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Kamakura M, Kosugi Y, Takanashi S, Matsuo N, Uemura A, Lion M. Temporal fluctuation of patchy stomatal closure in leaves of <i>Dipterocarpus sublamellatus</i> at upper canopy in Peninsular Malaysia over the last decade. TROPICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.ms21-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Kamakura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | | | - Satoru Takanashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kansai Research Center
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Spangenberg JE, Schweizer M, Zufferey V. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope variations in leaves of two grapevine cultivars (Chasselas and Pinot noir): Implications for ecophysiological studies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 163:45-54. [PMID: 33812226 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the within- and between-leaf variability in the carbon and nitrogen isotope composition (δ13C and δ15N) and total nitrogen (TN) content in two grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera cv. Chasselas and Pinot noir) field-grown under rain-fed conditions. The within-leaf variability was studied in discs sampled from base-to-tip and left and right regions from the margin to midrib. The intra- and interplant variability was studied by comparing leaves at different positions along the shoot (basal, median, apical). In leaves from both cultivars, a decrease in δ13C from base to tip was observed, which is in line with an upward gradient of stomatal density and chlorophyll concentration. Less important, but still significant differences were observed between the right and left discs. The leaf TN and δ15N values differed between cultivars, showed smaller variations than the δ13C values, and no systematic spatial trends. The intraleaf variations in δ13C, δ15N, and TN suggest that stomatal behavior, CO2 fixation, chlorophyll concentrations, and the chemical composition of leaf components were heterogeneous in the leaves. At the canopy scale, the apical leaves had less 13C and more 15N and TN than the basal leaves, indicating differences in their photosynthetic capacity and remobilizations from old, senescing leaves to younger leaves. Overall, this study demonstrates patchiness in the δ13C and δ15N values of grapevine leaves and species-specificity of the nitrogen assimilation and 15N fractionation. These findings suggest that care must be taken not to overinterpret foliar δ13C and δ15N values in studies based on fragmented material as markers of physiological and biochemical responses to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marc Schweizer
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vivian Zufferey
- Institute of Plant Production Sciences (IPV), Agroscope, CH-1009, Pully, Switzerland
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Sun Z, Song Y, Li Q, Cai J, Wang X, Zhou Q, Huang M, Jiang D. An Integrated Method for Tracking and Monitoring Stomata Dynamics from Microscope Videos. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9835961. [PMID: 34250505 PMCID: PMC8244544 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9835961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Patchy stomata are a common and characteristic phenomenon in plants. Understanding and studying the regulation mechanism of patchy stomata are of great significance to further supplement and improve the stomatal theory. Currently, the common methods for stomatal behavior observation are based on static images, which makes it difficult to reflect dynamic changes of stomata. With the rapid development of portable microscopes and computer vision algorithms, it brings new chances for stomatal movement observation. In this study, a stomatal behavior observation system (SBOS) was proposed for real-time observation and automatic analysis of each single stoma in wheat leaf using object tracking and semantic segmentation methods. The SBOS includes two modules: the real-time observation module and the automatic analysis module. The real-time observation module can shoot videos of stomatal dynamic changes. In the automatic analysis module, object tracking locates every single stoma accurately to obtain stomatal pictures arranged in time-series; semantic segmentation can precisely quantify the stomatal opening area (SOA), with a mean pixel accuracy (MPA) of 0.8305 and a mean intersection over union (MIoU) of 0.5590 in the testing set. Moreover, we designed a graphical user interface (GUI) so that researchers could use this automatic analysis module smoothly. To verify the performance of the SBOS, the dynamic changes of stomata were observed and analyzed under chilling. Finally, we analyzed the correlation between gas exchange and SOA under drought stress, and the correlation coefficients between mean SOA and net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) are 0.93, 0.96, 0.96, and 0.97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Sun
- Regional Technique Innovation Center for Wheat Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunlin Song
- Regional Technique Innovation Center for Wheat Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qing Li
- Regional Technique Innovation Center for Wheat Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Regional Technique Innovation Center for Wheat Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Regional Technique Innovation Center for Wheat Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Regional Technique Innovation Center for Wheat Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Regional Technique Innovation Center for Wheat Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Regional Technique Innovation Center for Wheat Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Kamakura M, Kosugi Y, Takanashi S, Uemura A, Utsugi H, Kassim AR. Occurrence of stomatal patchiness and its spatial scale in leaves from various sizes of trees distributed in a South-east Asian tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:61-70. [PMID: 25595752 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated the occurrence of stomatal patchiness and its spatial scale in leaves from various sizes of trees grown in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. To evaluate the patterns of stomatal behavior, we used three techniques simultaneously to analyze heterobaric or homobaric leaves from five tree species ranging from 0.6 to 31 m in height: (i) diurnal changes in chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, (ii) observation and simulation of leaf gas-exchange rates and (iii) a pressure-infiltration method. Measurements were performed in situ with 1000 or 500 μmol m(-2) s(-1) photosynthetic photon flux density. Diurnal patterns in the spatial distribution of photosynthetic electron transport rate (J) mapped from chlorophyll fluorescence images, a comparison of observed and simulated leaf gas-exchange rates, and the spatial distribution of stomatal apertures obtained from the acid-fuchsin-infiltrated area showed that patchy stomatal closure coupled with severe midday depression of photosynthesis occurred in Neobalanocarpus heimii (King) Ashton, a higher canopy tree with heterobaric leaves due to the higher leaf temperature and vapor pressure deficit. However, subcanopy or understory trees showed uniform stomatal behavior throughout the day, although they also have heterobaric leaves. These results suggest that the occurrence of stomatal patchiness is determined by tree size and/or environmental conditions. The analysis of spatial scale by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging showed that several adjacent anatomical patches (lamina areas bounded by bundle-sheath extensions within the lamina) may co-operate for the distributed patterns of J and stomatal apertures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Kamakura
- Laboratory of Forest Hydrology, Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Laboratory of Forest Hydrology, Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Akira Uemura
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Hajime Utsugi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Abd Rahman Kassim
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor 52109, Malaysia
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Ríos-Rojas L, Morales-Moraga D, Alcalde JA, Gurovich LA. Use of plant woody species electrical potential for irrigation scheduling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e976487. [PMID: 25826257 PMCID: PMC4623352 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.976487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The electrical response of plants to environmental stimuli can be measured and quantitatively related to the intensity of several stimulating sources, like temperature, solar radiation, soil water content, evapotranspiration rates, sap flow and dendrometric cycles. These relations can be used to assess the influence of different environmental situations on soil water availability to plants, defined as a steady state condition between leaf transpirative flow and soil water flow to plant roots. A restricted soil water flow due to soil dryness can trigger water stress in plants, if the atmospheric evaporative demand is high, causing partial stomata closure as a physiological response to avoid plant dehydration; water stressed and unstressed plants manifest a differential electrical response. Real time plant electrical response measurements can anticipate actions that prevent the plant reaching actual stress conditions, optimizing stomata gas exchange and photosynthetic rates. An electrophysiological sensor developed in this work, allows remote real-time recording information on plant electrical potential (EP) in the field, which is highly related to EP measurements obtained with a laboratory Keithley voltmeter sensor used in an highly controlled experimental setup. Our electrophysiological sensor is a wireless, autonomous devise, which transmits EP information via Internet to a data server. Using both types of sensors (EP electrodes with a Keithley voltmeter and the electrophysiological sensor), we measured in real time the electrical responses of Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants, to induced water deficits. The differential response for 2 scenarios: irrigation and water restriction is identified by a progressive change in slope on the daily maximal and minimal electric signal values in stressed plants, and a zero-slope for similar signals for well-watered plants. Results show a correspondence between measured signals obtained by our electrophysiological sensor and the EP electrodes connected to the Keithley voltmeter in each irrigation stage. Also, both sensors show a daily cyclical signal (circadian cycle).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José A Alcalde
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
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