Sodium methyldithiocarbamate exerts broad inhibition of cellular signaling and expression of effector molecules of inflammation

Chronic exposure to metam sodium-based pesticide in mice during adulthood elevated anxiety and depression-like behaviors: Involvement of serotoninergic depletion and gut microbiota dysbiosis

Metam sodium-based pesticide (MS-BP) is widely used in agriculture and public health. We have previously demonstrated that maternal exposure to MS-BP resulted in sensorimotor alterations in mice offspring with long-lasting deficits including anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Here, we project to verify whether these two neurobehavioral effects occur during adulthood following direct exposure to MS-BP and whether it results in changes in the serotoninergic system and gut microbiota. Our findings showed that chronic exposure to MS-BP increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, accompanied by a depletion of serotonin-like neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus and a reduction in serotoninergic terminals in the infralimbic cortex and the basolateral amygdala. In addition, all MS-BP-exposed animals exhibited a reduced total bacterial number and diversity of gut microbiota. Taken together, our data demonstrated that MS-BP-induced behavioral changes could be related to the impairment of the serotoninergic system and gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Transcriptomic Profiling of Mouse Mast Cells upon Pathogenic Avian H5N1 and Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus Infection

Mast cells, widely residing in connective tissues and on mucosal surfaces, play significant roles in battling against influenza A viruses. To gain further insights into the host cellular responses of mouse mast cells with influenza A virus infection, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 and the human pandemic influenza A H1N1, we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related signaling pathways. Our data revealed that H1N1-infected mouse mast P815 cells presented more up- and down-regulated genes compared with H5N1-infected cells. Gene ontology analysis showed that the up-regulated genes in H1N1 infection were enriched for more degranulation-related cellular component terms and immune recognition-related molecular functions terms, while the up-regulated genes in H5N1 infection were enriched for more immune-response-related biological processes. Network enrichment of the KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs in H1N1 infection were specifically enriched for the FoxO and autophagy pathways. In contrast, DEGs in H5N1 infection were specifically enriched for the NF-κB and necroptosis pathways. Interestingly, we found that Nbeal2 could be preferentially activated in H5N1-infected P815 cells, where the level of Nbeal2 increased dramatically but decreased in HIN1-infected P815 cells. Nbeal2 knockdown facilitated inflammatory cytokine release in both H1N1- and H5N1-infected P815 cells and aggravated the apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells. In summary, our data described a transcriptomic profile and bioinformatic characterization of H1N-1 or H5N1-infected mast cells and, for the first time, established the crucial role of Nbeal2 during influenza A virus infection.