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Kim MY. Role of cytochrome P450 1A2 and N-acetyltransferase 2 in 2,6-dimethylaniline induced genotoxicity. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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2
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Arita Y, Kirk M, Gupta N, Antony R, Park HJ, Stecker MM, Peltier MR. Effect of 2,6-xylidine (DMA) on secretion of biomarkers for inflammation and neurodevelopment by the placenta. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 149:103458. [PMID: 34952372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke enhances placental inflammation and interferes with steroidogenesis. However, the chemicals in the smoke responsible for these biological activities are unclear. 2,6 xylidine (also called 2,6 Dimethylaniline, DMA) is a component of cigarette smoke that has carcinogenic properties but its effects on the placenta are unknown. Therefore, we hypothesized that DMA may interfere with placental steroidogenesis or enhance placental inflammation. Placental explant cultures were treated with 0-50,000 nM DMA and concentrations of progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, sgp130, HO-1, IL-10, 8-Isoprostane (8-IsoP), and BDNF in the conditioned medium were quantified. Since many environmental toxins enhance the proinflammatory host response to infection, we also performed experiments on placental cultures co-stimulated with 107 heat-killed E. coli. DMA alone significantly reduced P4 and T secretion but enhanced E2 secretion. The toxin also reduced placental secretion of IL-6, sgp130, and BDNF. For bacteria-stimulated cultures, DMA increased secretion of P4 and T, and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) but had mixed effects on anti-inflammatory markers, increasing some (sgp130, IL-10) and reducing others (HO-1). However, DMA enhanced 8-IsoP levels by bacteria-stimulated placental cultures, suggesting that it increases oxidative stress by the tissues. These studies suggest that DMA affects secretion of biomarkers by the placenta and may promote inflammation. Further studies are needed to determine if these observed changes occur in vivo and the extent to which DMA exposure increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with smoking in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Arita
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU-Long Island School of Medicine, NY, 11501, United States
| | - Michael Kirk
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU-Long Island School of Medicine, NY, 11501, United States
| | - Neha Gupta
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU-Long Island School of Medicine, NY, 11501, United States
| | - Ronny Antony
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU-Long Island School of Medicine, NY, 11501, United States
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Park
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU-Long Island School of Medicine, NY, 11501, United States
| | - Mark M Stecker
- Fresno Institute of Neuroscience, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Morgan R Peltier
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU-Long Island School of Medicine, NY, 11501, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, 07753, United States.
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3
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Yasui M, Fukuda T, Ukai A, Maniwa J, Imamura T, Hashizume T, Yamamoto H, Shibuya K, Narumi K, Fujiishi Y, Okada E, Fujishima S, Yamamoto M, Otani N, Nakamura M, Nishimura R, Ueda M, Mishima M, Matsuzaki K, Takeiri A, Tanaka K, Okada Y, Nakagawa M, Hamada S, Kajikawa A, Honda H, Adachi J, Misaki K, Ogawa K, Honma M. Weight of evidence approach using a TK gene mutation assay with human TK6 cells for follow-up of positive results in Ames tests: a collaborative study by MMS/JEMS. Genes Environ 2021; 43:7. [PMID: 33676587 PMCID: PMC7937321 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting results between bacterial mutagenicity tests (the Ames test) and mammalian carcinogenicity tests might be due to species differences in metabolism, genome structure, and DNA repair systems. Mutagenicity assays using human cells are thought to be an advantage as follow-up studies for positive results in Ames tests. In this collaborative study, a thymidine kinase gene mutation study (TK6 assay) using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells, established in OECD TG490, was used to examine 10 chemicals that have conflicting results in mutagenicity studies (a positive Ames test and a negative result in rodent carcinogenicity studies). RESULTS Two of 10 test substances were negative in the overall judgment (20% effective as a follow-up test). Three of these eight positive substances were negative after the short-term treatment and positive after the 24 h treatment, despite identical treatment conditions without S9. A toxicoproteomic analysis of TK6 cells treated with 4-nitroanthranilic acid was thus used to aid the interpretation of the test results. This analysis using differentially expressed proteins after the 24 h treatment indicated that in vitro specific oxidative stress is involved in false positive response in the TK6 assay. CONCLUSIONS The usefulness of the TK6 assay, by current methods that have not been combined with new technologies such as proteomics, was found to be limited as a follow-up test, although it still may help to reduce some false positive results (20%) in Ames tests. Thus, the combination analysis with toxicoproteomics may be useful for interpreting false positive results raised by 24 h specific reactions in the assay, resulting in the more reduction (> 20%) of false positives in Ames test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yasui
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tono-machi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501 Japan
| | - Takayuki Fukuda
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., 1-3-11, Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0042 Japan
| | - Akiko Ukai
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tono-machi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501 Japan
| | - Jiro Maniwa
- AstraZeneca KK, 3-1 Ofuka-cho, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-0011 Japan
| | - Tadashi Imamura
- Ina Research Inc., 2148-188 Nishiminowa, Ina-shi, Nagano 399-4501 Japan
| | - Tsuneo Hashizume
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512 Japan
| | - Haruna Yamamoto
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512 Japan
| | - Kaori Shibuya
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2, Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512 Japan
| | - Kazunori Narumi
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650 Japan
| | - Yohei Fujiishi
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650 Japan
| | - Emiko Okada
- Yakult Central Institute, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo 186-8650 Japan
| | - Saori Fujishima
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 3-822, Ishii-machi, Hita-shi, Oita 877-0061 Japan
| | - Mika Yamamoto
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585 Japan
| | - Naoko Otani
- Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585 Japan
| | - Maki Nakamura
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., 1-3-11, Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0042 Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nishimura
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., 1-3-11, Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0042 Japan
| | - Maya Ueda
- Genotoxicology Laboratory, BioSafety Research Center Inc., 582-2 Shioshinden, Iwata-shi, Shizuoka 437-1213 Japan
| | - Masayuki Mishima
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513 Japan
| | - Kaori Matsuzaki
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513 Japan
| | - Akira Takeiri
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513 Japan
| | - Kenji Tanaka
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-135, Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513 Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- Toxicology Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2, Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512 Japan
| | - Munehiro Nakagawa
- Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1, Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255 Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamada
- Tokyo Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., 1-3-11, Hanegi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0042 Japan
| | - Akihiko Kajikawa
- Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1, Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Haga–Gun, Tochigi Japan
| | - Jun Adachi
- Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibarak, Osaka 567-0085 Japan
| | - Kentaro Misaki
- School of Nursing, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tono-machi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501 Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tono-machi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501 Japan
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A weight of evidence assessment of the genotoxicity of 2,6-xylidine based on existing and new data, with relevance to safety of lidocaine exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 119:104838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Leggett CS, Doll MA, States JC, Hein DW. Acetylation of putative arylamine and alkylaniline carcinogens in immortalized human fibroblasts transfected with rapid and slow acetylator N-acetyltransferase 2 haplotypes. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:311-319. [PMID: 33136180 PMCID: PMC7855884 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to alkylanilines found in tobacco smoke and indoor air is associated with risk of bladder cancer. Genetic factors significantly influence the metabolism of arylamine carcinogens and the toxicological outcomes that result from exposure. We utilized nucleotide excision repair (NER)-deficient immortalized human fibroblasts to examine the effects of human N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1), CYP1A2, and common rapid (NAT2*4) and slow (NAT2*5B or NAT2*7B) acetylator human N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) haplotypes on environmental arylamine and alkylaniline metabolism. We constructed SV40-transformed human fibroblast cells that stably express human NAT2 alleles (NAT2*4, NAT2*5B, or NAT2*7B) and human CYP1A2. Human NAT1 and NAT2 apparent kinetic constants were determined following recombinant expression of human NAT1 and NAT2 in yeast for the arylamines benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF), and the alkylanilines 2,5-dimethylaniline (DMA), 3,4-DMA, 3,5-DMA, 2-6-DMA, and 3-ethylaniline (EA) compared with those of the prototype NAT1-selective substrate p-aminobenzoic acid and NAT2-selective substrate sulfamethazine. Benzidine, 3,4-DMA, and 2-AF were preferential human NAT1 substrates, while 3,5-DMA, 2,5-DMA, 3-EA, and ABP were preferential human NAT2 substrates. Neither recombinant human NAT1 or NAT2 catalyzed the N-acetylation of 2,6-DMA. Among the alkylanilines, N-acetylation of 3,5-DMA was substantially higher in human fibroblasts stably expressing NAT2*4 versus NAT2*5B and NAT2*7B. The results provide important insight into the role of the NAT2 acetylator polymorphism (in the presence of competing NAT1 and CYP1A2-catalyzed N-acetylation and N-hydroxylation) on the metabolism of putative alkyaniline carcinogens. The N-acetylation of two alkylanilines associated with urinary bladder cancer (3-EA and 3,5-DMA) was modified by NAT2 acetylator polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine S Leggett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
- American Association for Cancer Research, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Program, Louisville, KY, USA.
- University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Kosair Charities CTR Room 303, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Environmental exposures have long been known to impact public health and safety. For example, exposures to airborne particulates, heavy metals in water, or certain industrial chemicals can contribute to aging and to risk of developing cancer and other diseases. Environmental factors can impact health in a variety of ways, but a key concern is DNA damage, which can lead to mutations that cause cancer. Cancer can take years to develop following chemical exposure; however, one way to predict carcinogenicity in a more practical time frame is by studying the chemical's ability to induce DNA damage. The comet assay (or single-cell gel electrophoresis assay) has been used successfully for genotoxicity testing. The comet assay allows for the detection of DNA strand breaks via analysis of DNA migration during electrophoresis. Previously, the Engelward laboratory, in collaboration with the Bhatia laboratory, developed the CometChip for measurements of DNA damage and repair. The CometChip is a high-throughput comet assay that improves user reproducibility and significantly shortens total assay time. Here, we describe how the high-throughput CometChip platform can be used to measure DNA damage in established cell lines, animal models, and human samples. We also discuss technical challenges associated with these studies and provide recommendations on how to achieve optimal results for researchers interested in adopting this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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7
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Chao MW, Kuo HC, Tong SY, Yang YS, Chuang YC, Tseng CY. In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of the Effects of 3,5-DMA and Its Metabolites in Neural Oxidative Stress and Neurodevelopmental Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2020; 168:405-419. [PMID: 30590852 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5-Dimethylaniline (3,5-DMA), a monocyclic aromatic amine, is widely present in a spectrum of sources including tobacco, dyes, combustion products, and suspended particulates. 3,5-DMA and its metabolites form superoxides, resulting in apoptosis or oncogenesis. Data of a direct effect of 3,5-DMA on the nervous system, especially the developing brain, are lacking. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 3,5-DMA and its metabolites on fetal neurite growth and brain development using in vitro cell cultures of primary cortical neurons to observe whether these compounds caused neuronal cytotoxicity and affected neurite structural development. With increasing concentrations of 3,5-DMA (10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 μM) and its major metabolite 5-dimethylaminophenol (3,5-DMAP) (10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 μM), reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity, and DNA damage increased significantly in the cells and dendritic arborization decreased. The addition of 5 mM N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, reduced ROS in the cells and alleviated the neuronal damage. In vivo studies in Sprague Dawley pregnant rats suggested that exposure to 3,5-DMA (10, 30, 60, 100 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously from GD15 to GD17 led to fetal cerebral cortex thinning. BrdU labeling showed that 3,5-DMA reduced the number and generation of cortical cells. To detect the laminar position of newly generated neurons, cortex layer markers such as Satb2, Ctip2, and Tbr1 were used. 3,5-DMA perturbed the cortical layer distribution in developing fetal rats. In summary, this is the first study to provide evidence for 3,5-DMA and its metabolites causing anomalies of the fetal central nervous system development through ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan.,Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chuan Kuo
- Department of Pharmacy, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 33004, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Yu Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shiu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Tseng
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli District, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan.,Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
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8
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Stilwell G, Ferrador AM, Santos MS, Domingues JM. Short communication: Anesthetic residues in milk after topical application during treatment of hoof lesions in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:898-901. [PMID: 31704019 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hoof lesions in dairy cows are usually treated by trimming the hoof. However, trimming by itself can cause severe pain or exacerbate already existing pain. Hoof trimming is usually not carried out by trained veterinarians, and pain management is not provided. Pain control during trimming is not only an ethical obligation but also allows for better manipulation and more meticulous treatment. Tri-Solfen (Bayer Animal Health, Pymble, Australia) is a spray gel containing lidocaine, bupivacaine, and cetrimide that is easily applied topically and has demonstrated pain-mitigation effects during and after hoof trimming. In the European Union, these local anesthetics are not approved for use in food-producing animals because of a lack of residue data and concerns about genotoxic effects in cattle and humans. The aim of this study was to assess lidocaine, bupivacaine, and 2,6-xylidine residues in milk after Tri-Solfen application in dairy cows. Five dairy cattle in the dry-off period were enrolled in the study based on clinical evidence of lameness (score ≥3 on a 5-point scale). After cleaning and superficial trimming, we applied 3 to 14 mL of Tri-Solfen to the lesions before continuing treatment. Two milk samples were collected per animal in the following 4 milkings and analyzed in a reference laboratory. Residues of lidocaine above the limits of quantification (0.2 µg/L) were found in milk samples in the first milking 6 h after treatment in only 2 cows. This study shows that excretion of local anesthetics and their metabolites in milk after topical application of Tri-Solfen is negligible and even undetectable after the first milking 6 h post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stilwell
- Animal Behavior and Welfare Laboratory, Center of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University, Portugal 1300-477.
| | - A M Ferrador
- Animal Behavior and Welfare Laboratory, Center of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University, Portugal 1300-477
| | - M S Santos
- Animal Behavior and Welfare Laboratory, Center of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University, Portugal 1300-477
| | - J M Domingues
- Animal Behavior and Welfare Laboratory, Center of Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lisbon University, Portugal 1300-477
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9
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Lin PY, Chang YJ, Chen YC, Lin CH, Erkekoglu P, Chao MW, Tseng CY. Anti-cancer effects of 3,5-dimethylaminophenol in A549 lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205249. [PMID: 30307971 PMCID: PMC6181324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to 3,5-dimethylaminophenol (3,5-DMAP), the metabolite of the 3-5-dimethylaniline, was shown to cause high levels of oxidative stress in different cells. The aim of the present work was to observe whether this metabolite can lead to cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell cycle changes in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. 3,5-DMAP caused a dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity, generation of superoxide (O2-.), inductions in the enzyme activities orchestrating cellular antioxidant balance, increases in lipid peroxidation as well as DNA damage. However, 3,5-DMAP showed significantly lower cytotoxicity towards human lung fibroblast (HLF) cells. 3,5-DMAP also led to molecular events, like inducing apoptotic markers (ie. p53, Bad, Bax and cytochrome c); decreasing anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2) and alterations in cell cycle. Our findings indicate that the cytotoxicity caused by this particular alkylaniline metabolite led to initiation of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, 3,5-DMAP attenuated carcinogenic properties like migration capacity of A549 cells and eventually inhibited growth of A549 cells in an in vivo mouse model. Tumor sections showed that 3,5-DMAP down-regulated c-Myc expression but up-regulated p53 and cytochrome c, all of which might result in tumor growth arrest. Co-treatment with N-acetylcysteine provided reductions in cytotoxicity and positively modulated genetic events induced by 3,5-DMAP in A549 cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate 3,5-DMAP may be a potential anti-cancer drug in cancer, due to its self redox cycling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ying Lin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Chang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Taoyuan district, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Lin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pinar Erkekoglu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology,Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Tseng
- Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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10
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Kohara A, Matsumoto M, Hirose A, Hayashi M, Honma M, Suzuki T. Mutagenic properties of dimethylaniline isomers in mice as evaluated by comet, micronucleus and transgenic mutation assays. Genes Environ 2018; 40:18. [PMID: 30151062 PMCID: PMC6103965 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-018-0106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The carcinogenic potential of dimethylaniline (DMA) isomers in rodents and humans has been previously reported, and there is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of 2,6-DMA in experimental animals. The target organ of carcinogenesis of 2,6-DMA is the nasal cavity. In the current study, six DMA isomers, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- and 3,5-DMA, were evaluated for mutagenic properties. Results Male ddY mice (3/group) were treated intragastrically (i.g.) with 200 mg/kg of one of the six DMAs, and a comet assay was performed on samples of bone marrow, kidney, liver and lung at 3 and 24 h after the treatment. Positive responses were observed in the kidney, liver and lungs of mice from all of the DMA treatment groups after 3 h and in the bone marrow of mice treated with either 3,4- or 3,5-DMA after 3 h; however, these effects were diminished at the 24 h time point. The micronucleus induction in the bone marrow was analysed in the same mouse at 24 h after the treatment. No induction of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed after treatment with any of the DMAs.Male transgenic Muta™ mice (five/group) were treated i.g. with 2,5-, 2,6- or 3,5-DMA at 100 mg/kg bw weekly for 4 weeks, and the lacZ and the cII mutation frequencies were examined in the nasal cavity, liver and bone marrow at 7 days after the last treatment. Statistically significant increases in the mutation frequencies of the lacZ and/or cII genes were observed in the nasal cavity of 2,5-DMA or 2,6-DMA treated mice. Sequence analysis showed increased incidences of AT to GC and GC to TA mutations in the nasal tissues. Conclusions These findings suggest that the carcinogenic activities of DMAs are associated with mutagenic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arihiro Kohara
- JCRB Cell Bank, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Matsumoto
- 2Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- 2Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- 3Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- 3Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- 4Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501 Japan
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11
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A pharma-wide approach to address the genotoxicity prediction of primary aromatic amines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Chang YJ, Tseng CY, Lin PY, Chuang YC, Chao MW. Acute exposure to DEHP metabolite, MEHP cause genotoxicity, mutagenesis and carcinogenicity in mammalian Chinese hamster ovary cells. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:336-345. [PMID: 28426879 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), the common plasticizer used in the production of polyvinyl chloride, can be converted to the more potent metabolite mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). Epidemiological studies have shown an association with elevated induction of rat hepatic cancer and reproductive toxicity in response to MEHP exposure. However, the mechanism of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity induced by MEHP treatment remains unclear. As a means to elucidate the mechanisms of action, lethality and mutagenicity in the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt+/-) gene induced in several CHO cell types by MEHP were assessed. Dose-response relationships were determined in the parental AA8 cell line, its nucleotide repair-deficient UV5 and base repair-deficient EM9 subclones, and also in AS52 cells harboring the bacterial guanine-hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (gpt) gene and its derived AS52-XPD-knockdown and AS52-PARP-1-knockdown cells. Treatment of AS52 with MEHP led to intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA strand breaks in a dose-dependent manner. Separately, mutations in the gpt gene of AS52 cells were characterized and found to be dominated by G:C to A:T and A:T to G:C transitions. Independent AS52-mutant cell (ASMC) clones were collected for the sequential in vivo xenograft tumorigenic studies, 4 of total 20 clones had aggressive tumor growth. Moreover, microarray analysis indicated miR-let-7a and miR-125b downregulated in ASMC, which might raise oncogenic MYC and RAS level and activate ErbB pathway. Comparative evaluation of the results indicates that the principal mechanism of this mutagenic action is probably to be through generation of ROS, causing base excision damage resulting in carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Chang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science
| | - Chia-Yi Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and.,Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and
| | - Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science.,Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
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Glatt H, Sabbioni G, Monien BH, Meinl W. Use of genetically manipulated Salmonella typhimurium strains to evaluate the role of human sulfotransferases in the bioactivation of nitro- and aminotoluenes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:299-311. [PMID: 26924705 DOI: 10.1002/em.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various nitro- and aminotoluenes demonstrated carcinogenic activity in rodent studies, but were inactive or weakly active in conventional in vitro mutagenicity assays. Standard in vitro tests do not take into account activation by certain classes of enzymes. This is true in particular for sulfotransferases (SULTs). These enzymes may convert aromatic hydroxylamines and benzylic alcohols, two major classes of phase-I metabolites of nitro- and aminotoluenes, to reactive esters. Here it is shown that expression of certain human SULTs in Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 or TA100 strongly enhanced the mutagenicity of various nitrotoluenes and nitro- and amino-substituted benzyl alcohols. Human SULT1A1, SULT1A2, and SULT1C2 showed the strongest activation. The observation that some nitrotoluenes as well as some aminobenzyl alcohols were activated by SULTs in the absence of cytochromes P450 implies that mutagenic sulfuric esters were formed at both the exocyclic nitrogen and the benzylic carbon, respectively. Nitroreductase deficiency (using strain YG7131 instead of TA1538 for SULT1A1 expression) did not affect the SULT-dependent mutagenicity of 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (containing no nitro group), moderately enhanced that of 2-amino-4-nitrobenzyl alcohol, and drastically attenuated the effects of nitrobenzyl alcohols without other substituents. The last finding suggests that either activation occurred at the hydroxylamino group formed by nitroreductase or the nitro group (having a strong -M effect) had to be reduced to an electron-donating substituent to enhance the reactivity of the benzylic sulfuric esters. The results pointed to an important role of SULTs in the genotoxicity of nitrotoluenes and alkylated anilines. Activation occurs at nitrogen functions as well as benzylic positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansruedi Glatt
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sabbioni
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Casella Postale 108, Airolo, 6780, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard H Monien
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Walter Meinl
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
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14
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Metabolic pathway involved in 2-methyl-6-ethylaniline degradation by Sphingobium sp. strain MEA3-1 and cloning of the novel flavin-dependent monooxygenase system meaBA. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8254-64. [PMID: 26386060 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01883-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methyl-6-ethylaniline (MEA) is the main microbial degradation intermediate of the chloroacetanilide herbicides acetochlor and metolachlor. Sphingobium sp. strain MEA3-1 can utilize MEA and various alkyl-substituted aniline and phenol compounds as sole carbon and energy sources for growth. We isolated the mutant strain MEA3-1Mut, which converts MEA only to 2-methyl-6-ethyl-hydroquinone (MEHQ) and 2-methyl-6-ethyl-benzoquinone (MEBQ). MEA may be oxidized by the P450 monooxygenase system to 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-ethylaniline (4-OH-MEA), which can be hydrolytically spontaneously deaminated to MEBQ or MEHQ. The MEA microbial metabolic pathway was reconstituted based on the substrate spectra and identification of the intermediate metabolites in both the wild-type and mutant strains. Plasmidome sequencing indicated that both strains harbored 7 plasmids with sizes ranging from 6,108 bp to 287,745 bp. Among the 7 plasmids, 6 were identical, and pMEA02' in strain MEA3-1Mut lost a 37,000-bp fragment compared to pMEA02 in strain MEA3-1. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and protein mass fingerprinting (PMF) showed that MEA3-1Mut lost the two-component flavin-dependent monooxygenase (TC-FDM) MeaBA, which was encoded by a gene in the lost fragment of pMEA02. MeaA shared 22% to 25% amino acid sequence identity with oxygenase components of some TC-FDMs, whereas MeaB showed no sequence identity with the reductase components of those TC-FDMs. Complementation with meaBA in MEA3-1Mut and heterologous expression in Pseudomonas putida strain KT2440 resulted in the production of an active MEHQ monooxygenase.
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15
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Ge J, Chow DN, Fessler JL, Weingeist DM, Wood DK, Engelward BP. Micropatterned comet assay enables high throughput and sensitive DNA damage quantification. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:11-9. [PMID: 25527723 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The single cell gel electrophoresis assay, also known as the comet assay, is a versatile method for measuring many classes of DNA damage, including base damage, abasic sites, single strand breaks and double strand breaks. However, limited throughput and difficulties with reproducibility have limited its utility, particularly for clinical and epidemiological studies. To address these limitations, we created a microarray comet assay. The use of a micrometer scale array of cells increases the number of analysable comets per square centimetre and enables automated imaging and analysis. In addition, the platform is compatible with standard 24- and 96-well plate formats. Here, we have assessed the consistency and sensitivity of the microarray comet assay. We showed that the linear detection range for H2O2-induced DNA damage in human lymphoblastoid cells is between 30 and 100 μM, and that within this range, inter-sample coefficient of variance was between 5 and 10%. Importantly, only 20 comets were required to detect a statistically significant induction of DNA damage for doses within the linear range. We also evaluated sample-to-sample and experiment-to-experiment variation and found that for both conditions, the coefficient of variation was lower than what has been reported for the traditional comet assay. Finally, we also show that the assay can be performed using a 4× objective (rather than the standard 10× objective for the traditional assay). This adjustment combined with the microarray format makes it possible to capture more than 50 analysable comets in a single image, which can then be automatically analysed using in-house software. Overall, throughput is increased more than 100-fold compared to the traditional assay. Together, the results presented here demonstrate key advances in comet assay technology that improve the throughput, sensitivity, and robustness, thus enabling larger scale clinical and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Danielle N Chow
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jessica L Fessler
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David M Weingeist
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David K Wood
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Erkekoglu P, Chao MW, Ye W, Ge J, Trudel LJ, Skipper PL, Kocer-Gumusel B, Engelward BP, Wogan GN, Tannenbaum SR. Cytoplasmic and nuclear toxicity of 3,5-dimethylaminophenol and potential protection by selenocompounds. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:98-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Chao MW, Erkekoglu P, Tseng CY, Ye W, Trudel LJ, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Wogan GN. Protective effects of ascorbic acid against the genetic and epigenetic alterations induced by 3,5-dimethylaminophenol in AA8 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:466-77. [PMID: 25178734 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to monocyclic aromatic alkylanilines (MAAs), namely 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA), 3,5-dimethylaniline (3,5-DMA) and 3-ethylaniline (3-EA), was significantly and independently associated with bladder cancer incidence. 3,5-DMAP (3,5-dimethylaminophenol), a metabolite of 3,5-DMA, was shown to induce an imbalance in cytotoxicity cellular antioxidant/oxidant status, and DNA damage in mammalian cell lines. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of ascorbic acid (Asc) against the cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, genotoxicity and epigenetic changes induced by 3,5-DMAP in AA8 Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. In different cellular fractions, 3,5-DMAP caused alterations in the enzyme activities orchestrating a cellular antioxidant balance, decreases in reduced glutathione levels and a cellular redox ratio as well as increases in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. We also suggest that the cellular stress caused by this particular alkylaniline leads to both genetic (Aprt mutagenesis) and epigenetic changes in histones 3 and 4 (H3 and H4). This may further cause molecular events triggering different pathological conditions and eventually cancer. In both cytoplasm and nucleus, Asc provided increases in 3,5-DMAP-reduced glutathione levels and cellular redox ratio and decreases in the lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Asc was also found to be protective against the genotoxic and epigenetic effects initiated by 3,5-DMAP. In addition, Asc supplied protection against the cell cycle (G1 phase) arrest induced by this particular alkylaniline metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of BioScience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 320; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Chao MW, Erkekoglu P, Tseng CY, Ye W, Trudel LJ, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Wogan GN. Intracellular generation of ROS by 3,5-dimethylaminophenol: persistence, cellular response, and impact of molecular toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:300-13. [PMID: 24973092 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated extensive human exposure to the monocyclic aromatic amines, particularly to 3,5-dimethylaniline, and found an association between exposure to these compounds and risk for bladder cancer. Little is known about molecular mechanisms that might lead to the observed risk. We previously suggested that the hydroxylated 3,5-dimethylaniline metabolite, 3,5-dimethylaminophenol (3,5-DMAP), played a central role in effecting genetic change through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a redox cycle with 3,5-dimethylquinoneimine. Experiments here characterize ROS generation by 3,5-DMAP exposure in nucleotide repair-proficient and -deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells as a function of time. Besides, various cellular responses discussed herein indicate that ROS production is the principal cause of cytotoxicity. Fluorescence microscopy of cells exposed to 3,5-DMAP confirmed that ROS production occurs in the nuclear compartment, as suggested by a previous study demonstrating covalent linkage between 3,5-DMAP and histones. 3,5-DMAP was also compared with 3,5-dimethylhydroquinone to determine whether substitution of one of the phenolic hydroxyl groups by an amino group had a significant effect on some of the investigated parameters. The comparatively much longer duration of observable ROS produced by 3,5-DMAP (7 vs. 1 day) provides further evidence that 3,5-DMAP becomes embedded in the cellular matrix in a form capable of continued redox cycling. 3,5-DMAP also induced dose-dependent increase of H2O2 and ·OH, which were determined as the major free radicals contributing to the cytotoxicity and apoptosis mediated via caspase-3 activation. Overall, this study provides insight into the progression of alkylaniline-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli City, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Pinar Erkekoglu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Chia-Yi Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli City, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Wenjie Ye
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Laura J Trudel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Paul L Skipper
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Gerald N Wogan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Ripa L, Mee C, Sjö P, Shamovsky I. Theoretical Studies of the Mechanism of N-Hydroxylation of Primary Aromatic Amines by Cytochrome P450 1A2: Radicaloid or Anionic? Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:265-78. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400376u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ripa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, RIA iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christine Mee
- Genetic Toxicology, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Peter Sjö
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, RIA iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Igor Shamovsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, RIA iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, Pepparedsleden 1, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Ye W, Seneviratne UI, Chao MW, Ravindra KC, Wogan GN, Tannenbaum SR, Skipper PL. Transimination of quinone imines: a mechanism for embedding exogenous redox activity into the nucleosome. Chem Res Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23194336 PMCID: PMC3525013 DOI: 10.1021/tx3004517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Aminophenols can redox cycle through the corresponding
quinone
imines to generate ROS. The electrophilic quinone imine intermediate
can react with protein thiols as a mechanism of immobilization in vivo. Here, we describe the previously unkown transimination
of a quinone imine by lysine as an alternative anchoring mechanism.
The redox properties of the condensation product remain largely unchanged
because the only structural change to the redox nucleus is the addition
of an alkyl substituent to the imine nitrogen. Transimination enables
targeting of histone proteins since histones are lysine-rich but nearly
devoid of cysteines. Consequently, quinone imines can be embedded
in the nucleosome and may be expected to produce ROS in maximal proximity
to the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ye
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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