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Ardila-Camacho A, Machado RJP, Ohl M, Contreras-Ramos A. A camouflaged diversity: taxonomic revision of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera, Rhachiberothidae). Zookeys 2024; 1199:1-409. [PMID: 38725711 PMCID: PMC11077268 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1199.115442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Species of the thorny lacewing subfamily Symphrasinae (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae) are revised. Prior to this work, 42 species were known in the genera Anchieta Navás, 1909, Plega Navás, 1928, and Trichoscelia Westwood, 1852. Herein, the number of species is increased to 60, 23 of which are newly described. Species previously known are redescribed, and their taxonomic status is revised. Keys, diagnoses, and high-resolution images for all species are presented. The distribution range of Anchieta is now known from Costa Rica to southern Brazil with a total of 11 species, of which three are newly described. The genus Plega is known from southwestern United States to southern Brazil and includes 28 species of which 14 are described as new. Moreover, the genus Trichoscelia occurs from central and southern Mexico to Argentina, with a total of 21 species, of which six are herein newly described. A phylogenetic analysis of Symphrasinae based on morphological characters recovered the three symphrasine genera as monophyletic, with Anchieta sister to Plega + Trichoscelia. The three genera are newly diagnosed based on a cladistic framework. Within the genus Anchieta, bee-mimicking species comprise a monophyletic group, while wasp-mimicking species form a laddered sequence to that lineage. Within Plega, three lineages are recovered, the first mostly composed of South and Mesoamerican species, the second with species predominantly from Central America and central and southern Mexico, and a third clade encompassing species mostly from central and northern Mexico and southwestern United States. By contrast, relationships between species of Trichoscelia were poorly resolved because of a simplified and conserved morphology of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ardila-Camacho
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Depto. de Zoología, Apdo. Postal 70-153, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Universidad Distrital “Francisco José de Caldas”, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas y Naturales, Carrera 4 # 26D-31, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Michael Ohl
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Atilano Contreras-Ramos
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, Depto. de Zoología, Apdo. Postal 70-153, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Lai D, Chen P, Li S, Xiang X, Ou H, Kang N, Yang J, Pang H, Shih C, Labandeira CC, Ren D, Yang Q, Shi C. The associated evolution of raptorial foreleg and mantispid diversification during 200 million years. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad278. [PMID: 38033734 PMCID: PMC10686013 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantispidae have developed multidimensional specializations of predation that are leveraged by trade-offs involving attack properties, which is revealed by interdisciplinary analyses of phylogeny, morphometrics, and mechanical modeling. The lineage diversification was stimulated by its raptorial foreleg evolution, and was influenced by the ecosystem of corresponding periods, involving biotic and physical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahang Lai
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Peichao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, Guangzhou University, China
| | - Shumin Li
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Xianzhe Xiang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Haohong Ou
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Nuoyao Kang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Jingtao Yang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Hong Pang
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - ChungKun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Application in Biodiversity of South China, Guangzhou University, China
| | - Chaofan Shi
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, China
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The Morphological Diversity of Antlion Larvae and Their Closest Relatives over 100 Million Years. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070587. [PMID: 35886763 PMCID: PMC9316203 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The larvae of owlflies and antlions (here shortly embraced by the term “owllions”) are ambush predators. Their mouthparts are transformed into teeth-bearing stylets and used for catching prey and sucking, which is characteristic for neuropteran larvae. Here we used the morphology of the stylets and the head capsules of a large number of extant and fossil larvae as a proxy for the morphological diversity over time. The created dataset comprises outlines of stylets and head capsules of specimens from the literature, collections, databases and the herein described and depicted 38 fossil ones. Fossils in the whole dataset come from deposits with an age of about 20, 40, and 100 million years (Miocene, Eocene, and Cretaceous, respectively). In addition to the shape analysis of the outlines from the dataset, we conducted a statistical analysis as well. Eocene and Miocene samples did not result in a clear output, but Cretaceous samples allowed for some conclusions: The morphological diversity of owllion larvae increased over time, even though some morphologies of Cretaceous larvae went extinct. Abstract Among lacewings (Neuroptera), representatives of the groups Ascalaphidae (owlflies) and Myrmeleontidae (antlions) are likely the most widely known ones. The exact taxonomic status of the two groups remains currently unclear, each may in fact be nested in the other group. Herein, we refer to the group including representatives of both with the neutral term “owllion”. Owllion larvae are voracious ambush hunters. They are not only known in the extant fauna, but also from the fossil record. We report here new findings of a fossil owlfly larva from Eocene Baltic amber, as well as several owlfly-like larvae from Cretaceous Kachin amber, Myanmar. Based on these fossils, combined with numerous fossil and extant specimens from the literature, collections, and databases, we compared the morphological diversity of the head and mouthpart shapes of the larvae of owllions in the extant fauna with that of owllion-like larvae from three time slices: about 100 million years ago (Cretaceous), about 40 million years ago (Eocene), and about 20 million years ago (Miocene). The comparison reveals that the samples from the Eocene and Miocene are too small for a reliable evaluation. Yet, the Cretaceous larvae allow for some conclusions: (1) the larval morphological diversity of owllion larvae increased over time, indicating a post-Cretaceous diversification; (2) certain morphologies disappeared after the Cretaceous, most likely representing ecological roles that are no longer present nowadays. In comparison, other closely related lineages, e.g., silky lacewings or split-footed lacewings, underwent more drastic losses after the Cretaceous and no subsequent diversifications.
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New Cretaceous fossil mantispids highlight the palaeodiversity of the extinct subfamily Doratomantispinae (Neuroptera: Mantispidae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Boudinot BE, Richter A, Katzke J, Chaul JCM, Keller RA, Economo EP, Beutel RG, Yamamoto S. Evidence for the evolution of eusociality in stem ants and a systematic revision of †Gerontoformica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
It is generally assumed that Cretaceous stem ants were obligately eusocial, because of the presence of wingless adult females, yet the available evidence is ambiguous. Here, we report the syninclusion of a pupa and adult of a stem ant species from Mid-Cretaceous amber. As brood are immobile, the pupa was likely to have been transported by an adult. Therefore, the fossil substantiates the hypothesis that wingless females were cooperators, thus these were true ‘workers’. Re-examination of all described Cretaceous ant species reveals that winged–wingless diphenism – hence a variable dispersal capacity – may have been ancestral to the total clade of the ants, and that highly specialized worker-specific phenotypes evolved in parallel between the stem and crown groups. The soft-tissue preservation of the fossil is exceptional, demonstrating the possibility of analysing the development of the internal anatomy in stem ants. Based on the highest-resolution µ-CT scans of stem ants to date, we describe †Gerontoformica sternorhabda sp. nov., redescribe †G. gracilis, redefine the species group classification of †Gerontoformica, and provide a key to the species of the genus. Our work clarifies the species boundaries of †Gerontoformica and renders fossils relevant to the discussion of eusocial evolution in a way that has heretofore been intractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon E Boudinot
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erberstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian Richter
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erberstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Katzke
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
| | - Júlio C M Chaul
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto A Keller
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
- Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência & cE3c, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Japan
| | - Rolf Georg Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erberstraße 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Shûhei Yamamoto
- Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Kita 8, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
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Haug JT, Haug GT, Zippel A, van der Wal S, Müller P, Gröhn C, Wunderlich J, Hoffeins C, Hoffeins HW, Haug C. Changes in the Morphological Diversity of Larvae of Lance Lacewings, Mantis Lacewings and Their Closer Relatives over 100 Million Years. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100860. [PMID: 34680629 PMCID: PMC8537262 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroptera, the group of lacewings, comprises only about 6000 species in the modern fauna, but is generally assumed to have been more diverse and important in the past. A major factor of the modern-day ecological diversity of the group, and supposedly in the past as well, is represented by the highly specialised larval forms of lacewings. Quantitative analyses of the morphology of larvae revealed a loss of morphological diversity in several lineages. Here we explored the diversity of the larvae of mantis lacewings (Mantispidae), lance lacewings (Osmylidae), beaded lacewings (Berothidae and Rhachiberothidae, the latter potentially an ingroup of Berothidae), and pleasing lacewings (Dilaridae), as well as fossil larvae, preserved in amber, resembling these. We used shape analysis of the head capsule and stylets (pair of conjoined jaws) as a basis due to the high availability of this body region in extant and fossil specimens and the ecological importance of this region. The analysis revealed a rather constant morphological diversity in Berothidae. Mantispidae appears to have lost certain forms of larvae, but has seen a drastic increase of larval diversity after the Cretaceous; this is in contrast to a significant decrease in diversity in adult forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T. Haug
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.T.H.); (G.T.H.); (A.Z.); (S.v.d.W.)
- GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Gideon T. Haug
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.T.H.); (G.T.H.); (A.Z.); (S.v.d.W.)
| | - Ana Zippel
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.T.H.); (G.T.H.); (A.Z.); (S.v.d.W.)
| | - Serita van der Wal
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.T.H.); (G.T.H.); (A.Z.); (S.v.d.W.)
| | - Patrick Müller
- Independent Researcher, Kreuzbergstr. 90, 66482 Zweibrücken, Germany;
| | - Carsten Gröhn
- Independent Researcher, Bünebüttler Weg 7, 21509 Glinde, Germany;
| | - Jörg Wunderlich
- Independent Researcher, Oberer Haeuselbergweg 24, 69493 Hirschberg, Germany;
| | - Christel Hoffeins
- Independent Researcher, Liseistieg 10, 22149 Hamburg, Germany; (C.H.); (H.-W.H.)
| | - Hans-Werner Hoffeins
- Independent Researcher, Liseistieg 10, 22149 Hamburg, Germany; (C.H.); (H.-W.H.)
| | - Carolin Haug
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.T.H.); (G.T.H.); (A.Z.); (S.v.d.W.)
- GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Ardila-Camacho A, Pires Machado RJ, Contreras-Ramos A. A review of the biology of Symphrasinae (Neuroptera: Rhachiberothidae), with the description of the egg and primary larva of Plega Navás, 1928. ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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