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Su L, Sha H, Liu J, Yu L, Li H, Wang R. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) exposure induces liver developmental damage and perturbs lipid metabolism and oxygen transport gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27843-z. [PMID: 37233937 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2, 4-DNT) is a common environmental pollutant. The toxic effect on mammals of 2,4-DNT has been well studied, but its toxicity on aquatic organisms is little known. In this study, 126 healthy female zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-DNT (0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 mg/L) to determine 96-h semi-lethal concentrations (LC50). And then, 90 female zebrafish were exposed to 0, 2, 4 and 8 mg/L 2,4-DNT for 5 days to study liver toxicity. Exposed zebrafish developed hypoxia features, such as floating head and breathing rapidly, and then died. 96-h LC50 of 2,4-DNT in zebrafish was 9.36 mg/L. Histological data revealed that 2,4-DNT severely damaged the liver tissues, following with the round nucleus, dense interstitial tissue, dense arranged hepatocyte cords and more inflammatory cells. Additionally, the further result showed that the lower levels of lipid transport and metabolism (apoα2, mtp, ppar-α and acox) were noticed. But, exposed to 2,4-DNT for 5 days significantly upregulated the expression levels of genes involved in respiration (hif1a, tfa and ho1, p < 0.05). These results indicated that 2,4-DNT exposure disturbed lipid transport and metabolism and oxygen supply in zebrafish, which could contribute to severe damage in liver and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxia Su
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Hang Sha
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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Veshkini A, M Hammon H, Sauerwein H, Tröscher A, Viala D, Delosière M, Ceciliani F, Déjean S, Bonnet M. Longitudinal liver proteome profiling in dairy cows during the transition from gestation to lactation: Investigating metabolic adaptations and their interactions with fatty acids supplementation via repeated measurements ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104435. [PMID: 34823037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Repeated measurements analysis of variance - simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) has been developed to handle complex longitudinal omics datasets and combine novel information with existing data. Herein, we aimed at applying ASCA to 64 liver proteomes collected at 4-time points (day -21, +1, +28, and + 63 relative to parturition) from 16 Holstein cows treated from 9 wk. antepartum to 9 wk. postpartum (PP) with coconut oil (CTRL) or a mixture of essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (EFA + CLA). The ASCA modeled 116, 43, and 97 differentially abundant proteins (DAP) during the transition to lactation, between CTRL and EFA + CLA, and their interaction, respectively. Time-dependent DAP were annotated to pathways related to the metabolism of carbohydrates, FA, and amino acid in the PP period. The DAP between FA and the interaction effect were annotated to the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, retinol metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Collectively, ASCA provided novel information on molecular markers of metabolic adaptations and their interactions with EFA + CLA supplementation. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that supplemental EFA + CLA amplified hepatic FA oxidation; cytochrome P450 was enriched to maintain metabolic homeostasis by oxidation/detoxification of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. SIGNIFICANCE: This report is among the first ones applying repeated measurement analysis of variance-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) to deal with longitudinal proteomics results. ASCA separately identified differentially abundant proteins (DAP) in 'transition time', 'between fatty acid treatments', and 'their interaction'. We first identified the molecular signature of hepatic metabolic adaptations during postpartum negative energy balance; the enriched pathways were well-known pathways related to mobilizing fatty acids (FA) and amino acids to support continuous energy production through fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle, and gluconeogenesis. Some of the DAP were not previously reported in transition dairy cows. Secondly, we provide novel information on the mechanisms by which supplemented essential FA and conjugated linoleic acids interact with hepatic metabolism. In this regard, FA amplified hepatic detoxifying and oxidation capacity through ligand activation of nuclear receptors. Finally, we briefly compared the strengths and weaknesses of the ASCA model with PLS-DA and outlined why these methods are complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Veshkini
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Harald M Hammon
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Didier Viala
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Mylène Delosière
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sébastien Déjean
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, UMR5219, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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Gust KA, Lotufo GR, Barker ND, Ji Q, May LK. Mode of action evaluation for reduced reproduction in Daphnia pulex exposed to the insensitive munition, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitroguanidine (MeNQ). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1203-1215. [PMID: 34173910 PMCID: PMC8295077 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The US Department of Defense (DOD) is developing insensitive munitions (IMs) that are resistant to unintended detonation to protect warfighters. To enable material life-cycle analysis for the IM, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitroguanidine (MeNQ), ecotoxicological impacts assessment was required. A previous investigation of MeNQ exposures in Daphnia pulex revealed concentration-responsive decreases in reproduction relative to controls (0 mg/L) across a 174, 346, 709, 1385, and 2286 mg/L exposure range. The present study used those exposures to conduct global transcriptomic expression analyses to establish hypothetical mode(s) of action underlying inhibited reproduction. The number of significantly affected transcripts and the magnitude of fold-change differences relative to controls tended to increase with increasing MeNQ concentration where hierarchical clustering analysis identified separation among the "low" (174 and 346 mg/L) and "high" (709, 1385, and 2286 mg/L) exposures. Vitellogenin is critical to Daphnia reproductive processes and MeNQ exposures significantly decreased transcriptional expression for vitellogenin-1 precursor at the lowest exposure level (174 mg/L) with benchmark dose (BMD) levels closely tracking concentrations that caused inhibited reproduction. Additionally, juvenile hormone-inducible protein, chorion peroxidase, and high choriolytic enzyme transcriptional expression were impacted by MeNQ exposure having potential implications for egg production / maturation and overall fecundity. In concert with these effects on specific genes involved in Daphnia reproductive physiology, MeNQ exposures caused significant enrichment of several canonical-pathways responsible for metabolism of cellular energy substrates where BMD levels for transcriptional expression were observed at ≤100 mg/L. These observations imply possible effects on whole-organism energy budgets that may also incur indirect costs on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Natalie D Barker
- US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Qing Ji
- Bennett Aerospace Inc, Cary, NC, 27511, USA
| | - Lauren K May
- US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
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Gust KA, Indest KJ, Lotufo G, Everman SJ, Jung CM, Ballentine ML, Hoke AV, Sowe B, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Ji Q, Barker ND. Genomic investigations of acute munitions exposures on the health and skin microbiome composition of leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110245. [PMID: 32987006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural communities of microbes inhabiting amphibian skin, the skin microbiome, are critical to supporting amphibian health and disease resistance. To enable the pro-active health assessment and management of amphibians on Army installations and beyond, we investigated the effects of acute (96h) munitions exposures to Rana pipiens (leopard frog) tadpoles and the associated skin microbiome, integrated with RNAseq-based transcriptomic responses in the tadpole host. Tadpoles were exposed to the legacy munition 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), the new insensitive munition (IM) formulation, IMX-101, and the IM constituents nitroguinidine (NQ) and 1-methyl-3-nitroguanidine (MeNQ). The 96h LC50 values and 95% confidence intervals were 2.6 (2.4, 2.8) for ΣTNT and 68.2 (62.9, 73.9) for IMX-101, respectively. The NQ and MeNQ exposures caused no significant impacts on survival in 96h exposures even at maximum exposure levels of 3560 and 5285 mg/L, respectively. However, NQ and MeNQ, as well as TNT and IMX-101 exposures, all elicited changes in the tadpole skin microbiome profile, as evidenced by significantly increased relative proportions of the Proteobacteria with increasing exposure concentrations, and significantly decreased alpha-diversity in the NQ exposure. The potential for direct effects of munitions exposure on the skin microbiome were observed including increased abundance of munitions-tolerant phylogenetic groups, in addition to possible indirect effects on microbial flora where transcriptional responses suggestive of changes in skin mucus-layer properties, antimicrobial peptide production, and innate immune factors were observed in the tadpole host. Additional insights into the tadpole host's transcriptional response to munitions exposures indicated that TNT and IMX-101 exposures significantly enriched transcriptional expression within type-I and type-II xenobiotic metabolism pathways, where dose-responsive increases in expression were observed. Significant enrichment and increased transcriptional expression of heme and iron binding functions in the TNT exposures served as likely indicators of known mechanisms of TNT toxicity including hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia. The significant enrichment and dose-responsive decrease in transcriptional expression of cell cycle pathways in the IMX-101 exposures was consistent with previous observations in fish, while significant enrichment of immune-related function in response to NQ exposure were consistent with potential immune suppression at the highest NQ exposure concentration. Finally, the MeNQ exposures elicited significantly decreased transcriptional expression of keratin 16, type I, a gene likely involved in keratinization processes in amphibian skin. Overall, munitions showed the potential to alter tadpole skin microbiome composition and affect transcriptional profiles in the amphibian host, some suggestive of potential impacts on host health and immune status relevant to disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Karl J Indest
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Guilherme Lotufo
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | | | - Carina M Jung
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Mark L Ballentine
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Allison V Hoke
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; ORISE fellow, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Bintu Sowe
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; ORISE fellow, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Qing Ji
- Bennett Aerospace, Cary, NC, USA.
| | - Natalie D Barker
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
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Gust KA, Ji Q, Luo X. Example of Adverse Outcome Pathway Concept Enabling Genome-to-Phenome Discovery in Toxicology. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:375-384. [PMID: 32516358 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The following article represents a mini-review of an intensive 10-year progression of genome-to-phenome (G2P) discovery guided by the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept. This example is presented as a means to stimulate crossover of this toxicological concept to enhance G2P discovery within the broader biological sciences community. The case study demonstrates the benefits of the AOP approach for establishing causal linkages across multiple levels of biological organization ultimately linking molecular initiation (often at the genomic scale) to organism-level phenotypes of interest. The case study summarizes a US military effort to identify the mechanism(s) underlying toxicological phenotypes of lethargy and weight loss in response to nitroaromatic munitions exposures, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Initial key discoveries are described including the toxicogenomic results that nitrotoluene exposures inhibited expression within the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) pathway. We channeled the AOP concept to test the hypothesis that inhibition of PPARα signaling in nitrotoluene exposures impacted lipid metabolic processes, thus affecting systemic energy budgets, ultimately resulting in body weight loss. Results from a series of transcriptomic, proteomic, lipidomic, in vitro PPARα nuclear signaling, and PPARα knock-out investigations ultimately supported various facets of this hypothesis. Given these results, we next proceeded to develop a formalized AOP description of PPARα antagonism leading to body weight loss. This AOP was refined through intensive literature review and polished through multiple rounds of peer-review leading to final international acceptance as an Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development-approved AOP. Briefly, that AOP identifies PPARα antagonist binding as the molecular initiating event (MIE) leading to a series of key events including inhibition of nuclear transactivation for genes controlling lipid metabolism and ketogenesis, inhibition of fatty acid beta-oxidation and ketogenesis dynamics, negative energy budget, and ultimately the adverse outcome (AO) of body-weight loss. Given that the PPARα antagonism MIE represented a reliable indicator of AO progression within the pathway, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted which indicated that PPARα amino acid relatedness generally tracked species relatedness. Additionally, PPARα amino acid relatedness analysis using the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility predicted susceptibility to the MIE across vertebrates providing context for AOP extrapolation across species. Overall, we hope this illustrative example of how the AOP concept has benefited toxicology sows a seed within the broader biological sciences community to repurpose the concept to facilitate enhanced G2P discovery in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Qing Ji
- Bennett Aerospace Inc, 1100 Crescent Green #250, Cary, NC 27518, USA
| | - Xiao Luo
- Bennett Aerospace Inc, 1100 Crescent Green #250, Cary, NC 27518, USA
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Lotufo GR, Gust KA, Ballentine ML, Moores LC, Kennedy AJ, Barker ND, Ji Q, Chappell P. Comparative Toxicological Evaluation of UV-Degraded versus Parent-Insensitive Munition Compound 1-Methyl-3-Nitroguanidine in Fathead Minnow. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:612-622. [PMID: 31845397 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The US Army is replacing traditional munitions with insensitive munitions resistant to accidental detonation. Although the parent insensitive munition compound nitroguanidine (NQ) is generally not acutely toxic at concentrations >1000 mg/L in aquatic exposures, products formed by intensive ultraviolet (UV) degradation resulted in multiple-order of magnitude increases in toxicity. A methylated congener of NQ, 1-methyl-3-nitroguanidine (MeNQ), is also being assessed for potential use in insensitive munition explosive formulations; therefore, the present study investigated the hazard of parent versus UV-degraded MeNQ using fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Although up to 716 mg/L parent MeNQ caused no significant mortality or effects on growth in larval P. promelas fish in 7-d exposures, a similar concentration of MeNQ subjected to UV treatment resulted in 85% mortality. The UV treatment degraded only 3.3% of the MeNQ (5800 mg/L stock, UV-treated for 6 h), indicating that MeNQ degradation products have potentially high toxicity. The parent MeNQ exposure caused significantly decreased transcriptional expression of genes within the significantly enriched insulin metabolic pathway, suggesting antagonism of bioenergetics pathways, which complements observed, although nonsignificant, decreases in body weight. Significant differential transcriptional expression in the UV-degraded MeNQ treatments resulted in significant enrichment of pathways and functions related to the cell cycle, as well as erythrocyte function involved in O2 /CO2 exchange. These functions represent potential mechanistic sources of increased toxicity observed in the UV-degraded MeNQ exposures, which are distinct from previously observed mechanisms underlying increased toxicity of UV-degraded NQ in fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:612-622. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R Lotufo
- US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Kurt A Gust
- US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Mark L Ballentine
- US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Lee C Moores
- US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- US Army, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | | | - Qing Ji
- Bennett Aerospace, Cary, North Carolina, USA
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Gust KA, Lotufo GR, Thiyagarajah A, Barker ND, Ji Q, Marshall K, Wilbanks MS, Chappell P. Molecular Evaluation of Impacted Reproductive Physiology in Fathead Minnow Testes Provides Mechanistic Insights into Insensitive Munitions Toxicology. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 213:105204. [PMID: 31185427 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous toxicological investigations of the insensitive munition (IM), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), demonstrated histopathological and physiological impacts in mammalian testes. The implications of these findings for fish was unknown, therefore we investigated the effects of chronic (21 day) exposures to NTO and an NTO-containing IM formulation called IMX-101 (composed of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), nitroguanidine (NQ), and NTO) in adult male fathead minnows to assess if impacts on testes were conserved. The NTO exposure caused no significant mortality through the maximum exposure concentration (720 mg/L, measured), however NTO elicited testicular impacts causing significant asynchrony in spermatogenesis and necrosis in secondary spermatocytes at the two highest exposure concentrations (383 mg/L and 720 mg/L) and testicular degeneration at the highest exposure. Microarray-based transcriptomics analysis identified significant enrichment of steroid metabolism pathways and mTORC-signal control of spermatogonia differentiation in NTO exposures each having logical connections to observed asynchronous spermatogenesis. Additionally, NTO impaired transcriptional expression for genes supporting sperm structural and flagellar development including sperm-associated antigen 6 (Spag6). These functional transcriptomic responses are hypothesized contributors to impacted reproductive physiology in NTO exposures that ultimately lead to reductions in spermatozoa. In contrast to NTO, the IMX-101 formulation elicited significant mortality at the two highest exposure concentrations of 25.2 and 50.9 mg/L (DNAN nominal + NTO measured + NQ measured). Unlike NTO and NQ, the DNAN component of the IMX-101 formulation underwent significant transformation in the 21d exposure. From previous investigations, neither NTO nor NQ caused mortality in fish at >1000 mg/L suggesting that mortality in the present study arose from DNAN / DNAN-attributable transformation products. The 12.6 mg/L IMX-101 exposure caused significant sublethal impacts on testes including sperm necrosis, interstitial fibrosis, and Sertoli-like cell hyperplasia. Transcriptional profiles for IMX-101 indicated significant enrichment on multiple signaling pathways supporting spermatogenesis, mitosis / meiosis, and flagellar structure, all logically connected to observed sperm necrosis. Additionally, pronounced transcriptional increases within the PPARα-RXRα pathway, a known DNAN target, has been hypothesized to correspond to Sertoli cell hyperplasia, presumably as a compensatory response to fulfill the nurse-function of Sertoli cells during spermatogenesis. Overall, the transcriptional results indicated unique molecular responses for NTO and IMX-101. Regarding chemical hazard, NTO impacted testes and impaired spermatogenesis, but at high exposure concentrations (≥ 192 mg/L), whereas the IMX-101 formulation, elicited mortality and impacts on reproductive physiology likely caused by DNAN and its transformation products present at concentrations well below the NTO-component concentration within the IMX-101 mixture formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
| | | | | | - Qing Ji
- Bennett Aerospace, Cary, NC, 27511, USA.
| | | | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
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Xiong J, Sha H, Zhou H, Peng L, Wu L, Qiu Y, Wang R, Hu X. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT) Perturbs Yolk Absorption, Liver Development and Lipid Metabolism/Oxygen Transport Gene Expression in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3632. [PMID: 31349543 PMCID: PMC6695736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) is a common environmental pollutant, and was classified as a group 2B human carcinogenic compound by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This study determined the toxic effects of 2,4-DNT exposure on zebrafish at the embryo-larvae stage, in terms of organ morphogenesis and the expression pattern of selected target genes related to lipid metabolism and oxygen transportation. The results showed that the 120-h post-fertilization LC50 of 2,4-DNT was 9.59 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 8.89-10.44 mg/L. The larvae treated with 2,4-DNT showed toxic symptoms including smaller body, less skin pigment production, yolk malabsorption, and disordered liver development. Further studies on the expression of genes related to lipid transport and metabolism, and respiration indicated that they were significantly affected by 2,4-DNT. It is concluded that 2,4-DNT exposure perturbed liver development and yolk absorption in early-life zebrafish, and disturbed the lipid metabolism /oxygen transport gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Hang Sha
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Hualin Zhou
- Agricultural College, Xiangyang Vocational and Technical College, Xiangyang 441050, China
| | - Lijuan Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lingying Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Xianqin Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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Zhang L, Hu Y, Sun W, Chen S, Jia X, Cai W. Transcriptomic responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) liver to environmental concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:70-77. [PMID: 30193166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is currently the most frequently detected phthalic acid esters (PAEs) compounds and can induce diverse toxicities on aquatic organisms. To understand the molecular responses of fish to DEHP, we performed transcriptomic profiles in liver of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) which were exposed to environmental concentration of DEHP. A total of 30.10 Mb and 30.16 Mb clean reads were retrieved from the control and DEHP treated libraries, respectively. De-novo assembly of all the clean reads obtained 58,585 unigenes. After comparing the two libraries, 2814 and 1790 genes were identified as significantly increased and depressed, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) classification system and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database analysis demonstrated that DEHP significantly disturbed the expression level of genes associated with immunity, endocrine and reproductive system, lipid metabolism and so on. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to validate the results of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. The resulting data provide new insights for exploring the molecular basis of tilapia response to DEHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbao Zhang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab. of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China.
| | - Ying Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab. of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Si Chen
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab. of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Jia
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab. of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Wengui Cai
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab. of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China.
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10
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Gust KA, Chaitankar V, Ghosh P, Wilbanks MS, Chen X, Barker ND, Pham D, Scanlan LD, Rawat A, Talent LG, Quinn MJ, Vulpe CD, Elasri MO, Johnson MS, Perkins EJ, McFarland CA. Multiple environmental stressors induce complex transcriptomic responses indicative of phenotypic outcomes in Western fence lizard. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:877. [PMID: 30518325 PMCID: PMC6282355 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health and resilience of species in natural environments is increasingly challenged by complex anthropogenic stressor combinations including climate change, habitat encroachment, and chemical contamination. To better understand impacts of these stressors we examined the individual- and combined-stressor impacts of malaria infection, food limitation, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) exposures on gene expression in livers of Western fence lizards (WFL, Sceloporus occidentalis) using custom WFL transcriptome-based microarrays. RESULTS Computational analysis including annotation enrichment and correlation analysis identified putative functional mechanisms linking transcript expression and toxicological phenotypes. TNT exposure increased transcript expression for genes involved in erythropoiesis, potentially in response to TNT-induced anemia and/or methemoglobinemia and caused dose-specific effects on genes involved in lipid and overall energy metabolism consistent with a hormesis response of growth stimulation at low doses and adverse decreases in lizard growth at high doses. Functional enrichment results were indicative of inhibited potential for lipid mobilization and catabolism in TNT exposures which corresponded with increased inguinal fat weights and was suggestive of a decreased overall energy budget. Malaria infection elicited enriched expression of multiple immune-related functions likely corresponding to increased white blood cell (WBC) counts. Food limitation alone enriched functions related to cellular energy production and decreased expression of immune responses consistent with a decrease in WBC levels. CONCLUSIONS Despite these findings, the lizards demonstrated immune resilience to malaria infection under food limitation with transcriptional results indicating a fully competent immune response to malaria, even under bio-energetic constraints. Interestingly, both TNT and malaria individually increased transcriptional expression of immune-related genes and increased overall WBC concentrations in blood; responses that were retained in the TNT x malaria combined exposure. The results demonstrate complex and sometimes unexpected responses to multiple stressors where the lizards displayed remarkable resiliency to the stressor combinations investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- National Institute of Health - National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Engineering, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- IFXworks LLC, 2915 Columbia Pike, Arlington, VA, 22204, USA
| | | | - Don Pham
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Carlsbad Unified School District, Carlsbad, CA, 92009, USA
| | - Leona D Scanlan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, 95812, USA
| | - Arun Rawat
- Sidra Medicine, Education City (North Campus), Doha, 26999, Qatar
| | - Larry G Talent
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Michael J Quinn
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Christopher D Vulpe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mohamed O Elasri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406-5018, USA
| | - Mark S Johnson
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Edward J Perkins
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Craig A McFarland
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA
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11
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Gust KA, Lotufo GR, Stanley JK, Wilbanks MS, Chappell P, Barker ND. Transcriptomics provides mechanistic indicators of mixture toxicology for IMX-101 and IMX-104 formulations in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:138-151. [PMID: 29625381 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Within the US military, new insensitive munitions (IMs) are rapidly replacing conventional munitions improving safety from unintended detonation. Toxicity data for IM chemicals are expanding rapidly, however IM constituents are typically deployed in mixture formulations, and very little is known about their mixture toxicology. In the present study we sought to characterize the mixture effects and toxicology of the two predominant IM formulations IMX-101 and IMX-104 in acute (48 h) larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposures. IMX-101 consists of a mixture of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ) while IMX-104 is composed of DNAN, NTO, and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). DNAN was the most potent constituent in IMX-101 eliciting an LC50 of 36.1 mg/L, whereas NTO and NQ did not elicit significant mortality in exposures up to 1040 and 2640 mg/L, respectively. Toxic unit calculations indicated that IMX-101 elicited toxicity representative of the component concentration of DNAN within the mixture. Toxicogenomic responses for the individual constituents of IMX-101 indicated unique transcriptional expression and functional responses characteristic of: oxidative stress, impaired energy metabolism, tissue damage and inflammatory responses in DNAN exposures; impaired steroid biosynthesis and developmental cell-signaling in NQ exposures; and altered mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in NTO exposures. Transcriptional responses to the IMX-101 mixture were driven by the effects of DNAN where expression and functional responses were nearly identical comparing DNAN alone versus the fractional equivalent of DNAN within IMX-101. Given that each individual constituent of the IMX-101 mixture elicited unique functional responses, and NTO and NQ did not interact with DNAN within the IMX-101 mixture exposure, the overall toxicity and toxicogenomic responses within acute exposures to the IMX-101 formulation are indicative of "independent" mixture toxicology. Alternatively, in the IMX-104 exposure both DNAN and RDX were each present at concentrations sufficient to elicit lethality (RDX LC50 = 28.9 mg/L). Toxic-unit calculations for IMX-104 mixture formulation exposures indicated slight synergistic toxicity (ΣTU LC50 = 0.82, 95% confidence interval = 0.73-0.90). Unique functional responses relative to DNAN were observed in the IMX-104 exposure including responses characteristic of RDX exposure. Based on previous transcriptomics responses to acute RDX exposures in fathead minnow larvae, we hypothesize that the potentially synergistic responses within the IMX-104 mixture are related to interactive effects of each DNAN and RDX on oxidative stress mitigation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Jacob K Stanley
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA; Stanley Environmental Consulting, Waynesboro, MS, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
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12
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Meng FX, Li M, Song MZ, Yuan LX, Gong YF, Qian YX, Shi G, Wang RX. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) exposure disturbs lipid metabolism in juvenile yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:85-93. [PMID: 29139118 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the mechanism by which di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) exposure influences lipid metabolism of juvenile yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco. Fish were exposed to three DEHP concentrations (0, 0·1 and 0·5 mg l-1 DEHP) for 8 weeks. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity significantly decreased with increasing DEHP concentrations, the highest value was in the Tween control group, whereas the lowest activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were in this group. The messenger (m)RNA levels of 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), FAS and acetyl-CoA carboxylase a (ACCa) significantly increased with increasing DEHP concentration, the highest values were in the 0·5 mg l-1 DEHP group. The mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was lower in Tween control than in fish exposed to 0·1 and 0·5 mg l-1 DEHP. The highest mRNA level of ACCb was in the 0·1 mg l-1 DEHP group. These results indicate that DEHP exposure can disturb lipid metabolism at the enzymatic and mRNA levels in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Meng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - M Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - M Z Song
- College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - L X Yuan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Y F Gong
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Y X Qian
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - G Shi
- College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - R X Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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13
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Gust KA, Stanley JK, Wilbanks MS, Mayo ML, Chappell P, Jordan SM, Moores LC, Kennedy AJ, Barker ND. The increased toxicity of UV-degraded nitroguanidine and IMX-101 to zebrafish larvae: Evidence implicating oxidative stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 190:228-245. [PMID: 28763742 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insensitive munitions (IMs) improve soldier safety by decreasing sympathetic detonation during training and use in theatre. IMs are being increasingly deployed, although the environmental effects of IM constituents such as nitroguanidine (NQ) and IM mixture formulations such as IMX-101 remain largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the acute (96h) toxicity of NQ and IMX-101 to zebrafish larvae (21d post-fertilization), both in the parent materials and after the materials had been irradiated with environmentally-relevant levels of ultraviolet (UV) light. The UV-treatment increased the toxicity of NQ by 17-fold (LC50 decreased from 1323mg/L to 77.2mg/L). Similarly, UV-treatment increased the toxicity of IMX-101 by nearly two fold (LC50 decreased from 131.3 to 67.6mg/L). To gain insight into the cause(s) of the observed UV-enhanced toxicity of the IMs, comparative molecular responses to parent and UV-treated IMs were assessed using microarray-based global transcript expression assays. Both gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and differential transcript expression analysis coupled with pathway and annotation cluster enrichment were conducted to provide functional interpretations of expression results and hypothetical modes of toxicity. The parent NQ exposure caused significant enrichment of functions related to immune responses and proteasome-mediated protein metabolism occurring primarily at low, sublethal exposure levels (5.5 and 45.6mg/L). Enriched functions in the IMX-101 exposure were indicative of increased xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress mitigation, protein degradation, and anti-inflammatory responses, each of which displayed predominantly positive concentration-response relationships. UV-treated NQ had a fundamentally different transcriptomic expression profile relative to parent NQ causing positive concentration-response relationships for genes involved in oxidative-stress mitigation pathways and inhibited expression of multiple cadherins that facilitate zebrafish neurological and retinal development. Transcriptomic profiles were similar between UV-treated versus parent IMX-101 exposures. However, more significant and diverse enrichment as well as greater magnitudes of differential expression for oxidative stress responses were observed in UV-treated IMX-101 exposures. Further, transcriptomics indicated potential for cytokine signaling suppression providing potential connections between oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory responses. Given the overall results, we hypothesize that the increased toxicity of UV-irradiated NQ and the IMX-101 mixture result from breakdown products with elevated potential to elicit oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA.
| | - Jacob K Stanley
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA; Stanley Environmental Consulting, Waynesboro, MS 39367, USA
| | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Michael L Mayo
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | | | - Shinita M Jordan
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Lee C Moores
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
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14
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Far-Forward Diagnostics in Toxic Industrial Chemical and Material Exposure Scenarios and Biomarker Identification. J Occup Environ Med 2017; 59:e204-e208. [PMID: 28692011 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
: This study describes key technical solutions for detecting environmental toxicants and diagnosing adverse health effects in military operational settings as outlined at a symposium cosponsored by the Department of Defense and the Johns Hopkins University-Applied Physics Laboratory (October 27 to 28, 2015). Such technologies are urgently needed in order to provide critical decision-aid tools and prognostic assessment of potential clinical sequelae. This review summarizes the state-of-the-science on (1) prioritization of adverse health effects, (2) existing technologies and diagnostic tools available for use in theater, (3) challenges to advancing diagnostic tools far-forward, and (4) the potential utility of anchoring diagnostic tools to adverse outcome pathways. Emerging technologies are increasingly available for physiological, environmental, and individual exposure monitoring. Challenges to overcome in austere environments include cold chain requirements and determination of adequate sampling intervals.
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15
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Gust KA, Collier ZA, Mayo ML, Stanley JK, Gong P, Chappell MA. Limitations of toxicity characterization in life cycle assessment: Can adverse outcome pathways provide a new foundation? INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 12:580-590. [PMID: 26331849 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) has considerable merit for holistic evaluation of product planning, development, production, and disposal, with the inherent benefit of providing a forecast of potential health and environmental impacts. However, a technical review of current life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods revealed limitations within the biological effects assessment protocols, including: simplistic assessment approaches and models; an inability to integrate emerging types of toxicity data; a reliance on linear impact assessment models; a lack of methods to mitigate uncertainty; and no explicit consideration of effects in species of concern. The purpose of the current study is to demonstrate that a new concept in toxicological and regulatory assessment, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP), has many useful attributes of potential use to ameliorate many of these problems, to expand data utility and model robustness, and to enable more accurate and defensible biological effects assessments within LCIA. Background, context, and examples have been provided to demonstrate these potential benefits. We additionally propose that these benefits can be most effectively realized through development of quantitative AOPs (qAOPs) crafted to meet the needs of the LCIA framework. As a means to stimulate qAOP research and development in support of LCIA, we propose 3 conceptual classes of qAOP, each with unique inherent attributes for supporting LCIA: 1) mechanistic, including computational toxicology models; 2) probabilistic, including Bayesian networks and supervised machine learning models; and 3) weight of evidence, including models built using decision-analytic methods. Overall, we have highlighted a number of potential applications of qAOPs that can refine and add value to LCIA. As the AOP concept and support framework matures, we see the potential for qAOPs to serve a foundational role for next-generation effects characterization within LCIA. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:580-590. Published 2015. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Zachary A Collier
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Michael L Mayo
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Jacob K Stanley
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Ping Gong
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Mark A Chappell
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
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16
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Gust KA, Nanduri B, Rawat A, Wilbanks MS, Ang CY, Johnson DR, Pendarvis K, Chen X, Quinn MJ, Johnson MS, Burgess SC, Perkins EJ. Systems toxicology identifies mechanistic impacts of 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT) exposure in Northern Bobwhite. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:587. [PMID: 26251320 PMCID: PMC4545821 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A systems toxicology investigation comparing and integrating transcriptomic and proteomic results was conducted to develop holistic effects characterizations for the wildlife bird model, Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) dosed with the explosives degradation product 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2A-DNT). A subchronic 60d toxicology bioassay was leveraged where both sexes were dosed via daily gavage with 0, 3, 14, or 30 mg/kg-d 2A-DNT. Effects on global transcript expression were investigated in liver and kidney tissue using custom microarrays for C. virginianus in both sexes at all doses, while effects on proteome expression were investigated in liver for both sexes and kidney in males, at 30 mg/kg-d. Results As expected, transcript expression was not directly indicative of protein expression in response to 2A-DNT. However, a high degree of correspondence was observed among gene and protein expression when investigating higher-order functional responses including statistically enriched gene networks and canonical pathways, especially when connected to toxicological outcomes of 2A-DNT exposure. Analysis of networks statistically enriched for both transcripts and proteins demonstrated common responses including inhibition of programmed cell death and arrest of cell cycle in liver tissues at 2A-DNT doses that caused liver necrosis and death in females. Additionally, both transcript and protein expression in liver tissue was indicative of induced phase I and II xenobiotic metabolism potentially as a mechanism to detoxify and excrete 2A-DNT. Nuclear signaling assays, transcript expression and protein expression each implicated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) nuclear signaling as a primary molecular target in the 2A-DNT exposure with significant downstream enrichment of PPAR-regulated pathways including lipid metabolic pathways and gluconeogenesis suggesting impaired bioenergetic potential. Conclusion Although the differential expression of transcripts and proteins was largely unique, the consensus of functional pathways and gene networks enriched among transcriptomic and proteomic datasets provided the identification of many critical metabolic functions underlying 2A-DNT toxicity as well as impaired PPAR signaling, a key molecular initiating event known to be affected in di- and trinitrotoluene exposures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1798-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Gust
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, EL-EP-P, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Institute for Digital Biology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Arun Rawat
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Mitchell S Wilbanks
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, EL-EP-P, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Choo Yaw Ang
- Badger Technical Services, San Antonio, TX, 71286, USA.
| | | | - Ken Pendarvis
- University of Arizona, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. .,Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- IFXworks LLC, 2915 Columbia Pike, Arlington, VA, 22204, USA.
| | - Michael J Quinn
- US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA.
| | - Mark S Johnson
- US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, 21010, USA.
| | - Shane C Burgess
- University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Edward J Perkins
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, EL-EP-P, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
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Zhang Z, Guo M, Zhao S, Xu W, Shao J, Zhang F, Wu L, Lu Y, Zheng S. The update on transcriptional regulation of autophagy in normal and pathologic cells: A novel therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 74:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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