In our work, we have reported some novel tools that can enhance the sensitivity and precision of CT applied to preclinical research (micro-CT). Our system, containing non-toxic nano-droplets loaded with iodine has high contrasting properties, liver and hepatocyte specificity and strong liver persistence. Micro-CT was performed on HCC model implanted in nude mice by intrahepatic injection. Contrast agent was administrated intravenously. This method allows an unprecedented high precision of detection, quantitative measurement of tumor volume and quantitative follow-up of the tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Anton
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Pharmacy, 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, Strasbourg, France. .,CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Alexandru Parlog
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ghina Bou About
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed F Attia
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Pharmacy, 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, Strasbourg, France.,National Research Center, P.O., 12622, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 203 Rhodes Annex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Marie Wattenhofer-Donzé
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hugues Jacobs
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isabelle Goncalves
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Robinet
- IHU-Strasbourg, Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tania Sorg
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Paris, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry F Vandamme
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Pharmacy, 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS UMR 7199, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, équipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique, 74 route du Rhin 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, Strasbourg, France
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Kawaguchi-Niida M, Shibata N, Furuta Y. Smad4 is essential for directional progression from committed neural progenitor cells through neuronal differentiation in the postnatal mouse brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 83:55-64. [PMID: 28669622 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the TGFβ super-family, consisting of TGFβ/activin- and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) branch pathways, is involved in the central nervous system patterning, growth, and differentiation during embryogenesis. Neural progenitor cells are implicated in various pathological conditions, such as brain injury, infarction, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, the roles of TGFβ/BMP signaling in the postnatal neural progenitor cells in the brain are still poorly understood. We examined the functional contribution of Smad4, a key integrator of TGFβ/BMP signaling pathways, to the regulation of neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Conditional loss of Smad4 in neural progenitor cells caused an increase in the number of neural stem like cells in the SVZ. Smad4 conditional mutants also exhibited attenuation in neuronal lineage differentiation in the adult brain that led to a deficit in olfactory bulb neurons as well as to a reduction of brain parenchymal volume. SVZ-derived neural stem/progenitor cells from the Smad4 mutant brains yielded increased growth of neurospheres, elevated self-renewal capacity and resistance to differentiation. These results indicate that loss of Smad4 in neural progenitor cells causes defects in progression of neural progenitor cell commitment within the SVZ and subsequent neuronal differentiation in the postnatal mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Kawaguchi-Niida
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Tolba R, Kraus T, Liedtke C, Schwarz M, Weiskirchen R. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced carcinogenic liver injury in mice. Lab Anim 2015; 49:59-69. [DOI: 10.1177/0023677215570086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
The toxic properties of various nitrosamines in animals and humans are well established. The parenteral or oral administration of the smallest quantities of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) results in severe liver damage. Most prominent are intense neutrophilic infiltration, extensive centrilobular haemorrhagic necrosis, bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, and bridging necrosis that ends in hepatocarcinogenesis. Due to the robustness of the induced hepatic alterations, the application of DEN in rodents has become an attractive experimental model for studies aimed at understanding the pathogenetic alterations underlying the formation of liver cancer, which represents one of the most common malignancies in humans worldwide. However, several studies have shown that the hepatocarcinogenic effects of nitrosamines might vary with the genetic background of the animals, their sex, their age, and other factors that might impact the outcome of experimentation. We present general guidelines for working with DEN, and a detailed protocol that allows the establishment of highly reproducible liver cancer in mice. The outcome of liver injury after the application of DEN in mice, as estimated by the formation of cirrhosis and cancer, appears to be a suitable animal model for the analysis of some aspects and processes that promote the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - T Kraus
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - C Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Schwarz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany for the Transregional Collaborative Research Center ‘Organ Fibrosis: From Mechanisms of Injury to Modulation of Disease’ (SFB/TRR57)
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Complete response of Ctnnb1-mutated tumours to β-catenin suppression by locked nucleic acid antisense in a mouse hepatocarcinogenesis model. J Hepatol 2015; 62:380-7. [PMID: 25457204 PMCID: PMC4300253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) remains a disease of poor prognosis, highlighting the relevance of elucidating key molecular aberrations that may be targeted for novel therapies. Wnt signalling activation, chiefly due to mutations in CTNNB1, have been identified in a major subset of HCC patients. While several in vitro proof of concept studies show the relevance of suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signalling in HCC cells or tumour xenograft models, no study has addressed the impact of β-catenin inhibition in a relevant murine HCC model driven by Ctnnb1 mutations. METHODS We studied the in vivo impact of β-catenin suppression by locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense treatment, after establishing Ctnnb1 mutation-driven HCC by diethylnitrosamine and phenobarbital (DEN/PB) administration. RESULTS The efficacy of LNA directed against β-catenin vs. scrambled on Wnt signalling was demonstrated in vitro in HCC cells and in vivo in normal mice. The DEN/PB model leads to HCC with Ctnnb1 mutations. A complete therapeutic response in the form of abrogation of HCC was observed after ten treatments of tumour-bearing mice with β-catenin LNA every 48h as compared to the scrambled control. A decrease in β-catenin activity, cell proliferation and increased cell death was evident after β-catenin suppression. No effect of β-catenin suppression was evident in non-Ctnnb1 mutated HCC, observed after DEN-only administration. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we provide the in vivo proof of concept that β-catenin suppression in HCC will be of significant therapeutic benefit, provided the tumours display Wnt activation via mechanisms like CTNNB1 mutations.
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PARK JUHUI, KANG JOOHYUN, LEE YONGJIN, KIM KWANGIL, LEE TAESUP, KIM KYEONGMIN, PARK JIAE, KO YINOHK, YU DAEYEUL, NAHM SANGSOEP, JEON TAEJOO, PARK YOUNGSEO, LIM SANGMOO. Evaluation of diethylnitrosamine- or hepatitis B virus X gene-induced hepatocellular carcinoma with 18F-FDG PET/CT: A preclinical study. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:347-53. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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9
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Song XX, Xu XZ, Wan HP, Tang Q. Development of biocompatible nanocubes as a T1-contrast enhancer for MR imaging of primary and metastatic liver cancer. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A biocompatible KMnF3 nanocube was developed as a hepatic MRI contrast agent to enhance visibility of liver cancer lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-xia Song
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xian-zhu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules
- Ministry of Education and College of Life Science
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hong-ping Wan
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qun Tang
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330031, China
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10
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Jones DR, Baldrick P. Association of Inhalation Toxicologists' (AIT) review of regulatory aspects for inhalation toxicology studies. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:84-90. [PMID: 23363040 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.757400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory guidelines are intended to provide recommendations on ways to achieve greater harmonization in the interpretation and application of technical procedures and requirements for product registration in order to reduce or obviate replication of the testing carried out during the research and development of new products. The objectives of such harmonization are more economical use of human, animal and material resources; the elimination of unnecessary delay in the global development and availability of new products while maintaining safeguards on quality, safety and efficacy; and the fulfillment of regulatory obligations to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Jones
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, UK.
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Singh Y, Braeuning A, Schmid A, Pichler BJ, Schwarz M. Selective poisoning of Ctnnb1-mutated hepatoma cells in mouse liver tumors by a single application of acetaminophen. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1595-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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13
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Moggs J, Moulin P, Pognan F, Brees D, Leonard M, Busch S, Cordier A, Heard DJ, Kammüller M, Merz M, Bouchard P, Chibout SD. Investigative safety science as a competitive advantage for Pharma. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:1071-82. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.693914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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