1
|
Desert R, Ge X, Song Z, Han H, Lantvit D, Chen W, Das S, Athavale D, Abraham-Enachescu I, Blajszczak C, Chen Y, Musso O, Guzman G, Hoshida Y, Nieto N. Role of Hepatocyte-Derived Osteopontin in Liver Carcinogenesis. Hepatol Commun 2021; 6:692-709. [PMID: 34730871 PMCID: PMC8948552 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) expression correlates with tumor progression in many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, its role in the onset of HCC remains unclear. We hypothesized that increased hepatocyte‐derived OPN is a driver of hepatocarcinogenesis. Analysis of a tissue microarray of 366 human samples revealed a continuous increase in OPN expression during hepatocarcinogenesis. In patients with cirrhosis, a transcriptome‐based OPN correlation network was associated with HCC incidence along 10 years of follow‐up, together with messenger RNA (mRNA) signatures of carcinogenesis. After diethylnitrosamine (DEN) injection, mice with conditional overexpression of Opn in hepatocytes (OpnHep transgenic [Tg]) showed increased tumor burden. Surprisingly, mice with conditional ablation of Opn in hepatocytes (OpnΔHep) expressed a similar phenotype. The acute response to DEN was reduced in OpnΔHep, which also showed more cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSCs, CD44+AFP+) at 5 months. CSCs from OpnHep Tg mice expressed several mRNA signatures known to promote carcinogenesis, and mRNA signatures from OpnHep Tg mice were associated with poor outcome in human HCC patients. Treatment with rOPN had little effect on CSCs, and their progression to HCC was similar in Opn−/− compared with wild‐type mice. Finally, ablation of Cd44, an OPN receptor, did not reduce tumor burden in Cd44−/−OpnHep Tg mice. Conclusions: Hepatocyte‐derived OPN acts as a tumor suppressor at physiological levels by controlling the acute response to DEN and the presence of CSCs, while induction of OPN is pro‐tumorigenic. This is primarily due to intracellular events rather that by the secretion of the protein and receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Desert
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Lantvit
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dipti Athavale
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ioana Abraham-Enachescu
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuck Blajszczak
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Orlando Musso
- INSERM, University of Rennes, INRA, Institut NuMeCAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), Rennes, France
| | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Desaulniers D, Vasseur P, Jacobs A, Aguila MC, Ertych N, Jacobs MN. Integration of Epigenetic Mechanisms into Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenicity Hazard Assessment: Focus on DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10969. [PMID: 34681626 PMCID: PMC8535778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics involves a series of mechanisms that entail histone and DNA covalent modifications and non-coding RNAs, and that collectively contribute to programing cell functions and differentiation. Epigenetic anomalies and DNA mutations are co-drivers of cellular dysfunctions, including carcinogenesis. Alterations of the epigenetic system occur in cancers whether the initial carcinogenic events are from genotoxic (GTxC) or non-genotoxic (NGTxC) carcinogens. NGTxC are not inherently DNA reactive, they do not have a unifying mode of action and as yet there are no regulatory test guidelines addressing mechanisms of NGTxC. To fil this gap, the Test Guideline Programme of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development is developing a framework for an integrated approach for the testing and assessment (IATA) of NGTxC and is considering assays that address key events of cancer hallmarks. Here, with the intent of better understanding the applicability of epigenetic assays in chemical carcinogenicity assessment, we focus on DNA methylation and histone modifications and review: (1) epigenetic mechanisms contributing to carcinogenesis, (2) epigenetic mechanisms altered following exposure to arsenic, nickel, or phenobarbital in order to identify common carcinogen-specific mechanisms, (3) characteristics of a series of epigenetic assay types, and (4) epigenetic assay validation needs in the context of chemical hazard assessment. As a key component of numerous NGTxC mechanisms of action, epigenetic assays included in IATA assay combinations can contribute to improved chemical carcinogen identification for the better protection of public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Desaulniers
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Hazard Identification Division, Health Canada, AL:2203B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Paule Vasseur
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France;
| | - Abigail Jacobs
- Independent at the Time of Publication, Previously US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - M. Cecilia Aguila
- Toxicology Team, Division of Human Food Safety, Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Norman Ertych
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Miriam N. Jacobs
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ringh MV, Hagemann-Jensen M, Needhamsen M, Kullberg S, Wahlström J, Grunewald J, Brynedal B, Jagodic M, Ekström TJ, Öckinger J, Kular L. Methylome and transcriptome signature of bronchoalveolar cells from multiple sclerosis patients in relation to smoking. Mult Scler 2020; 27:1014-1026. [PMID: 32729352 PMCID: PMC8145441 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520943768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite compelling evidence that cigarette smoking impacts the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), little is known about smoking-associated changes in the primary exposed lung cells of patients. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine molecular changes occurring in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from MS patients in relation to smoking and in comparison to healthy controls (HCs). METHODS We profiled DNA methylation in BAL cells from female MS (n = 17) and HC (n = 22) individuals, using Illumina Infinium EPIC and performed RNA-sequencing in non-smokers. RESULTS The most prominent changes were found in relation to smoking, with 1376 CpG sites (adjusted P < 0.05) differing between MS smokers and non-smokers. Approximately 30% of the affected genes overlapped with smoking-associated changes in HC, leading to a strong common smoking signature in both MS and HC after gene ontology analysis. Smoking in MS patients resulted in additional discrete changes related to neuronal processes. Methylome and transcriptome analyses in non-smokers suggest that BAL cells from MS patients display very subtle (not reaching adjusted P < 0.05) but concordant changes in genes connected to reduced transcriptional/translational processes and enhanced cellular motility. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insights into the impact of smoking on lung inflammation and immunopathogenesis of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael V Ringh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Hagemann-Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Needhamsen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kullberg
- Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Theme Inflammation and Infection, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Wahlström
- Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boel Brynedal
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas J Ekström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Öckinger
- Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lara Kular
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ito Y, Nakajima K, Masubuchi Y, Kikuchi S, Okano H, Saito F, Akahori Y, Jin M, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain-containing protein 4 (Ldlrad4) in the liver of rats treated with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen to induce transforming growth factor β signaling promoting cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis in early hepatocarcinogenesis. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1467-1479. [PMID: 32596862 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We previously found downregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain-containing protein 4 (LDLRAD4), a negative regulator of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling, in glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) expressing (+ ) pre-neoplastic lesions produced by treatment with nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens for up to 90 days in rats. Here, we investigated the relationship between LDLRAD4 downregulation and TGFβ signaling in nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. The transcripts of Tgfb and Hb-egf increased after ≥28 days of treatment. After 84 or 90 days, Snai1 increased transcripts and the subpopulation of GST-P+ foci downregulating LDLRAD4 co-expressed TGFβ1, phosphorylated EGFR, or phosphorylated AKT2, and downregulated PTEN, showing higher incidences than those in GST-P+ foci expressing LDLRAD4. The subpopulation of GST-P+ foci downregulating LDLRAD4 also co-expressed caveolin-1 or TACE/ADAM17, suggesting that disruptive activation of TGFβ signaling through a loss of LDLRAD4 enhances EGFR and PTEN/AKT-dependent pathways via caveolin-1-dependent activation of TACE/ADAM17 during nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis. The numbers of c-MYC+ cells and PCNA+ cells were higher in LDLRAD4-downregulated GST-P+ foci than in LDLRAD4-expressing GST-P+ foci, suggesting a preferential proliferation of pre-neoplastic cells by LDLRAD4 downregulation. Nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens markedly downregulated Nox4 after 28 days and later decreased cleaved caspase 3+ cells in LDLRAD4-downregulated GST-P+ foci, suggesting an attenuation of apoptosis by LDLRAD4 downregulation through activation of the EGFR pathway. At the late hepatocarcinogenesis stage in a two-stage model, LDLRAD4 downregulation was higher in adenoma and carcinoma than in pre-neoplastic cell foci, suggesting a role of LDLRAD4 downregulation in tumor development. Our results suggest that nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens cause disruptive activation of TGFβ signaling through downregulating LDLRAD4 toward carcinogenesis in the rat liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kota Nakajima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasunori Masubuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satomi Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Okano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Saito
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yumi Akahori
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Technology Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Guan G, Zhang T, Wang L, Qi X, Zheng H, Chen CC, Liu J, Cao D, Lu F, Chen X. Compensatory upregulation of aldo-keto reductase 1B10 to protect hepatocytes against oxidative stress during hepatocarcinogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2730-2748. [PMID: 31911858 PMCID: PMC6943354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1B10 (AKR1B10), a member of aldo-keto reductase superfamily, contributes to detoxification of xenobiotics and metabolization of physiological substrates. Although increased expression of AKR1B10 was found in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the role of AKR1B10 in the development of HCC remains unclear. This study aims to illustrate the role of AKR1B10 in hepatocarcinogenesis based on its intrinsic oxidoreduction abilities. HCC cell lines with AKR1B10 overexpression or knockdown were treated with doxorubicin or hydrogen peroxide to determinate the influence of aberrant AKR1B10 expression on cells' response to oxidative stress. Using Akr1b8 (the ortholog of human AKR1B10) knockout mice, diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced liver injury, chronic inflammation and hepatocarcinogenesis were explored. Clinically, the pattern of serum AKR1B10 relevant to disease progression was investigated in a patient cohort with chronic hepatitis B (n=30), liver cirrhosis (n=30) and HCC (n=40). AKR1B10 expression in HCC tissues was analyzed using both the TCGA database (n=371) and our collected HCC samples (n=67). AKR1B10 overexpression reduced hepatocyte injury while AKR1B10 knockdown augmented reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and apoptotic cell death. Consistently, Akr1b8 deficiency in mice promoted DEN-induced hepatocyte damage and liver inflammation characterized by increased phospho-H2AX, serum alanine aminotransferase, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha level, myeloid cell infiltration and led to more severe hepatocarcinogenesis and metastasis compared with wild type mice due to significant alteration on detoxification and oxidoreduction. AKR1B10 was compensatory expressed and gradually upregulated in the process of liver disease progression in HCC and increased oxidative stress upregulated AKR1B10 through NRF2. Our results here suggested that through oxidoreduction and detoxification, AKR1B10 played an important role in protecting hepatocytes from damage induced by ROS. Deficiency of AKR1B10 might accelerate hepatotoxin and inflammation-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. AKR1B10 expression elevation in HCC could be a result of compensatory upregulation, rather than a driver of malignant transformation during the development of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Guiwen Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Leijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xuewei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Chia-Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine913 N, Rutledge Street, Springfield, IL 62794, USA
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Hepatology InstituteBeijing 100044, P. R. China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijing 100191, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ito Y, Nakajima K, Masubuchi Y, Kikuchi S, Saito F, Akahori Y, Jin M, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Differential responses on energy metabolic pathway reprogramming between genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens in rat liver cells. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:261-274. [PMID: 31719753 PMCID: PMC6831489 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify difference in the responses on the reprogramming of metabolism toward carcinogenesis between genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens in the liver, rats were repeatedly administered genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (N-nitrosodiethylamine, aflatoxin B1, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, or carbadox) or non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (carbon tetrachloride, thioacetamide, or methapyrilene hydrochloride) for 28, 84, or 90 days. Non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens revealed transcript expression changes suggestive of suppressed mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) after 28 days and increased glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive (GST-P+) foci downregulating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial precursor (ATPB), compared with genotoxic hepatocarcinogens after 84 or 90 days, suggesting that non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens are prone to suppress OXPHOS from the early stage of treatment, which is in contrast to genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Both genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens upregulated glycolytic enzyme genes and increased cellular membrane solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (GLUT1) expression in GST-P+ foci for up to 90 days, suggesting induction of a metabolic shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis at early hepatocarcinogenesis by hepatocarcinogens unrelated to genotoxic potential. Non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens increased c-MYC+ cells after 28 days and downregulated Tp53 after 84 or 90 days, suggesting a commitment to enhanced metabolic shift and cell proliferation. Genotoxic hepatocarcinogens also enhanced c-MYC activation-related metabolic shift until 84 or 90 days. In addition, both genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens upregulated glutaminolysis-related Slc1a5 or Gls, or both, after 28 days and induced liver cell foci immunoreactive for neutral amino acid transporter B(0) (SLC1A5) in the subpopulation of GST-P+ foci after 84 or 90 days, suggesting glutaminolysis-mediated facilitation of cell proliferation toward hepatocarcinogenesis. These results suggest differential responses between genotoxic and non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens on reprogramming of energy metabolic pathways toward carcinogenesis in liver cells from the early stage of hepatocarcinogen treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kota Nakajima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasunori Masubuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Satomi Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Saito
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1-4-25 Kouraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
| | - Yumi Akahori
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1-4-25 Kouraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Technology Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715, P.R. China
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| |
Collapse
|