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Hussain T, Metwally E, Murtaza G, Kalhoro DH, Chughtai MI, Tan B, Omur AD, Tunio SA, Akbar MS, Kalhoro MS. Redox mechanisms of environmental toxicants on male reproductive function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1333845. [PMID: 38469179 PMCID: PMC10925774 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1333845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans and wildlife, including domesticated animals, are exposed to a myriad of environmental contaminants that are derived from various human activities, including agricultural, household, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial products. Excessive exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, and phthalates consequently causes the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. The equilibrium between reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant system is preserved to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. Mitochondria play a key role in cellular function and cell survival. Mitochondria are vulnerable to damage that can be provoked by environmental exposures. Once the mitochondrial metabolism is damaged, it interferes with energy metabolism and eventually causes the overproduction of free radicals. Furthermore, it also perceives inflammation signals to generate an inflammatory response, which is involved in pathophysiological mechanisms. A depleted antioxidant system provokes oxidative stress that triggers inflammation and regulates epigenetic function and apoptotic events. Apart from that, these chemicals influence steroidogenesis, deteriorate sperm quality, and damage male reproductive organs. It is strongly believed that redox signaling molecules are the key regulators that mediate reproductive toxicity. This review article aims to spotlight the redox toxicology of environmental chemicals on male reproduction function and its fertility prognosis. Furthermore, we shed light on the influence of redox signaling and metabolism in modulating the response of environmental toxins to reproductive function. Additionally, we emphasize the supporting evidence from diverse cellular and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Hussain
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Animal Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Elsayed Metwally
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Dildar Hussain Kalhoro
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ismail Chughtai
- Animal Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ali Dogan Omur
- Department of Artificial Insemination, Faculty, Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Tunio
- Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Akbar
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Kalhoro
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Food and Agro-Industrial Research Centre, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
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Pan M, Li X, Xu G, Tian X, Li Y, Fang W. Tripartite Motif Protein Family in Central Nervous System Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01337-5. [PMID: 36988770 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) protein superfamily is a group of E3 ubiquitin ligases characterized by the conserved RING domain, the B-box domain, and the coiled-coil domain (RBCC). It is widely involved in various physiological and pathological processes, such as intracellular signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, oncogenesis, and innate immune response. Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are composed of encephalopathy and spinal cord diseases, which have a high disability and mortality rate. Patients are often unable to take care of themselves and their life quality can be seriously declined. Initially, the function research of TRIM proteins mainly focused on cancer. However, in recent years, accumulating attention is paid to the roles they play in CNS diseases. In this review, we integrate the reported roles of TRIM proteins in the pathological process of CNS diseases and related signaling pathways, hoping to provide theoretical bases for further research in treating CNS diseases targeting TRIM proteins. TRIM proteins participated in CNS diseases. TRIM protein family is characterized by a highly conserved RBCC domain, referring to the RING domain, the B-box domain, and the coiled-coil domain. Recent research has discovered the relations between TRIM proteins and various CNS diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 207, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Hydroxyurea affects in vitro porcine oocyte maturation through increased apoptosis and oxidative stress. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228272. [PMID: 33844009 PMCID: PMC8062957 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) is an FDA-approved drug used to treat a variety of diseases, especially malignancies, but is harmful to fertility. We used porcine oocytes as an experimental model to study the effect of HU during oocyte maturation. Exposure of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) to 20 µM (P<0.01) and 50 µM (P<0.001) HU reduced oocyte maturation. Exposure to 20 µM HU induced approximately 1.5- and 2-fold increases in Caspase-3 (P<0.001) and P53 (P<0.01) gene expression levels in cumulus cells, respectively, increased Caspase-3 (P<0.01) and P53 (P<0.001) protein expression levels in metaphase II (MII) oocytes and increased the percentage of apoptotic cumulus cells (P<0.001). In addition, HU decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δφm) (P<0.01 and P<0.001) and glutathione (GSH) levels (P<0.01 and P<0.001) of both cumulus cells and MII oocytes, while increasing their reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (P<0.001). Following parthenogenetic activation of embryos derived from MII oocytes, exposure to 20 µM HU significantly reduced total blastocyst cell numbers (P<0.001) and increased apoptosis of blastocyst cells (P<0.001). Moreover, HU exposure reduced the rate of development of two-celled, four- to eight-celled, blastocyst, and hatching stages after parthenogenetic activation (P<0.05). Our findings indicate that exposure to 20 µM HU caused significant oxidative stress and apoptosis of MII oocytes during maturation, which affected their developmental ability. These results provide valuable information for safety assessments of HU.
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Hansen JM, Jones DP, Harris C. The Redox Theory of Development. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:715-740. [PMID: 31891515 PMCID: PMC7047088 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The geological record shows that as atmospheric O2 levels increased, it concomitantly coincided with the evolution of metazoans. More complex, higher organisms contain a more cysteine-rich proteome, potentially as a means to regulate homeostatic responses in a more O2-rich environment. Regulation of redox-sensitive processes to control development is likely to be evolutionarily conserved. Recent Advances: During early embryonic development, the conceptus is exposed to varying levels of O2. Oxygen and redox-sensitive elements can be regulated to promote normal development, defined as changes to cellular mass, morphology, biochemistry, and function, suggesting that O2 is a developmental morphogen. During periods of O2 fluctuation, embryos are "reprogrammed," on the genomic and metabolic levels. Reprogramming imparts changes to particular redox couples (nodes) that would support specific post-translational modifications (PTMs), targeting the cysteine proteome to regulate protein function and development. Critical Issues: Major developmental events such as stem cell expansion, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell fate decisions are controlled through oxidative PTMs of cysteine-based redox nodes. As such, timely coordinated redox regulation of these events yields normal developmental outcomes and viable species reproduction. Disruption of normal redox signaling can produce adverse developmental outcomes. Future Directions: Furthering our understanding of the redox-sensitive processes/pathways, the nature of the regulatory PTMs involved in development and periods of activation/sensitivity to specific developmental pathways would greatly support the theory of redox regulation of development, and would also provide rationale and direction to more fully comprehend poor developmental outcomes, such as dysmorphogenesis, functional deficits, and preterm embryonic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Hansen
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig Harris
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hua R, Zhou L, Zhang H, Yang H, Peng W, Wu K. Studying the variations in differently expressed serum proteins of Hainan black goat during the breeding cycle using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology. J Reprod Dev 2019; 65:413-421. [PMID: 31308307 PMCID: PMC6815738 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2018-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hainan black goat is a high-quality local goat breed in Hainan Province of China. It is resistant to high temperatures, humidity, and disease. Although the meat of this breed is tender
and delicious, its reproductive performance and milk yield are low. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology was used to analyze the
differentially expressed proteins in the serum of female Hainan black goats during the reproductive cycle (empty pregnant, estrus, gestation, and lactation). The pathway enrichment analysis
results showed that most of the differentially expressed proteins between each period belonged to the complement and coagulation cascades. Analysis of the differential protein expression and
function revealed seven proteins that were directly associated with reproduction, namely pre-SAA21, ANTXR2, vWF, SFRP3, β4GalT1, pre-IGFBP2 and Ran. This study revealed the changing patterns
of differentially expressed proteins in the reproductive cycle of the Hainan black goat. pre-SAA21, ANTXR2, vWF, SFRP3, β4GalT1, pre-IGFBP2, and Ran were identified as candidate proteins for
mediating the physiological state of Hainan black goats and regulating their fertility. This study elucidated the changes in expression levels of differentially expressed proteins during the
reproductive cycle of Hainan black goats and also provides details about its breeding pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hua
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
| | - Kebang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, People's Republic of China
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El Husseini N, Hales BF. The Roles of P53 and Its Family Proteins, P63 and P73, in the DNA Damage Stress Response in Organogenesis-Stage Mouse Embryos. Toxicol Sci 2019; 162:439-449. [PMID: 29228353 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the P53 transcription factor family, P53, P63, and P73, play important roles in normal development and in regulating the expression of genes that control apoptosis and cell cycle progression in response to genotoxic stress. P53 is involved in the DNA damage response pathway that is activated by hydroxyurea in organogenesis-stage murine embryos. The extent to which P63 and P73 contribute to this stress response is not known. To address this question, we examined the roles of P53, P63, and P73 in mediating the response of Trp53-positive and Trp53-deficient murine embryos to a single dose of hydroxyurea (400 mg/kg) on gestational day 9. Hydroxyurea treatment downregulated the expression of Trp63 and upregulated Trp73 in the absence of effects on the levels of Trp53 transcripts; Trp73 upregulation was P53-dependent. At the protein level, hydroxyurea treatment increased the levels and phosphorylation of P53 in the absence of effects on P63 and P73. Upregulation of the expression of genes that regulate cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, Cdkn1a, Rb1, Fas, Trp53inp1, and Pmaip1, was P53-dependent in hydroxyurea-treated embryos. The increase in cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved mammalian sterile-20-like-1 kinase levels induced by hydroxyurea was also P53-dependent; in contrast, the increase in phosphorylated H2AX, a marker of DNA double-strand breaks, in response to hydroxyurea treatment was only partially P53-dependent. Together, our data show that P53 is the principal P53 family member that is activated in the embryonic DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazem El Husseini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Rodríguez-Vázquez L, Martí J. An Animal Model for Assessing the Effects of Hydroxyurea Exposure Suggests That the Administration of This Agent to Pregnant Women and Young Infants May Not Be as Safe as We Thought. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3986. [PMID: 30544930 PMCID: PMC6320814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytostatic agent hydroxyurea (HU) has proven to be beneficial for a variety of conditions in the disciplines of oncology, hematology, infectious disease and dermatology. It disrupts the S phase of the cell cycle by inhibiting the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme, thus blocking the transformation of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides, a rate limiting step in DNA synthesis. HU is listed as an essential medicine by the World Health Organization. Several studies have indicated that HU is well tolerated and safe in pregnant women and very young pediatric patients. To our knowledge, only a few controlled studies on the adverse effects of HU therapy have been done in humans. Despite this, the prevalence of central nervous system abnormalities, including ischemic lesions and stenosis have been reported. This review will summarize and present the effects of HU exposure on the prenatal and perinatal development of the rat cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei neurons. Our results call for the necessity to better understand HU effects and define the administration of this drug to gestating women and young pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Rodríguez-Vázquez
- Unidad de Citología e Histología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Martí
- Unidad de Citología e Histología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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El Husseini N, Hales BF. Hydroxyurea embryotoxicity is enhanced in P53-deficient mice. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:28-33. [PMID: 29940331 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyurea, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, is a potent teratogen in mice, causing severe limb and skeletal defects. The exposure of gestation day nine murine embryos to hydroxyurea elicits an early embryonic stress response that involves activation of the P53 transcription factor. The impact of this P53 activation on the embryotoxicity of hydroxyurea- is not known. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that P53 acts to suppress hydroxyurea embryotoxicity. Trp53+/- timed pregnant mice were treated with saline or hydroxyurea (200 or 400 mg/kg) on gestation day nine; fetuses were examined for viability and external and skeletal malformations on gestation day eighteen. Neither the deletion of Trp53 nor hydroxyurea treatment significantly affected fetal growth although a trend towards a decrease in fetal weights was observed in Trp53-/- fetuses. However, hydroxyurea induced a significantly higher incidence of malformations and resorptions in Trp53-/- fetuses compared to their wildtype littermates. Thus, fetal P53 genotype is an important determinant of the effects of hydroxyurea on organogenesis-stage embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazem El Husseini
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Zhang ZB, Xiong LL, Lu BT, Zhang HX, Zhang P, Wang TH. Suppression of Trim32 Enhances Motor Function Repair after Traumatic Brain Injury Associated with Antiapoptosis. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1276-1285. [PMID: 28933219 PMCID: PMC5657740 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717716510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of Trim32 in traumatic brain injury (TBI), adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and mice were randomly divided into sham (n = 6) and TBI groups ( n = 24), respectively. Then, mice were assigned into Trim32 knockout mice (Trim32-KO [+/-]) and wild-type (WT) littermates. The TBI model used was the Feeney free-falling model, and neurological function was evaluated after TBI using a neurological severity score (NSS). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to investigate the expression of Trim32 in the damaged cortex. Cell apoptosis in the cortex was detected by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Moreover, Trim32-KO (+/-) mice were used to determine the effect of Trim in neurological repair after TBI. Results showed the NSS scores in TBI rats were significantly increased from day 1 to day 11 postoperation, compared with the sham group. Trim32 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the cortex was significantly increased at 7 d after TBI, while the level of Tnr and cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide 5A mRNA didn't exhibit significant changes. In addition, Western blot was used to detect the level of Trim32 protein in the cortex. Trim32 expression was significantly increased at 7 d after TBI, and immunoreactive Trim32-positive cells were mainly neurons. Moreover, Trim32-KO (+/-) mice with TBI had lower NSS scores than those in the WT group from day 1 to day 11 postoperation. Meanwhile, Trim32-KO (+/-) mice had a decreased number of TUNEL-positive cells compared with the control group at 3 d postoperation. Protein 73 (p73) decreased at 7 d postoperation in Trim32-KO (+/-) mice with TBI, when compared with WT mice with TBI. Our study is the first to confirm that suppression of Trim32 promotes the recovery of neurological function after TBI and to demonstrate that the underlying mechanism is associated with antiapoptosis, which may be associated with p73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bin Zhang
- 1 Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- 1 Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin-Tuan Lu
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui-Xiang Zhang
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Piao Zhang
- 2 Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- 1 Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,2 Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Gray JP, Suhali-Amacher N, Ray SD. Metals and Metal Antagonists. SIDE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ANNUAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.seda.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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