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Establishment of a developmental toxicity assay based on human iPSC reporter to detect FGF signal disruption. iScience 2022; 25:103770. [PMID: 35146387 PMCID: PMC8819105 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of man-made chemicals has increased exponentially recently, and exposure to some of them can induce fetal malformations. Because complex and precisely programmed signaling pathways play important roles in developmental processes, their disruption by external chemicals often triggers developmental toxicity. However, highly accurate and high-throughput screening assays for potential developmental toxicants are currently lacking. In this study, we propose a reporter assay that utilizes human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to detect changes in fibroblast growth factor signaling, which is essential for limb morphogenesis. The dynamics of this signaling after exposure to a chemical were integrated to estimate the degree of signaling disruption, which afforded a good prediction of the capacity of chemicals listed in the ECVAM International Validation Study that induce limb malformations. This study presents an initial report of a human iPSC-based signaling disruption assay, which could be useful for the screening of potential developmental toxicants. Human iPSC-based FGF signal disruption reporter system was established FGF signal disruption was a good indicator of limb malformation-related toxicants Integration of dynamic FGF signal disruption results improved assay performance
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Kanno S, Okubo Y, Kageyama T, Yan L, Fukuda J. Integrated fibroblast growth factor signal disruptions in human iPS cells for prediction of teratogenic toxicity of chemicals. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:291-299. [PMID: 35034848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The number of man-made chemicals has increased rapidly in recent decades, with certain chemicals potentially causing malformations in fetuses. Although the toxicities of chemicals have been tested in animals, chemicals that are not teratogenic in rodents can cause severe malformations in humans, owing to the differences in the susceptibility to the teratogenicity of chemicals among species. One possible cause of such species differences, other than pharmacokinetics, could be the difference in sensitivity to such chemicals at the cellular level. Therefore, a human cell-based high-throughput assay system is needed for detecting potential teratogenic chemicals. In this study, we proposed a signal reporter assay using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Because developmental processes are governed by highly intricate and precisely programmed signaling pathways, external chemical-induced disruption of these pathways often triggers developmental toxicities. The reporter assay using hiPSCs was used to detect changes in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway, a pathway essential for limb morphogenesis. The method was based on monitoring and time-accumulation of the signal disruption over time, rather than the classical endpoint detection of the signal disruption. This approach was useful for detecting signal disruptions caused by the malformation chemicals listed in the ICH S5 guideline, including thalidomide. The human iPSC-based signal disruption assay could be a promising tool for the initial screening of developmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Kanno
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; TechnoPro, Inc., 6-10-1 Roppongi, Minato City, Tokyo 106-6135, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okubo
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Toxicology, Center for Biological Safety & Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tono-machi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tatsuto Kageyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu Ward, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Lei Yan
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu Ward, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan.
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Mennen RH, Oldenburger MM, Piersma AH. Endoderm and mesoderm derivatives in embryonic stem cell differentiation and their use in developmental toxicity testing. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 107:44-59. [PMID: 34861400 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell differentiation models have increasingly been applied in non-animal test systems for developmental toxicity. After the initial focus on cardiac differentiation, attention has also included an array of neuro-ectodermal differentiation routes. Alternative differentiation routes in the mesodermal and endodermal germ lines have received less attention. This review provides an inventory of achievements in the latter areas of embryonic stem cell differentiation, with a view to possibilities for their use in non-animal test systems in developmental toxicology. This includes murine and human stem cell differentiation models, and also gains information from the field of stem cell use in regenerative medicine. Endodermal stem cell derivatives produced in vitro include hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, lung epithelium, and intestinal epithelium, and mesodermal derivatives include cardiac muscle, osteogenic, vascular and hemopoietic cells. This inventory provides an overview of studies on the different cell types together with biomarkers and culture conditions that stimulate these differentiation routes from embryonic stem cells. These models may be used to expand the spectrum of embryonic stem cell based new approach methodologies in non-animal developmental toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Mennen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - A H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Zang R, Xin X, Zhang F, Li D, Yang ST. An engineered mouse embryonic stem cell model with survivin as a molecular marker and EGFP as the reporter for high throughput screening of embryotoxic chemicals in vitro. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1656-1668. [PMID: 30934112 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell test (EST) is the only generally accepted in vitro method for assessing embryotoxicity without animal sacrifice. However, the implementation and application of EST for regulatory embryotoxicity screening are impeded by its technical complexity, long testing period, and limited endpoint data. In this study, a high throughput embryotoxicity screening based on mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) driven by a human survivin promoter and a human cytomegalovirus promoter, respectively, was developed. These EGFP expressing mESCs were cultured in three-dimensional (3D) fibrous scaffolds in microbioreactors on a multiwell plate with EGFP fluorescence signals as cell responses to chemicals monitored noninvasively in a high throughput manner. Nine chemicals with known developmental toxicity were used to validate the survivin-based embryotoxicity assay, which showed that strongly embryotoxic compounds such as 5-fluorouracil, retinoic acid, and methotrexate downregulated survivin expression by more than 50% in 3 days, while weakly embryotoxic compounds such as boric acid, methoxyacetic acid, and tetracyclin showed modest downregulation effect and nonembryotoxic saccharin, penicillin G, and acrylamide had negligible downregulation effect on survivin expression, confirming that survivin can be used as a molecular endpoint for high throughput screening of embryotoxicants. The potential developmental toxicity of three Chinese herbal medicines were also evaluated using this assay, demonstrating its application in in vitro developmental toxicity test for drug safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xin Xin
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Fengli Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ding Li
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio
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Saito K, Suzuki N, Kobayashi K. [Development of alternatives to animal experiments using pluripotent stem cells]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 151:62-68. [PMID: 29415927 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.151.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal experiments have occupied an important position in the safety assessment of chemicals. However, due to the rise in animal welfare as seen in the ban of animal experiments in European cosmetic development, the development of alternative methods for animal experiments has become very important in recent years. Development of in vitro tests for local toxicity such as irritation and sensitization tests is preceded. Meanwhile, alternative tests for systemic toxicity such as chronic and developmental toxicities are under development. In developing alternative methods using cultured cells, we have been focusing on pluripotent stem cells such as ES and iPS cells and studying alternatives to developmental toxicity and neurotoxicity. As an alternative test of developmental toxicity, we developed the Hand 1-Luc EST, which is a simple test utilizing cardiomyocyte differentiation process of mouse ES cells, and Tubb 3- and Reln-Luc ESTs using nerve differentiation process. Recently, it was clarified that the combination of the Hand 1-Luc EST and the Tubb 3- and Reln-Luc ESTs improves the prediction of the developmental toxicity. In the study of in vitro neurotoxicity test using neurons derived from mouse ES cells, evaluation methods for neurite outgrowth using high-content imaging technology and for neural function using multi-electrode arrays were developed. In addition, we introduce differentiation methods for retinal tissues from human ES/iPS cells, which are the results as the collaboration with RIKEN and the present state of an in vitro phototoxicity test using retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) derived from human ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Saito
- Advanced Materials Development Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Kumiko Kobayashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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