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Elefteriades JA, Ziganshin BA. Commentary: Fluoroquinolone guilt: The evidence mounts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 163:e235-e236. [PMID: 33234251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A Elefteriades
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
| | - Bulat A Ziganshin
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
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Regulation of SMC traction forces in human aortic thoracic aneurysms. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:717-731. [PMID: 33449277 PMCID: PMC7979631 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) usually express a contractile phenotype in the healthy aorta. However, aortic SMCs have the ability to undergo profound changes in phenotype in response to changes in their extracellular environment, as occurs in ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms (ATAA). Accordingly, there is a pressing need to quantify the mechanobiological effects of these changes at single cell level. To address this need, we applied Traction Force Microscopy (TFM) on 759 cells coming from three primary healthy (AoPrim) human SMC lineages and three primary aneurysmal (AnevPrim) human SMC lineages, from age and gender matched donors. We measured the basal traction forces applied by each of these cells onto compliant hydrogels of different stiffness (4, 8, 12, 25 kPa). Although the range of force generation by SMCs suggested some heterogeneity, we observed that: 1. the traction forces were significantly larger on substrates of larger stiffness; 2. traction forces in AnevPrim were significantly higher than in AoPrim cells. We modelled computationally the dynamic force generation process in SMCs using the motor-clutch model and found that it accounts well for the stiffness-dependent traction forces. The existence of larger traction forces in the AnevPrim SMCs were related to the larger size of cells in these lineages. We conclude that phenotype changes occurring in ATAA, which were previously known to reduce the expression of elongated and contractile SMCs (rendering SMCs less responsive to vasoactive agents), tend also to induce stronger SMCs. Future work aims at understanding the causes of this alteration process in aortic aneurysms.
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Meng J, Liu HL, Ma D, Wang HY, Peng Y, Wang HL. Upregulation of aurora kinase A promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by activating the GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in aortic-dissecting aneurysms. Life Sci 2020; 262:118491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chen Z, Boor PJ, Finnerty CC, Herndon DN, Albrecht T. Calpain-mediated cleavage of p53 in human cytomegalovirus-infected lung fibroblasts. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:151-166. [PMID: 32123827 PMCID: PMC6996331 DOI: 10.1096/fba.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous fragments of p53 protein were identified in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected human lung fibroblasts, particularly a 44-kDa N-terminal fragment [hereafter referred to as p53(ΔCp44)], generated via calpain cleavage. The fragment abundance increased in a biphasic manner, peaking at 6-9 hours and 48 hours post infection. Treatment of LU cells with calpain inhibitors eliminated most detectable p53 fragments. In cell-free experiments, exogenous m-calpain cleavage generated p53(ΔCp44). Attempts to preserve p53 proteins by treating cells with the calpain inhibitor E64d for 6 hours before harvesting increased the sensitivity of p53 to calpain cleavage. p53 in mock-infected cell lysates was much more sensitive to cleavage and degradation by exogenous calpain than that in HCMV-infected cells. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 stabilized p53(ΔCp44), particularly in mock-infected cells. p53(ΔCp44) appeared to be tightly associated with a chromatin-rich fraction. The abundance of p53β was unchanged over a 96-h time course and very similar in mock- and HCMV-infected cells, making it unlikely that p53(ΔCp44) was p53β. The biological activities of this and other fragments lacking C-terminal sequences are unknown, but deserve further investigation, given the association of p53(ΔCp44) with the chromatin-rich (or buffer C insoluble) fraction in HCMV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Chen
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
| | - Paul J. Boor
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—GalvestonGalvestonTexas
| | - Celeste C. Finnerty
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—GalvestonGalvestonTexas
| | - David N. Herndon
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—GalvestonGalvestonTexas
| | - Thomas Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
- Infectious Disease and Toxicology Optical Imaging CoreUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexas
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Chen Z, Gu J, El Ayadi A, Oberhauser AF, Zhou J, Sousse LE, Finnerty CC, Herndon DN, Boor PJ. Effect of N-(2-aminoethyl) ethanolamine on hypertrophic scarring changes in vitro: Finding novel anti-fibrotic therapies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 362:9-19. [PMID: 30248415 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HS) limit movement, decrease quality of life, and remain a major impediment to rehabilitation from burns. However, no effective pharmacologic therapies for HS exist. Here we tested the in vitro anti-fibrotic effects of the novel chemical N-(2-aminoethyl) ethanolamine (AEEA) at non-toxic concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy showed that AEEA markedly altered the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by primary dermal fibroblasts isolated from a HS of a burn patient (HTS). Compression atomic force microscopy revealed that AEEA stiffened the 3D nanostructure of ECM formed by HTS fibroblasts. Western blot analysis in three separate types of primary human dermal fibroblasts (including HTS) showed that AEEA exposure increased the extractability of type I collagen in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, while not increasing collagen synthesis. A comparison of the electrophoretic behavior of the same set of samples under native and denaturing conditions suggested that AEEA alters the 3D structure of type I collagen. The antagonization effect of AEEA to TGF-β1 on ECM formation was also observed. Furthermore, analyses of the anti-fibrotic effects of analogs of AEEA (with modified pharmacophores) suggest the existence of a chemical structure-activity relationship. Thus, AEEA and its analogs may inhibit HS development; further study and optimization of analogs may be a promising strategy for the discovery for effective HS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jianhua Gu
- AFM/SEM Core Facility, The Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amina El Ayadi
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Andres F Oberhauser
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Linda E Sousse
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Celeste C Finnerty
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - David N Herndon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Paul J Boor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
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