The prevalence of serum magnesium and iron deficiency anaemia among Sudanese women in early pregnancy: a cross-sectional study

Hemoglobin Levels, Anemia, and Their Associations with Body Mass Index among Pregnant Women in Hail Maternity Hospital, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

The level of association between hemoglobin level/anemia and obesity during pregnancy is not yet fully understood. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hail Maternity Hospital in northern Saudi Arabia from March to May 2023 to assess the associations between hemoglobin levels, anemia, and obesity among pregnant women. Reproductive history was gathered through a questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated/computed from the women's weight and height. Linear and binary regression analyses were performed. A total of 334 pregnant women were enrolled. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) age and parity were 33.2 (27.4-37.8) years and 3 (1-5), respectively. Of the 334 women, 52 (15.6%) were normal weight, while 87 (26.0%) were overweight and 195 (58.4%) were obese. In the multiple linear regression, parity (coefficient = -0.121, p = 0.001) and BMI (coefficient = 0.030, p = 0.006) were negatively associated with the hemoglobin level. Ninety-nine (26.9%) women had anemia. In the multivariate analysis, primiparity (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30-0.97), increasing BMI (AOR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.89-0.97), and obesity (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.16-0.61) were associated with decreased ORs of anemia. Increasing parity was associated with increased ORs of anemia (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.05-1.32). Being overweight was not associated with anemia (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.27-1.16). In the current study, a high hemoglobin level and lower prevalence of anemia were observed among obese pregnant women.

Associations of serum concentrations of metal nutrients with postpartum anemia among pregnant Chinese women: A large retrospective cohort study

Background and Aims

The association between serum concentrations of metal nutrients in pregnancy and postpartum anemia has not been widely studied. This study aimed to determine this association in a large retrospective cohort study.

Methods

We included 14,829 Chinese women with singleton pregnancies. Serum concentrations of metals before 28 weeks of gestation, the occurrence of postpartum anemia and other potential covariates were obtained from their laboratory or medical records. Cox regression and restricted cubic spline regression models were used to explore the relationship between serum concentrations of metal nutrients in pregnancy and postpartum anemia.

Results

After adjustment for covariates, higher concentrations of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) and lower concentrations of copper (Cu) were associated with a lower risk of postpartum anemia. Compared with those whose serum concentrations of metal nutrients were in the bottom quintile (Q1), the hazard ratios (HRs) of those whose serum concentrations of metal nutrients were in the top quintile (Q5) were 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.50, 0.64) for Fe, 0.67 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.76) for Mg, 0.82 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.93) for Zn, and 1.44 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.63) for Cu. L-shaped curve relationships were found between increasing concentrations of Fe, Mg, and Zn and incidence of postpartum anemia. Higher serum concentrations of Cu were associated with an increased risk of postpartum anemia. Serum concentrations of Fe in Q5 were associated with a lower risk of postpartum anemia when they coincided with serum concentrations of Mg in Q5, Zn in Q5, or Cu in Q1.

Conclusion

Higher serum concentrations of Fe, Mg, and Zn, and lower serum concentrations of Cu were associated with a lower risk of postpartum anemia among pregnant women.

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors for Anemia in Pregnant Women in White Nile State, Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction

Anemia during pregnancy can lead to several adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Despite preventive measures, anemia during pregnancy remains a threatening health problem, especially in sub-Saharan African countries.

Objective

We aimed to determine the prevalence of, and factors associated with, anemia among pregnant women at Rabak Maternity Hospital, Sudan.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study involving pregnant women who presented to Rabak Maternity Hospital from September to December 2021. Questionnaires were completed via face-to-face interviews to gather both obstetric and sociodemographic information (i.e., age, parity, history of miscarriage, education, level of antenatal care), and hemoglobin levels were estimated. A logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results

The median (interquartile range) of the age and parity of the 208 women enrolled in the study was 25 (21.0-30.0) years and 2 (1-4), respectively. Forty-five (21.6%) women did not use iron-folic acid during the index pregnancy. Eighty-eight (42.3%) women had anemia, and four (1.9%) had severe anemia. In the univariate analysis, age, parity, history of miscarriage, interpregnancy interval, education, and antenatal care level were shown not to be associated with anemia. A higher number of women with anemia did not use iron-folic acid during the index pregnancy than those without anemia (29/80 [33.0%] vs. 16/120 [13.3%], respectively, p = .001). Not taking iron-folic acid was found to be associated with anemia in the multivariate analysis (adjusted odds ratio = 3.19, 95% confidence interval = 1.60-6.63).

Conclusion

Anemia was found to be a major health problem among the pregnant women in this study. There is no clear evidence across the women with anemia that their anemia stems from lack of using iron-folic acid (in fact, some women used iron-folic acid and they were anemic). There is a possibility that using iron-folic acid may prevent anemia in this part of Sudan.

Association between magnesium intake and the risk of anemia among adults in the United States

Background

Magnesium deficiency is related to an increased risk of anemia, but epidemiological evidence supporting this association remains scarce. The purpose of the present survey was to evaluate the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of anemia.

Methods

In total, 13,423 participants aged 20-80 years were enrolled using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016. Magnesium consumption was evaluated using 24 h dietary recalls. Multivariable generalized linear models were developed to demonstrate the association between dietary magnesium intake and the prevalence of anemia.

Results

An inverse association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of anemia was detected based on a full adjustment model. We evaluated magnesium intake as a categorical variable (five quartiles). Compared with the lowest value, the highest multivariate adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for anemia was 0.64 (0.46-0.89). Stratified analyses revealed a reverse relationship between magnesium intake and anemia in women. However, no significant association was observed in men (p _{for trend} = 0.376). A similar reverse association was found among the older group (aged ≥60 years).

Conclusion

Magnesium deficiency is closely related to a higher rate of anemia occurrence, especially among women and older Americans. Further larger-scale prospective studies are required to confirm these conclusions.

Prevalence and associated risk factors for anaemia amongst pregnant women attending three antenatal clinics in Eswatini

BACKGROUND

 Anaemia is a global health problem affecting about a third of the world's population. In pregnancy, it is a public health concern with consequences for mothers and infants, including maternal death and infant mortality. In low-income countries (LICs), 25% indirect maternal mortality and 30% neonatal deaths are due to anaemia in pregnancy.

AIM

 This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risks associated with anaemia amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic (ANC) in three health facilities in Eswatini.

SETTING

 This study was conducted in three health facilities in Eswatini, namely Mankayane, Raleigh Fitkin Memorial (RFM) and Mbabane Hospital.

METHODS

 This cross-sectional study used non-probability sampling in three hospitals of Eswatini, to select 550 pregnant women, aged 15-49 years. Data were collected from January to March 2021, using face-to-face interviews with a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

 A total of 550 pregnant women were included in the study. Anaemia prevalence amongst pregnant women was 43.1% with mild, moderate and severe cases of 21.3%; 21.1% and 0.7%, respectively. Prevalence was high amongst women aged 15-19 years (53.3%). Factors associated with anaemia included living in urban areas (odds ratio [OR]: 1.8; confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-2.72), having anaemia 6 months before pregnancy (OR: 4.64; CI: 1.15-18.71), and gestational age at first ANC: third trimester (OR = 10.42; CI: 4.27-25.4) and second trimester (OR: 1.62; CI: 1.02-2.60).

CONCLUSION

 Anaemia remains prevalent amongst pregnant women in Eswatini. A comprehensive anaemia prevention programme would be justified and could lower the country's burden of anaemia.

Changes of Serum Ferritin, Hemoglobin, and Serum Iron (SI) and Treatment Effect of Iron Proteinsuccinylate Oral Solution Combined with Vitamin A and D Drops on Children with Nutritional Iron Deficiency Anemia

Objective

The purpose was to evaluate the treatment effect of iron proteinsuccinylate oral solution combined with vitamin A and D drops on children with nutritional iron deficiency anemia.

Methods

124 children treated in the outpatient department of our hospital from January 2017 to January 2020 were selected as the study subjects. They were randomly divided into control and observation two groups. The control group was treated with iron proteinsuccinylate oral solution (1.5 mL/kg) in the morning and evening, respectively. The observation group received adjuvant treatment with oral vitamin A and D drops based on the treatment of the control group. The treatment effect of proteinsuccinylate oral solution combined with vitamin A and D drops was evaluated by the serum iron (SI), serum ferritin (SF), and transferrin (TRF) levels, the values of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD4⁺/CD8⁺, and other evaluation indicators.

Results

After treatment, the SI and SF levels of children in both groups significantly increased (P < 0.01) while the TRF level significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and the SI and SF levels in the observation group increased more significantly, and the TRF level decreased more significantly compared with those in the control group (P < 0.01). After treatment, the values of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ of children in both groups significantly increased compared with those before treatment (P < 0.01), and the values of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ increased more significantly in the observation group compared with those in the control group (P < 0.01). In addition, the evaluation results of treatment effect showed that the markedly effective rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Iron proteinsuccinylate oral solution combined with vitamin A and D drops can better improve the anemia symptoms in children, with high application value.

Risk factors and comorbidities associated with magnesium deficiency in pregnant women and women with hormone-related conditions: analysis of a large real-world dataset

BACKGROUND

An accumulating body of literature indicates that magnesium deficiency is associated with a number of hormone-related conditions (HRC) in women, and epidemiological studies are needed to assess its prevalence and risk factors. Here, we present a secondary analysis of data pooled from four large observational studies that assessed magnesium deficiency among pregnant women and women with HRC across the Russian Federation.

METHODS

The main objective of this analysis was to estimate the prevalence of magnesium deficiency in this population and to describe risk factors and comorbidities associated with low serum magnesium. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors and comorbid conditions associated with an increased risk of low serum magnesium level.

RESULTS

A total of 983 pregnant women and 9444 women with HRC were eligible for analysis. Prevalence of hypomagnesemia (magnesium serum level cut-off < 0.66 mmol/L/< 0.8 mmol/L) was 34.0%/78.9% in pregnant women and 21.4%/54.8% in women with HRC. The highest prevalence of magnesium deficiency was observed for osteoporosis and climacteric syndrome. Risk factors included diastolic blood pressure, previous pregnancy complications, infections and edema for pregnant women, and age, body mass index, and various comorbidities for women with HRC.

CONCLUSIONS

These results confirm the high prevalence of hypomagnesemia in pregnant women and women with HRC and underline the importance of routine screening, since risk factors are mostly non-specific.

A Review of the Action of Magnesium on Several Processes Involved in the Modulation of Hematopoiesis

Magnesium (Mg²⁺) is an essential mineral for the functioning and maintenance of the body. Disturbances in Mg²⁺ intracellular homeostasis result in cell-membrane modification, an increase in oxidative stress, alteration in the proliferation mechanism, differentiation, and apoptosis. Mg²⁺ deficiency often results in inflammation, with activation of inflammatory pathways and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by immune cells. Immune cells and others that make up the blood system are from hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow. The hematopoietic tissue is a tissue with high indices of renovation, and Mg²⁺ has a pivotal role in the cell replication process, as well as DNA and RNA synthesis. However, the impact of the intra- and extracellular disturbance of Mg²⁺ homeostasis on the hematopoietic tissue is little explored. This review deals specifically with the physiological requirements of Mg²⁺ on hematopoiesis, showing various studies related to the physiological requirements and the effects of deficiency or excess of this mineral on the hematopoiesis regulation, as well as on the specific process of erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis. The literature selected includes studies in vitro, in animal models, and in humans, giving details about the impact that alterations of Mg²⁺ homeostasis can have on hematopoietic cells and hematopoietic tissue.