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Zhang S, Wang G, Yu W, Wei L, Gao C, Li D, Guo L, Yang J, Jian S, Liu N. Multi-omics analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying the responses of Casuarina equisetifolia ssp. incana to seawater atomization and encroachment stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:854. [PMID: 39266948 PMCID: PMC11391710 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Casuarina equisetifolia trees are used as windbreaks in subtropical and tropical coastal zones, while C. equisetifolia windbreak forests can be degraded by seawater atomization (SA) and seawater encroachment (SE). To investigate the mechanisms underlying the response of C. equisetifolia to SA and SE stress, the transcriptome and metabolome of C. equisetifolia seedlings treated with control, SA, and SE treatments were analyzed. We identified 737, 3232, 3138, and 3899 differentially expressed genes (SA and SE for 2 and 24 h), and 46, 66, 62, and 65 differentially accumulated metabolites (SA and SE for 12 and 24 h). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that SA and SE stress significantly altered the expression of genes related to plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. The accumulation of metabolites associated with the biosynthetic pathways of phenylpropanoid and amino acids, as well as starch and sucrose metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis were significantly altered in C. equisetifolia subjected to SA and SE stress. In conclusion, C. equisetifolia responds to SA and SE stress by regulating plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid and amino acids, starch and sucrose metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. Compared with SA stress, C. equisetifolia had a stronger perception and response to SE stress, which required more genes and metabolites to be regulated. This study enhances our understandings of how C. equisetifolia responds to two types of seawater stresses at transcriptional and metabolic levels. It also offers a theoretical framework for effective coastal vegetation management in tropical and subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shike Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Guobing Wang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Long Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Coastal Shelterbelt Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Di Li
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shuguang Jian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Nan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Yang Q, Wang Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Huang J, Feng Y, Li Y, Jiang J, Zhang Y. Overexpression of a BR inactivating enzyme gene GhPAG1 impacts eggplant fruit development and anthocyanin accumulation mainly by altering hormone homeostasis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:112014. [PMID: 38309473 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) function importantly in plant growth and development, but the roles in regulating fruit development and anthocyanin pigmentation remain unclear. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important Solanaceae vegetable crop rich in anthocyanins. The fruit size and coloration are important agronomic traits for eggplant breeding. In this study, transgenic eggplant exhibiting endogenous BRs deficiency was created by overexpressing a heterologous BRs-inactivating enzyme gene GhPAG1 driven by CaMV 35 S promoter. 35 S::GhPAG1 eggplant exhibited severe dwarfism, reduced fruit size, and less anthocyanin accumulation. Microscopic observation showed that the cell size of 35 S::GhPAG1 eggplant was significantly reduced compared to WT. Furthermore, the levels of IAA, ME-IAA, and active JAs (JA, JA-ILE, and H2JA) all decreased in 35 S::GhPAG1 eggplant fruit. RNA-Seq analyses showed a decrease in the expression of genes involved in cell elongation, auxin signaling, and JA signaling. Besides, overexpression of GhPAG1 significantly downregulated anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and associated transcription regulators. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that endogenous brassinosteroid deficiency arising from GhPAG1 overexpression impacts eggplant fruit development and anthocyanin coloration mainly by altering hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Yang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of New Germplasm Creation and Utilization for Solanaceous Vegetable Crops, Zhumadian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuqiang Road 51, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Guilan Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yunxing Wang
- Henan Youmei Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Zhoukou 466100, China
| | - Jingyong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Youwei Feng
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of New Germplasm Creation and Utilization for Solanaceous Vegetable Crops, Zhumadian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuqiang Road 51, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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Zhu Y, Li L. Wood of trees: Cellular structure, molecular formation, and genetic engineering. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:443-467. [PMID: 38032010 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Wood is an invaluable asset to human society due to its renewable nature, making it suitable for both sustainable energy production and material manufacturing. Additionally, wood derived from forest trees plays a crucial role in sequestering a significant portion of the carbon dioxide fixed during photosynthesis by terrestrial plants. Nevertheless, with the expansion of the global population and ongoing industrialization, forest coverage has been substantially decreased, resulting in significant challenges for wood production and supply. Wood production practices have changed away from natural forests toward plantation forests. Thus, understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms of wood formation is the foundation for developing high-quality, fast-growing plantation trees. Breeding ideal forest trees for wood production using genetic technologies has attracted the interest of many. Tremendous studies have been carried out in recent years on the molecular, genetic, and cell-biological mechanisms of wood formation, and considerable progress and findings have been achieved. These studies and findings indicate enormous possibilities and prospects for tree improvement. This review will outline and assess the cellular and molecular mechanisms of wood formation, as well as studies on genetically improving forest trees, and address future development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems and College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Zhou X, Ma Y, Miao R, Li C, Liu Z, Zhang D, Chen S, Luo J, Tang W. Physiological responses and transcriptomic analysis of StCPD gene overexpression in potato under salt stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1297812. [PMID: 38434433 PMCID: PMC10906663 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1297812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), one of the most vital food crops worldwide, is sensitive to salinity. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are crucial in tolerance to various abiotic stresses. The constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarf (CPD) gene encodes C-3 oxidase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme that controls the synthesis of BRs. Methods In this study, we used StCPD gene overexpression (T) and un-transgenic (NT) plants obtained from our former research to illustrate adaptive resistance to salt stress at levels of phenotype; cell ultrastructure, physiology, and biochemistry; hormone; and transcription. Results Results showed the accumulation of 2,4-epibrassionolide (EBL) in T potatoes. We found that under high salt situations, the changed Na+/K+ transporter gene expression was linked with the prevalent ionic responses in T plants, which led to lower concentrations of K+ and higher concentrations of Na+ in leaves. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data elucidated that gene expressions in NT and T plants were significantly changed with 200-mM NaCl treatment for 24 h and 48 h, compared with the 0-h treatment. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to the regulation of BR-related gene expression, pigment metabolism process, light and action, and plant hormone signal transduction. Discussion These findings suggested that StCPD gene overexpression can alleviate the damage caused by salt stress and enhance the salt resistance of potato plantlets. Our study provides an essential reference for further research on BR regulation of plant molecular mechanisms in potatoes with stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Caijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sijin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Luo
- Qinzhou District Agricultural Technology Comprehensive Service Center in Tianshui City, Tianshui, China
| | - Wenhui Tang
- Zhuanglang Agricultural Technology Extension Center in Pingliang City, Pingliang, China
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Wang D, Hao X, Xu L, Zhao M, Wang C, Yu X, Kong Y, Lu M, Zhou G, Chai G, Tang X. Fine-tuning brassinosteroid biosynthesis via 3'UTR-dependent decay of CPD mRNA modulates wood formation in Populus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1852-1858. [PMID: 37203882 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that regulate wood formation in trees. Currently, little is known about the post-transcriptional regulation of BR synthesis. Here, we show that during wood formation, fine-tuning BR synthesis requires 3'UTR-dependent decay of Populus CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC DWARF 1 (PdCPD1). Overexpression of PdCPD1 or its 3' UTR fragment resulted in a significant increase of BR levels and inhibited secondary growth. In contrast, transgenic poplars repressing PdCPD1 3' UTR expression displayed moderate levels of BR and promoted wood formation. We show that the Populus GLYCINE-RICH RNA-BINDING PROTEIN 1 (PdGRP1) directly binds to a GU-rich element in 3' UTR of PdCPD1, leading to its mRNA decay. We thus provide a post-transcriptional mechanism underlying BRs synthesis during wood formation, which may be useful for genetic manipulation of wood biomass in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoning Hao
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengyan Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Congpeng Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xihao Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Guohua Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xianfeng Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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Lu H, Chen M, Fu M, Yan J, Su W, Zhan Y, Zeng F. Brassinosteroids affect wood development and properties of Fraxinus mandshurica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1167548. [PMID: 37546264 PMCID: PMC10400452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1167548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Xylem development plays a crucial role in wood formation in woody plants. In recent years, there has been growing attention towards the impact of brassinosteroids (BRs) on this xylem development. In the present study, we evaluated the dynamic variation of xylem development in Fraxinus mandshurica (female parent, M8) and a novel interspecific hybrid F. mandshurica × Fraxinus sogdiana (1601) from May to August 2020. Methods We obtained RNA-Seq transcriptomes of three tissue types (xylem, phloem, and leaf) to identify the differences in xylem-differentially expressed genes (X-DEGs) and xylem-specifically expressed genes (X-SEGs) in M8 and 1601 variants. We then further evaluated these genes via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) alongside overexpressing FmCPD, a BR biosynthesis enzyme gene, in transient transgenic F. mandshurica. Results Our results indicated that the xylem development cycle of 1601 was extended by 2 weeks compared to that of M8. In addition, during the later wood development stages (secondary wall thickening) of 1601, an increased cellulose content (14%) and a reduced lignin content (11%) was observed. Furthermore, vessel length and width increased by 67% and 37%, respectively, in 1601 compared with those of M8. A total of 4589 X-DEGs were identified, including enzymes related to phenylpropane metabolism, galactose metabolism, BR synthesis, and signal transduction pathways. WGCNA identified hub X-SEGs involved in cellulose synthesis and BR signaling in the 1601 wood formation-related module (CESA8, COR1, C3H14, and C3H15); in contrast, genes involved in phenylpropane metabolism were significantly enriched in the M8 wood formation-related module (CCoAOMT and CCR). Moreover, overexpression of FmCPD in transient transgenic F. mandshurica affected the expression of genes associated with lignin and cellulose biosynthesis signal transduction. Finally, BR content was determined to be approximately 20% lower in the M8 xylem than in the 1601 xylem, and the exogenous application of BRs (24-epi brassinolide) significantly increased the number of xylem cell layers and altered the composition of the secondary cell walls in F. mandshurica. Discussion Our findings suggest that BR biosynthesis and signaling play a critical role in the differing wood development and properties observed between M8 and 1601 F. mandshurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fansuo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Li G, Yao X, Chen Z, Tian X, Lu L. The Overexpression of Oryza sativa L. CYP85A1 Promotes Growth and Biomass Production in Transgenic Trees. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076480. [PMID: 37047459 PMCID: PMC10095185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important hormones that play crucial roles in plant growth, reproduction, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. CYP85A1 is a castasterone (CS) synthase that catalyzes C-6 oxidation of 6-deoxocastasterone (6-deoxoCS) to CS, after which CS is converted into brassinolide (BL) in a reaction catalyzed by CYP85A2. Here, we report the functional characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) OsCYP85A1. Constitutive expression of OsCYP85A1 driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter increased endogenous BR levels and significantly promoted growth and biomass production in three groups of transgenic Populus tomentosa lines. The plant height and stem diameter of the transgenic poplar plants were increased by 17.6% and 33.6%, respectively, in comparison with control plants. Simultaneously, we showed that expression of OsCYP85A1 enhanced xylem formation in transgenic poplar without affecting cell wall thickness or the composition of cellulose. Our findings suggest that OsCYP85A1 represents a potential target candidate gene for engineering fast-growing trees with improved wood production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Tea Sciences, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xinzhuan Yao
- College of Tea Sciences, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhouzhuoer Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Tea Sciences, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xingyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Tea Sciences, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Litang Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Tea Sciences, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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CRISPR-Based Genome Editing and Its Applications in Woody Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710175. [PMID: 36077571 PMCID: PMC9456532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technology provides straightforward, proficient, and multifunctional ways for the site-directed modification of organism genomes and genes. The application of CRISPR-based technology in plants has a vast potential value in gene function research, germplasm innovation, and genetic improvement. The complexity of woody plants genome may pose significant challenges in the application and expansion of various new editing techniques, such as Cas9, 12, 13, and 14 effectors, base editing, particularly for timberland species with a long life span, huge genome, and ploidy. Therefore, many novel optimisms have been drawn to molecular breeding research based on woody plants. This review summarizes the recent development of CRISPR/Cas applications for essential traits, including wood properties, flowering, biological stress, abiotic stress, growth, and development in woody plants. We outlined the current problems and future development trends of this technology in germplasm and the improvement of products in woody plants.
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Wang Y, Hao Y, Guo Y, Shou H, Du J. PagDET2 promotes cambium cell division and xylem differentiation in poplar stem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923530. [PMID: 36092441 PMCID: PMC9459238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary growth of the woody tree stem is governed by meristematic cell division and differentiation in the vascular cambium. Multiple hormonal signals and endogenous developmental programs regulate vascular cambium activity. Brassinosteroids (BRs) significantly promote secondary stem growth and wood formation in poplar trees. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of BRs within the vascular tissue remain unclear. Genetic and anatomical approaches were used here to elucidate the role of PagDET2, the rate-limiting enzyme for BRs biosynthesis, in regulating secondary vascular cambium activity in Populus. This study showed that the elevated endogenous castasterone (CS) levels in tree stems through overexpressing PagDET2 could enhance cambium meristem cell activity and xylem (XY) differentiation to promote secondary stem growth. RNA-seq analysis revealed that genes involved in BRs response, vascular cambium cell division, XY differentiation, and secondary cell wall synthesis were up-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yakun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huixia Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Fei J, Wang YS, Cheng H, Sun FL, Sun CC. Comparative physiological and proteomic analyses of mangrove plant Kandelia obovata under cold stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1826-1840. [PMID: 34618290 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cold events had broadly affected the survival and geographic distribution of mangrove plants. Kandelia obovata, has an excellent cold tolerance as a true halophyte and widespread mangrove species. In this study, physiological characters and comparative proteomics of leaves of K. obovata were performed under cold treatment. The physiological analysis showed that K. obovata could alleviate its cold-stress injuries through increasing the levels of antioxidants, the activities of related enzymes, as well as osmotic regulation substances (proline). It was detected 184 differentially expressed protein spots, and of 129 (70.11%) spots were identified. These proteins have been involved in several pathways such as the stress and defense, photosynthesis and photorespiration, signal transduction, transcription factors, protein biosynthesis and degradation, molecular chaperones, ATP synthesis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and primary metabolisms. The protein post-translational modification may be a common phenomenon and plays a key role in cold-response process in K. obovata. According to our precious work, a schematic diagram was drawn for the resistance or adaptation strategy of mangrove plants under cold stress. This study provided valuable information to understand the mechanism of cold tolerance of K. obovata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Fu-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China
| | - Cui-Ci Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China
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Ahmar S, Ballesta P, Ali M, Mora-Poblete F. Achievements and Challenges of Genomics-Assisted Breeding in Forest Trees: From Marker-Assisted Selection to Genome Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10583. [PMID: 34638922 PMCID: PMC8508745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest tree breeding efforts have focused mainly on improving traits of economic importance, selecting trees suited to new environments or generating trees that are more resilient to biotic and abiotic stressors. This review describes various methods of forest tree selection assisted by genomics and the main technological challenges and achievements in research at the genomic level. Due to the long rotation time of a forest plantation and the resulting long generation times necessary to complete a breeding cycle, the use of advanced techniques with traditional breeding have been necessary, allowing the use of more precise methods for determining the genetic architecture of traits of interest, such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and genomic selection (GS). In this sense, main factors that determine the accuracy of genomic prediction models are also addressed. In turn, the introduction of genome editing opens the door to new possibilities in forest trees and especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). It is a highly efficient and effective genome editing technique that has been used to effectively implement targetable changes at specific places in the genome of a forest tree. In this sense, forest trees still lack a transformation method and an inefficient number of genotypes for CRISPR/Cas9. This challenge could be addressed with the use of the newly developing technique GRF-GIF with speed breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Ahmar
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Paulina Ballesta
- The National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development, Av. del Agua 3895, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Mohsin Ali
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Freddy Mora-Poblete
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Talca, 1 Poniente 1141, Talca 3460000, Chile;
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12
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Jiang C, Li B, Song Z, Zhang Y, Yu C, Wang H, Wang L, Zhang H. PtBRI1.2 promotes shoot growth and wood formation through a brassinosteroid-mediated PtBZR1-PtWNDs module in poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6350-6364. [PMID: 34089602 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid-insensitive-1 (BRI1) plays important roles in various signalling pathways controlling plant growth and development. However, the regulatory mechanism of BRI1 in brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated signalling for shoot growth and wood formation in woody plants is largely unknown. In this study, PtBRI1.2, a brassinosteroid-insensitive-1 gene, was overexpressed in poplar. Shoot growth and wood formation of transgenic plants were examined and the regulatory genes involved were verified. PtBRI1.2 was localized to the plasma membrane, with a predominant expression in leaves. Ectopic expression of PtBRI1.2 in Arabidopsis bri1-201 and bri1-5 mutants rescued their retarded-growth phenotype. Overexpression of PtBRI1.2 in poplar promoted shoot growth and wood formation in transgenic plants. Further studies revealed that overexpression of PtBRI1.2 promoted the accumulation of PtBZR1 (BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1) in the nucleus, which subsequently activated PtWNDs (WOOD-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN transcription factors) to up-regulate expression of secondary cell wall biosynthesis genes involved in wood formation. Our results suggest that PtBRI1.2 plays a crucial role in regulating shoot growth and wood formation by activating BR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jiang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhizhong Song
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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13
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Fei J, Wang YS, Cheng H, Su YB. An efficient protein extraction method applied to mangrove plant Kandelia obovata leaves for proteomic analysis. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:100. [PMID: 34587982 PMCID: PMC8482605 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mangroves plants, an important wetland system in the intertidal shores, play a vital role in estuarine ecosystems. However, there is a lack of a very effective method for extracting protein from mangrove plants for proteomic analysis. Here, we evaluated the efficiency of three different protein extraction methods for proteomic analysis of total proteins obtained from mangrove plant Kandelia obovata leaves. RESULTS The protein yield of the phenol-based (Phe-B) method (4.47 mg/g) was significantly higher than the yields of the traditional phenol (Phe) method (2.38 mg/g) and trichloroacetic acid-acetone (TCA-A) method (1.15 mg/g). The Phe-B method produced better two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) protein patterns with high reproducibility regarding the number, abundance and coverage of protein spots. The 2-DE gels showed that 847, 650 and 213 unique protein spots were separated from the total K. obovata leaf proteins extracted by the Phe-B, Phe and TCA-A methods, respectively. Fourteen pairs of protein spots were randomly selected from 2-DE gels of Phe- and Phe-B- extracted proteins for identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) technique, and the results of three pairs were consistent. Further, oxygen evolving enhancer protein and elongation factor Tu could be observed in the 2-DE gels of Phe and Phe-B methods, but could only be detected in the results of the Phe-B methods, showing that Phe-B method might be the optimized choice for proteomic analysis. CONCLUSION Our data provides an improved Phe-B method for protein extraction of K. obovata and other mangrove plant tissues which is rich in polysaccharides and polyphenols. This study might be expected to be used for proteomic analysis in other recalcitrant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458 China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458 China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458 China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Yu-Bin Su
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
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Miladinovic D, Antunes D, Yildirim K, Bakhsh A, Cvejić S, Kondić-Špika A, Marjanovic Jeromela A, Opsahl-Sorteberg HG, Zambounis A, Hilioti Z. Targeted plant improvement through genome editing: from laboratory to field. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:935-951. [PMID: 33475781 PMCID: PMC8184711 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review illustrates how far we have come since the emergence of GE technologies and how they could be applied to obtain superior and sustainable crop production. The main challenges of today's agriculture are maintaining and raising productivity, reducing its negative impact on the environment, and adapting to climate change. Efficient plant breeding can generate elite varieties that will rapidly replace obsolete ones and address ongoing challenges in an efficient and sustainable manner. Site-specific genome editing in plants is a rapidly evolving field with tangible results. The technology is equipped with a powerful toolbox of molecular scissors to cut DNA at a pre-determined site with different efficiencies for designing an approach that best suits the objectives of each plant breeding strategy. Genome editing (GE) not only revolutionizes plant biology, but provides the means to solve challenges related to plant architecture, food security, nutrient content, adaptation to the environment, resistance to diseases and production of plant-based materials. This review illustrates how far we have come since the emergence of these technologies and how these technologies could be applied to obtain superior, safe and sustainable crop production. Synergies of genome editing with other technological platforms that are gaining significance in plants lead to an exciting new, post-genomic era for plant research and production. In previous months, we have seen what global changes might arise from one new virus, reminding us of what drastic effects such events could have on food production. This demonstrates how important science, technology, and tools are to meet the current time and the future. Plant GE can make a real difference to future sustainable food production to the benefit of both mankind and our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kubilay Yildirim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Ondokuzmayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Sandra Cvejić
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Antonios Zambounis
- Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DEMETER, Naoussa, Greece
| | - Zoe Hilioti
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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15
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Dort EN, Tanguay P, Hamelin RC. CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing: An Unexplored Frontier for Forest Pathology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1126. [PMID: 32793272 PMCID: PMC7387688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has taken the scientific community by storm since its development in 2012. First discovered in 1987, CRISPR/Cas systems act as an adaptive immune response in archaea and bacteria that defends against invading bacteriophages and plasmids. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology modifies this immune response to function in eukaryotic cells as a highly specific, RNA-guided complex that can edit almost any genetic target. This technology has applications in all biological fields, including plant pathology. However, examples of its use in forest pathology are essentially nonexistent. The aim of this review is to give researchers a deeper understanding of the native CRISPR/Cas systems and how they were adapted into the CRISPR/Cas9 technology used today in plant pathology-this information is crucial for researchers aiming to use this technology in the pathosystems they study. We review the current applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant pathology and propose future directions for research in forest pathosystems where this technology is currently underutilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika N. Dort
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philippe Tanguay
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Richard C. Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département des Sciences du bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie et Géographie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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16
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Implementing the CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Eucalyptus Hairy Roots Using Wood-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103408. [PMID: 32408486 PMCID: PMC7279396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eucalypts are the most planted hardwoods worldwide. The availability of the Eucalyptus grandis genome highlighted many genes awaiting functional characterization, lagging behind because of the lack of efficient genetic transformation protocols. In order to efficiently generate knock-out mutants to study the function of eucalypts genes, we implemented the powerful CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology with the hairy roots transformation system. As proofs-of-concept, we targeted two wood-related genes: Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase1 (CCR1), a key lignin biosynthetic gene and IAA9A an auxin dependent transcription factor of Aux/IAA family. Almost all transgenic hairy roots were edited but the allele-editing rates and spectra varied greatly depending on the gene targeted. Most edition events generated truncated proteins, the prevalent edition types were small deletions but large deletions were also quite frequent. By using a combination of FT-IR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis (partial least square analysis (PLS-DA)), we showed that the CCR1-edited lines, which were clearly separated from the controls. The most discriminant wave-numbers were attributed to lignin. Histochemical analyses further confirmed the decreased lignification and the presence of collapsed vessels in CCR1-edited lines, which are characteristics of CCR1 deficiency. Although the efficiency of editing could be improved, the method described here is already a powerful tool to functionally characterize eucalypts genes for both basic research and industry purposes.
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Ling C, Zheng L, Yu X, Wang H, Wang C, Wu H, Zhang J, Yao P, Tai Y, Yuan Y. Cloning and functional analysis of three aphid alarm pheromone genes from German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110463. [PMID: 32234219 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is one of the most ancient medicinal species in the world and terpenoids from their flowers have important medicinal value. We cloned three sesquiterpene synthase genes, McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3, and performed sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. The encoded proteins possess three conserved structural features: an RRxxxxxxxxW motif, an RxR motif, and a DDxxD motif. McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3 were confirmed to be (E)-farnesene synthase, germacrene D synthase, and germacrene A synthase, respectively. Subcellular localization revealed diffuse GFP reporter-gene signals in the cytoplasm and nucleus. qPCR indicated that McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3, were more highly expressed in young flowers than in old flowers and the expression was highly correlated with amounts of the end-product essential oils ((E)-β-farnesene, germacrene D and β-elemene), with coefficients of 0.76, 0.83 and 0.68, respectively. We also established a transformation system for chamomile hairy roots. The overexpression of McGDS1, McGDS2 and McGDS3 resulted in γ-muurolene accumulation in hairy roots. The activity of three aphid alarm pheromones here forms the molecular basis for the study of the biosynthesis and regulation of volatile terpenes. Transformation of chamomile hairy roots provides a simple system in which to study terpene biosynthesis in chamomile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Ling
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lujie Zheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaorui Yu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chengxiang Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Yao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuling Tai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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18
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Wu L, Liu S, Qi H, Cai H, Xu M. Research Progress on Plant Long Non-Coding RNA. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040408. [PMID: 32218186 PMCID: PMC7237992 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that were once considered “dark matter” or “transcriptional noise” in genomes are research hotspots in the field of epigenetics. The most well-known microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding, small molecular weight RNAs with lengths of 20–24 nucleotides that are highly conserved throughout evolution. Through complementary pairing with the bases of target sites, target gene transcripts are cleaved and degraded, or translation is inhibited, thus regulating the growth and development of organisms. Unlike miRNAs, which have been studied thoroughly, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of poorly conserved RNA molecules with a sequence length of more than 200 nucleotides and no protein encoding capability; they interact with large molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, and regulate protein modification, chromatin remodeling, protein functional activity, and RNA metabolism in vivo through cis- or trans-activation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels. Research on plant lncRNAs is just beginning and has gradually emerged in the field of plant molecular biology. Currently, some studies have revealed that lncRNAs are extensively involved in plant growth and development and stress response processes by mediating the transmission and expression of genetic information. This paper systematically introduces lncRNA and its regulatory mechanisms, reviews the current status and progress of lncRNA research in plants, summarizes the main techniques and strategies of lncRNA research in recent years, and discusses existing problems and prospects, in order to provide ideas for further exploration and verification of the specific evolution of plant lncRNAs and their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Sian Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Haoran Qi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Heng Cai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Meng Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.W.); (S.L.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-15094307586
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19
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Zheng X, Xiao Y, Tian Y, Yang S, Wang C. PcDWF1, a pear brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene homologous to AtDWARF1, affected the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:109. [PMID: 32143576 PMCID: PMC7060609 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The steroidal hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. The pathway and genes involved in BR biosynthesis have been identified primarily in model plants like Arabidopsis, but little is known about BR biosynthesis in woody fruits such as pear. RESULTS In this study, we found that applying exogenous brassinolide (BL) could significantly increase the stem growth and rooting ability of Pyrus ussuriensis. PcDWF1, which had a significantly lower level of expression in the dwarf-type pear than in the standard-type pear, was cloned for further analysis. A phylogenetic analysis showed that PcDWF1 was a pear brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene that was homologous to AtDWARF1. The subcellular localization analysis indicated that PcDWF1 was located in the plasma membrane. Overexpression of PcDWF1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) or pear (Pyrus ussuriensis) plants promoted the growth of the stems, which was caused by a larger cell size and more developed xylem than those in the control plants, and the rooting ability was significantly enhanced. In addition to the change in vegetative growth, the tobacco plants overexpressing PcDWF1 also had a delayed flowering time and larger seed size than did the control tobacco plants. These phenotypes were considered to result from the higher BL contents in the transgenic lines than in the control tobacco and pear plants. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results reveal that the pear BR biosynthetic gene PcDWF1 affected the vegetative and reproductive growth of Pyrus ussuriensis and Nicotiana tabacum and could be characterized as an important BR biosynthetic gene in perennial woody fruit plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Yuxiong Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Shaolan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
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20
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Fan C, Yu H, Qin S, Li Y, Alam A, Xu C, Fan D, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhu W, Peng L, Luo K. Brassinosteroid overproduction improves lignocellulose quantity and quality to maximize bioethanol yield under green-like biomass process in transgenic poplar. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:9. [PMID: 31988661 PMCID: PMC6969456 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-1652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a leading biomass feedstock, poplar plants provide enormous lignocellulose resource convertible for biofuels and bio-chemicals. However, lignocellulose recalcitrance particularly in wood plants, basically causes a costly bioethanol production unacceptable for commercial marketing with potential secondary pollution to the environment. Therefore, it becomes important to reduce lignocellulose recalcitrance by genetic modification of plant cell walls, and meanwhile to establish advanced biomass process technology in woody plants. Brassinosteroids, plant-specific steroid hormones, are considered to participate in plant growth and development for biomass production, but little has been reported about brassinosteroids roles in plant cell wall assembly and modification. In this study, we generated transgenic poplar plant that overexpressed DEETIOLATED2 gene for brassinosteroids overproduction. We then detected cell wall feature alteration and examined biomass enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production under various chemical pretreatments. RESULTS Compared with wild type, the PtoDET2 overexpressed transgenic plants contained much higher brassinosteroids levels. The transgenic poplar also exhibited significantly enhanced plant growth rate and biomass yield by increasing xylem development and cell wall polymer deposition. Meanwhile, the transgenic plants showed significantly improved lignocellulose features such as reduced cellulose crystalline index and degree of polymerization values and decreased hemicellulose xylose/arabinose ratio for raised biomass porosity and accessibility, which led to integrated enhancement on biomass enzymatic saccharification and bioethanol yield under various chemical pretreatments. In contrast, the CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutation of PtoDET2 showed significantly lower brassinosteroids level for reduced biomass saccharification and bioethanol yield, compared to the wild type. Notably, the optimal green-like pretreatment could even achieve the highest bioethanol yield by effective lignin extraction in the transgenic plant. Hence, this study proposed a mechanistic model elucidating how brassinosteroid regulates cell wall modification for reduced lignocellulose recalcitrance and increased biomass porosity and accessibility for high bioethanol production. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated a powerful strategy to enhance cellulosic bioethanol production by regulating brassinosteroid biosynthesis for reducing lignocellulose recalcitrance in the transgenic poplar plants. It has also provided a green-like process for biomass pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification in poplar and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfen Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Hua Yu
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Shifei Qin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Yongli Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Aftab Alam
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Changzhen Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Di Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Qingwei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Yanting Wang
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Wanbin Zhu
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass & Bioenergy Research Centre, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
- College of Biomass Sciences and Engineering, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
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Tang X, Wang C, Liu Y, He G, Ma N, Chai G, Li S, Xu H, Zhou G. Brassinosteroid Signaling Converges With Auxin-Mediated C3H17 to Regulate Xylem Formation in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:586014. [PMID: 33193536 PMCID: PMC7652770 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.586014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling has long been reported to have an effect on xylem development, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear, especially in tree species. In this study, we find PdC3H17, which was demonstrated to mediate xylem formation driven by auxin in our previous report, is also involved in BR-promoted xylem development. Y1H analysis, EMSA, and transcription activation assay confirmed that PdC3H17 was directly targeted by PdBES1, which is a key transcriptional regulator in BR signaling. Tissue specificity expression analysis and in situ assay revealed that PdC3H17 had an overlapping expression profile with PdBES1. Hormone treatment examinations verified that xylem phenotypes in PdC3H17 transgenic plants, which were readily apparent in normal condition, were attenuated by treatment with either brassinolide or the BR biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole. The subsequent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses further revealed that BR converged with PdC3H17 to influence transcription of downstream xylem-related genes. Additionally, the enhancement of xylem differentiation by auxin in PdC3H17 overexpression plants was significantly attenuated compared with wild-type and dominant negative plants due to BR deficiency, which suggested that the BR- and auxin-responsive gene PdC3H17 acted as an mediation of these two hormones to facilitate xylem development. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BR signaling converges with auxin-mediated PdC3H17 to regulate xylem formation in Populus and thus provide insight into the regulation mechanism of BRs and the crosstalk with auxin signaling on xylem formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Congpeng Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guo He
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Nana Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Guohua Chai
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shengjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Xu,
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Institute of Energy Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Gongke Zhou,
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Wei Z, Li J. Regulation of Brassinosteroid Homeostasis in Higher Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583622. [PMID: 33133120 PMCID: PMC7550685 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known as one of the major classes of phytohormones essential for various processes during normal plant growth, development, and adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. Significant progress has been achieved on revealing mechanisms regulating BR biosynthesis, catabolism, and signaling in many crops and in model plant Arabidopsis. It is known that BRs control plant growth and development in a dosage-dependent manner. Maintenance of BR homeostasis is therefore critical for optimal functions of BRs. In this review, updated discoveries on mechanisms controlling BR homeostasis in higher plants in response to internal and external cues are discussed.
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Lee J, Han S, Lee HY, Jeong B, Heo TY, Hyun TK, Kim K, Je BI, Lee H, Shim D, Park SJ, Ryu H. Brassinosteroids facilitate xylem differentiation and wood formation in tomato. PLANTA 2019; 249:1391-1403. [PMID: 30673841 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BR signaling pathways facilitate xylem differentiation and wood formation by fine tuning SlBZR1/SlBZR2-mediated gene expression networks involved in plant secondary growth. Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and BR crosstalk with diverse signaling cues are involved in the pleiotropic regulation of plant growth and development. Recent studies reported the critical roles of BR biosynthesis and signaling in vascular bundle development and plant secondary growth; however, the molecular bases of these roles are unclear. Here, we performed comparative physiological and anatomical analyses of shoot morphological growth in a cultivated wild-type tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. BGA) and a BR biosynthetic mutant [Micro Tom (MT)]. We observed that the canonical BR signaling pathway was essential for xylem differentiation and sequential wood formation by facilitating plant secondary growth. The gradual retardation of xylem development phenotypes during shoot vegetative growth in the BR-deficient MT tomato mutant recovered completely in response to exogenous BR treatment or genetic complementation of the BR biosynthetic DWARF (D) gene. By contrast, overexpression of the tomato Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (SlGSK3) or CRISPR-Cas9 (CR)-mediated knockout of the tomato Brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (SlBRI1) impaired BR signaling and resulted in severely defective xylem differentiation and secondary growth. Genetic modulation of the transcriptional activity of the tomato Brassinazole-resistant 1/2 (SlBZR1/SlBZR2) confirmed the positive roles of BR signaling pathways for xylem differentiation and secondary growth. Our data indicate that BR signaling pathways directly promote xylem differentiation and wood formation by canonical BR-activated SlBZR1/SlBZR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seahee Han
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Academy of Agricultural Science RDA, Jeonju, 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Yong Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Jeong
- Department of Information and Statistics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Heo
- Department of Information and Statistics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Hyun
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwan Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Il Je
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50467, Republic of Korea
| | - Horim Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Research Institute for Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Busov VB. Manipulation of Growth and Architectural Characteristics in Trees for Increased Woody Biomass Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1505. [PMID: 30459780 PMCID: PMC6232754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth and architectural traits in trees are economically and environmentally important and thus of considerable importance to the improvement of forest and fruit trees. These traits are complex and result from the operation of a number of molecular mechanisms. This review will focus on the regulation of crown architecture, secondary woody growth and adventitious rooting. These traits and processes have significant impact on deployment, management, and productivity of tree crops. The majority of the described work comes from experiments in model plants, poplar, apple, peach, and plum because these species allow functional analysis of the involved genes and have significant genomics resources. However, these studies convincingly show conserved mechanisms for elaboration of specific growth and architectural traits. The conservation of these mechanisms suggest that they can be used as a blueprint for the improvement of these traits and processes in phylogenetically diverse tree crops. We will specifically consider the involvement of flowering time, transcription factors and hormone-associated genes. The review will also discuss the impact of recent technological advances as well as the challenges to the dissection of these traits in trees.
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Karlgren M, Simoff I, Keiser M, Oswald S, Artursson P. CRISPR-Cas9: A New Addition to the Drug Metabolism and Disposition Tool Box. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1776-1786. [PMID: 30126863 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9), i.e., CRISPR-Cas9, has been extensively used as a gene-editing technology during recent years. Unlike earlier technologies for gene editing or gene knockdown, such as zinc finger nucleases and RNA interference, CRISPR-Cas9 is comparably easy to use, affordable, and versatile. Recently, CRISPR-Cas9 has been applied in studies of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and for ADME model generation. To date, about 50 papers have been published describing in vitro or in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of ADME and ADME-related genes. Twenty of these papers describe gene editing of clinically relevant genes, such as ATP-binding cassette drug transporters and cytochrome P450 drug-metabolizing enzymes. With CRISPR-Cas9, the ADME tool box has been substantially expanded. This new technology allows us to develop better and more predictive in vitro and in vivo ADME models and map previously underexplored ADME genes and gene families. In this mini-review, we give an overview of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and summarize recent applications of CRISPR-Cas9 within the ADME field. We also speculate about future applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in ADME research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - I Simoff
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - M Keiser
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - S Oswald
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
| | - P Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy (M.Ka., P.A.), Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy (I.S.), and Science for Life Laboratory (P.A.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany (M.Ke., S.O.)
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Bewg WP, Ci D, Tsai CJ. Genome Editing in Trees: From Multiple Repair Pathways to Long-Term Stability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1732. [PMID: 30532764 PMCID: PMC6265510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR technology continues to diversify with a broadening array of applications that touch all kingdoms of life. The simplicity, versatility and species-independent nature of the CRISPR system offers researchers a previously unattainable level of precision and control over genomic modifications. Successful applications in forest, fruit and nut trees have demonstrated the efficacy of CRISPR technology at generating null mutations in the first generation. This eliminates the lengthy process of multigenerational crosses to obtain homozygous knockouts (KO). The high degree of genome heterozygosity in outcrossing trees is both a challenge and an opportunity for genome editing: a challenge because sequence polymorphisms at the target site can render CRISPR editing ineffective; yet an opportunity because the power and specificity of CRISPR can be harnessed for allele-specific editing. Examination of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutational profiles from published tree studies reveals the potential involvement of multiple DNA repair pathways, suggesting that the influence of sequence context at or near the target sites can define mutagenesis outcomes. For commercial production of elite trees that rely on vegetative propagation, available data suggest an excellent outlook for stable CRISPR-induced mutations and associated phenotypes over multiple clonal generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Patrick Bewg
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Genetics, and Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Dong Ci
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Genetics, and Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Genetics, and Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chung-Jui Tsai,
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