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Tedjosasongko U, Nelwan SC, Wahluyo S, Puteri MM, Dewi AM, Rahayu RP, Ardiwirastuti I, Ayuningtyas P, Pramudita RA, Marwah A. Analysis of Saliva Composition: Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein, Total Protein, and Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in Rattus norvegicus with Stunted Growth. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:765-770. [PMID: 36220123 PMCID: PMC10569847 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine total protein, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) levels in the saliva of rats with stunted growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental laboratory research with a pre-and posttest control group design was conducted. Seventeen albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into the control group (eight rats) and the treatment group (nine rats). Rats in the treatment group were exposed to aflatoxin B1 5µg/kg orally for 5 weeks. Anthropometry data (body length, body weight) and saliva of R. norvegicus were collected. The levels of PTHrP and sIgA in the saliva were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for rats and the Bradford test for total protein and analyzed using SPSS 25.0. RESULTS Aflatoxin caused stunted growth in rats in the treatment group. There was a significant difference in body length, salivary flow, PTHrP, sIgA, and total protein in the treatment group compared with the control group. The average rat's body length change in the control group was 6.4 ± 1.1mm/5 weeks, while in the treatment group, the change was 3.7 ± 0.9 mm /5 weeks. There was no significant weight gain in the treatment group compared with the normal group. The average values of PTHrP, sIgA, and total protein in the control group were x̄0.9, x̄18, and x̄0.7 m./L, respectively, while in the treatment group, they measured x̄0.4, x̄10.7, and x̄0.5 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSION This study showed that salivary flow, PTHrP, sIgA, and total protein levels in the saliva were significantly lower in stunted rats compared with normal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udijanto Tedjosasongko
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sindy Cornelia Nelwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Soegeng Wahluyo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mega Moeharyono Puteri
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ardianti Maartrina Dewi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Retno Pudji Rahayu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ilvana Ardiwirastuti
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Puspita Ayuningtyas
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Regina Ayu Pramudita
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aisyah Marwah
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Kangas ST, Salpéteur C, Nikièma V, Ritz C, Friis H, Briend A, Kaestel P. Predictors of time to recovery and non-response during outpatient treatment of severe acute malnutrition. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267538. [PMID: 35639683 PMCID: PMC9154090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Every year, over 4 million children are treated for severe acute malnutrition with varying program performance. This study sought to explore the predictors of time to recovery from and non-response to outpatient treatment of SAM. Methods Children with weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) <-3 and/or mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) <115 mm, without medical complications were enrolled in a trial (called MANGO) from outpatient clinics in Burkina Faso. Treatment included a weekly ration of ready-to-use therapeutic foods. Recovery was declared with WHZ ≥-2 and/or MUAC ≥125 mm, for two weeks without illness. Children not recovered by 16 weeks were considered as non-response to treatment. Predictors studied included admission characteristics, morbidity and compliance during treatment and household characteristics. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted and restricted mean time to recovery calculated. Logistic regression was used to analyse non-response to treatment. Results Fifty-five percent of children recovered and mean time to recovery was eight weeks while 13% ended as non-response to treatment. Independent predictors of longer time to recovery or non-response included low age, being admitted with WHZ <-3, no illness nor anaemia at admission, illness episodes during treatment, skipped or missed visits, low maternal age and not practising open defecation. Eighty-four percent of children had at least one and 59% at least two illness episodes during treatment. This increased treatment duration by 1 to 4 weeks. Thirty-five percent of children missed at least one treatment visit. One missed visit predicted 3 weeks longer and two or more missed visits 5 weeks longer treatment duration. Conclusions Both longer time to recovery and higher non-response to treatment seem most strongly associated with illness episodes and missed visits during treatment. This indicates that prevention of illnesses would be key to shortening the treatment duration and that there is a need to seek ways to facilitate adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T. Kangas
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action Against Hunger (ACF), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Cécile Salpéteur
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action Against Hunger (ACF), Paris, France
| | - Victor Nikièma
- Nutrition and Health Department, Action Against Hunger (ACF) Mission in Burkina Faso, Paris, France
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pernille Kaestel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nabwera HM, Espinoza JL, Worwui A, Betts M, Okoi C, Sesay AK, Bancroft R, Agbla SC, Jarju S, Bradbury RS, Colley M, Jallow AT, Liu J, Houpt ER, Prentice AM, Antonio M, Bernstein RM, Dupont CL, Kwambana-Adams BA. Interactions between fecal gut microbiome, enteric pathogens, and energy regulating hormones among acutely malnourished rural Gambian children. EBioMedicine 2021; 73:103644. [PMID: 34695658 PMCID: PMC8550991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The specific roles that gut microbiota, known pathogens, and host energy-regulating hormones play in the pathogenesis of non-edematous severe acute malnutrition (marasmus SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) during outpatient nutritional rehabilitation are yet to be explored. METHODS We applied an ensemble of sample-specific (intra- and inter-modality) association networks to gain deeper insights into the pathogenesis of acute malnutrition and its severity among children under 5 years of age in rural Gambia, where marasmus SAM is most prevalent. FINDINGS Children with marasmus SAM have distinct microbiome characteristics and biologically-relevant multimodal biomarkers not observed among children with moderate acute malnutrition. Marasmus SAM was characterized by lower microbial richness and biomass, significant enrichments in Enterobacteriaceae, altered interactions between specific Enterobacteriaceae and key energy regulating hormones and their receptors. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that marasmus SAM is characterized by the collapse of a complex system with nested interactions and key associations between the gut microbiome, enteric pathogens, and energy regulating hormones. Further exploration of these systems will help inform innovative preventive and therapeutic interventions. FUNDING The work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC; MC-A760-5QX00) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP 1066932) and the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), UK. This network analysis was supported by NIH U54GH009824 [CLD] and NSF OCE-1558453 [CLD].
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Nabwera
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Josh L Espinoza
- J. Craig Venture Institute, 4120 Capricorn Ln, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Archibald Worwui
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Modupeh Betts
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Okoi
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Abdul K Sesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Rowan Bancroft
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Schadrac C Agbla
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | | | - Mariama Colley
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Amadou T Jallow
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Eric R Houpt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Banjul, PO Box 273, The Gambia; Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robin M Bernstein
- Growth and Development Lab, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Brenda A Kwambana-Adams
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Quilter CR, Harvey KM, Bauer J, Skinner BM, Gomez M, Shrivastava M, Doel AM, Drammeh S, Dunger DB, Moore SE, Ong KK, Prentice AM, Bernstein RM, Sargent CA, Affara NA. Identification of methylation changes associated with positive and negative growth deviance in Gambian infants using a targeted methyl sequencing approach of genomic DNA. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:205-230. [PMID: 33842847 PMCID: PMC8019263 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birthweight and reduced height gain during infancy (stunting) may arise at least in part from adverse early life environments that trigger epigenetic reprogramming that may favor survival. We examined differential DNA methylation patterns using targeted methyl sequencing of regions regulating gene activity in groups of rural Gambian infants: (a) low and high birthweight (DNA from cord blood (n = 16 and n = 20, respectively), from placental trophoblast tissue (n = 21 and n = 20, respectively), and DNA from peripheral blood collected from infants at 12 months of age (n = 23 and n = 17, respectively)), and, (b) the top 10% showing rapid postnatal length gain (high, n = 20) and the bottom 10% showing slow postnatal length gain (low, n = 20) based on z score change between birth and 12 months of age (LAZ) (DNA from peripheral blood collected from infants at 12 months of age). Using BiSeq analysis to identify significant methylation marks, for birthweight, four differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified in trophoblast DNA, compared to 68 DMRs in cord blood DNA, and 54 DMRs in 12‐month peripheral blood DNA. Twenty‐five DMRs were observed to be associated with high and low length for age (LAZ) at 12 months. With the exception of five loci (associated with two different genes), there was no overlap between these groups of methylation marks. Of the 194 CpG methylation marks contained within DMRs, 106 were located to defined gene regulatory elements (promoters, CTCF‐binding sites, transcription factor‐binding sites, and enhancers), 58 to gene bodies (introns or exons), and 30 to intergenic DNA. Distinct methylation patterns associated with birthweight between comparison groups were observed in DNA collected at birth (at the end of intrauterine growth window) compared to those established by 12 months (near the infancy/childhood growth transition). The longitudinal differences in methylation patterns may arise from methylation adjustments, changes in cellular composition of blood or both that continue during the critical postnatal growth period, and in response to early nutritional and infectious environmental exposures with impacts on growth and longer‐term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire R Quilter
- Department of Pathology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK.,Present address: East Midlands & East of England NHS Genomic Laboratory Hub, Genomics Laboratories Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Kerry M Harvey
- Department of Pathology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Julien Bauer
- Department of Pathology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Benjamin M Skinner
- Department of Pathology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK.,School of Life Sciences University of Essex Colchester UK
| | - Maria Gomez
- Department of Pathology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK.,Present address: Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Manu Shrivastava
- Department of Pathology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK.,Present address: Oxford University Hospitals Oxford UK
| | - Andrew M Doel
- Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London London UK.,MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Banjul The Gambia
| | - Saikou Drammeh
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Banjul The Gambia
| | - David B Dunger
- MRC Epidemiology Unit University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine Cambridge UK
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women and Children's Health King's College London London UK.,MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Banjul The Gambia
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine Cambridge UK.,Department of Paediatrics University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine Cambridge UK.,Institute of Metabolic Science Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Banjul The Gambia
| | - Robin M Bernstein
- Growth and Development Lab Department of Anthropology University of Colorado Boulder CO USA.,Institute of Behavioural Science University of Colorado Boulder CO USA
| | | | - Nabeel A Affara
- Department of Pathology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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