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Ye T, Song W, Li Y, Al-Rasheid KAS, Serra V, Ma M. Morphology and phylogeny of four trachelocercid ciliates (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea, Trachelocercidae) from North China Sea, with description of a new species. Eur J Protistol 2023; 91:126025. [PMID: 37890439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2023.126025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Trachelocercids are common ciliates in marine sandy intertidal zones, however, only few species have been described using modern taxonomic techniques, with several earlier descriptions still lacking primary data, such as a detailed description of the oral ciliature. For this reason, systematics of the family Trachelocercidae Kent, 1881 resulted in paraphyletic genera and needs a critical revision. As an attempt to fill the gap of knowledge for this group, this study presents one new species description, Tracheloraphis apodiscolor n. sp., along with redescriptions of three lesser-known trachelocercid species, Trachelocerca bodiani (Dragesco, 1963) Dragesco, 2002, Trachelocerca ditis (Wright, 1982) Foissner & Dragesco, 1996 and Prototrachelocerca fasciolata (Sauerbrey, 1928) Foissner, 1996, collected from coastal marine habitats at Qingdao (China), using live and protargol-stained specimens. Tracheloraphis apodiscolor n. sp. can be distinguished from its closest related congener, T. discolor, by a shorter body length and fewer somatic kineties. Molecular data of T. apodiscolor n. sp. and T. bodiani were provided for the first time. Additionally, based on the Qingdao populations, we provide improved diagnoses for T. ditis and P. fasciolata. Phylogenetic analyses were performed and discussed, as there is strong support for paraphyly of the genera Tracheloraphis and Trachelocerca. In general, more integrative studies based on taxonomy, ultrastructure as well as molecular data are needed to properly shed light on the systematics of trachelocercids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ye
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity & Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Wen Song
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity & Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | | | | | - Mingzhen Ma
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity & Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Wu T, Cheng T, Cao X, Jiang Y, Al-Rasheid KAS, Warren A, Wang Z, Lu B. On four epibiotic peritrichous ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) found in Lake Weishan Wetland: morphological and molecular data support the establishment of a new genus, Parapiosoma gen. nov., and two new species. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:337-358. [PMID: 37637257 PMCID: PMC10449748 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
During a study on the diversity of ciliated protists in Lake Weishan Wetland, the largest wetland in northern China, four epibiotic sessilid peritrichs were isolated from aquatic host animals. Two of them, i.e., Epistylis cambari Kellicott, 1885 and Epistylis lwoffi Fauré-Fremiet, 1943, were known species whereas the other two, i.e., Parapiosoma typicum gen. nov., sp. nov. and Orborhabdostyla gracilis sp. nov., are new to science. The new genus Parapiosoma gen. nov. is characterized by its branched non-contractile stalk, everted peristomial lip, obconical macronucleus and transverse silverlines. Two species are assigned to the new genus, namely Parapiosoma typicum sp. nov. and Parapiosoma gasterostei (Fauré-Fremiet, 1905) comb. nov. Morphologically, P. typicum sp. nov. is recognized by its goblet-shaped zooids, single-layered peristomial lip, dichotomously branched stalk, and infundibular polykinety 3 (P3) containing three equal-length rows. Orborhabdostyla gracilis sp. nov. is characterized by its slender zooid, curved macronucleus, and three equal-length rows in infundibular P3. Improved diagnoses and redescriptions of E. cambari and E. lwoffi are provided including, for the first time, data on the ciliature of E. cambari. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA, ITS1-5.8S rDNA -ITS2, and LSU rDNA sequence data strongly support the assertion that the family Epistylididae comprises morphospecies with different evolutionary lineages and indicate that Parapiosoma gen. nov. may represent a new taxon at family level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiao Cao
- Weishan Fishery Development Service Center, Jining, 277600 China
| | - Yaohan Jiang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | | | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Zhe Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Borong Lu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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Ye T, Jiang Y, Chen S, Xu Y, Li L, Shin MK, Chen X. The widely reported but poorly studied ciliate family Folliculinidae (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Heterotrichea): a revision with notes on its taxonomy, morphology and phylogenetic relationships. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:471-492. [PMID: 37078084 PMCID: PMC10077228 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ciliates of the heterotrich family Folliculinidae are widespread in various habitats and are distinguished by their transparent loricae of various shapes, conspicuous peristomial lobes, and dimorphic life cycles. They usually attach firmly to the surface of substrates, feed on bacteria and microalgae, and play a significant role in energy flow and material cycling in the microbial food web. However, little is known regarding their biodiversity and systematics. In this work, we establish the terminology of the family Folliculinidae and select six crucial features for genus recognition. Based on previous studies, we revise the classification of Folliculinidae, supply improved diagnoses for each of the 33 folliculinid genera, and provide a key to their identification. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences revealed that the family is monophyletic and comprises two subclades (subclades I II) which can be identified by the flexibility of their peristomial lobes and the sculpturing of their necks. Furthermore, we investigate the evolutionary relationships of folliculinids using the six chosen generic features. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-022-00152-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ye
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Yaohan Jiang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Shuchang Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
| | - Lifang Li
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Mann Kyoon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610 South Korea
| | - Xiangrui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800 China
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Integrative Studies on Three Epibiotic Epistylis Species (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Peritrichia) in Lake Weishan Wetland, Northern China, Including the Establishment of a New Species. Protist 2022; 173:125909. [PMID: 36208492 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three epibiotic Epistylis species, i.e., Epistylis weishanensis sp. nov., Epistylis daphniae Fauré-Fremiet, 1905, and Epistylis pygmaeum (Ehrenberg, 1838) Foissner et al., 1999, were investigated based on their living morphology, infraciliature, and small subunit (SSU) rDNA sequence data. Epistylis weishanensis sp. nov. is characterized by its double-layered peristomial lip, contractile vacuole located on the dorsal wall of the infundibulum, infundibular polykinety 3 (P3) composed of three equal-length rows that terminate above infundibular polykinety 1 (P1), 50-62 silverlines between the peristome and the trochal band, and about 30 silverlines between the trochal band and the scopula. Based on previous and newly obtained data for E. daphniae and E. pygmaeum, improved diagnoses and redescriptions are provided including, for the first time, data on their infraciliature. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that all three species do not group within the major clade of Epistylis, supporting the assertion that the genus Epistylis should be an assemblage of morphospecies and therefore needs to be revised.
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Zhang X, Lu X, Chi Y, Jiang Y, Wang C, Al-Farraj SA, Vallesi A, Gao F. Timing and characteristics of nuclear events during conjugation and genomic exclusion in Paramecium multimicronucleatum. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:317-328. [PMID: 37073165 PMCID: PMC10077201 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ciliated protists are ideal material for studying the origin and evolution of sex, because of their nuclear dimorphism (containing both germline micronucleus and somatic macronucleus in the same cytoplasm), special sexual processes (conjugation and autogamy), and high diversity of mating-type systems. However, the study of sexual process is limited to only a few species, due to the difficulties in inducing or observing conjugation. In the present study, we investigate the conjugation process in Paramecium multimicronucleatum: (1) of the three prezygotic divisions, all micronuclei undergo the first two divisions (meiosis I, II), while a variable number of nuclei undergo the third division (mitosis); (2) the synkaryon divides three times after fertilization, giving rise to eight products that differentiate into four macronuclear anlagen and four micronuclei; (3) cells restore the vegetative stage after two successive cell fissions during which the macronuclear anlagen are distributed into daughter cells without division, while micronuclei divide mitotically; (4) the parental macronucleus begins to fragment following the first meiotic division and finally degenerates completely; (5) the entire process takes about 110 h, of which about 85 h are required for macronuclear development. In addition, we describe for the first time the process of genomic exclusion occurring between amicronucleate and micronucleate cells of P. multimicronucleatum, during which the micronucleate cell contributes a pronucleus to the amicronucleate cell, resulting in both exconjugants being homozygotes. These results provide new insights into the diversity of sexual processes and lay an important cytological basis for future in-depth studies of mating systems in ciliates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (OUC), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Xiaoteng Lu
- Department of Biology, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, 518172 China
| | - Yong Chi
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (OUC), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Yaohan Jiang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (OUC), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Chundi Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Protozoan Biodiversity and Evolution, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209 China
| | - Saleh A. Al-Farraj
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adriana Vallesi
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Microbiology and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (OUC), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237 China
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Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of two poorly known ciliate genera, Balantidion and Acropisthium (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea), including a new species of Balantidion. Eur J Protistol 2022; 85:125906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wu T, Wang Z, Lu B, Lei J, Al‐Rasheid KA, Sheng Y. New contribution to the peritrichous genus
Ophrydium
(Protista, Ciliophora) with notes on the morphology, taxonomy and phylogeny of a well‐known species
Ophrydium crassicaule
Penard, 1922. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12900. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Borong Lu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Jingtao Lei
- Weishan Fishery Development Service Center Jining 277600 China
| | | | - Yalan Sheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring School of Life Sciences South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
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Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang S, Maurer-Alcalá XX, Yan Y. How Ciliated Protists Survive by Cysts: Some Key Points During Encystment and Excystment. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:785502. [PMID: 35250922 PMCID: PMC8891572 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.785502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Forming cysts is a common and important bionomic strategy for microorganisms to persist in harsh environments. In ciliated protists, many species have been reported to form cysts when facing unfavorable conditions. Despite traditional studies on the morphological features of cysts and the chemical composition of cyst wall, recent research has focused more on the molecular mechanisms of encystment. The present work reviews studies on developmental features and molecular information of resting cysts in ciliates, and pays more attention to the following questions: what are the inducing factors of encystment and excystment? How does the cell change morphologically during these dynamic processes? And what molecular mechanisms underlie those changes? We also present and summarize the characteristics of cysts from diverse ciliate lineages in a phylogenetic framework, aiming to provide new perspectives for studies on adaptive evolution of unicellular eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yurui Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shijing Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xyrus X. Maurer-Alcalá
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ying Yan
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Ma M, Li Y, Maurer-Alcalá XX, Wang Y, Yan Y. Deciphering phylogenetic relationships in class Karyorelictea (Protista, Ciliophora) based on updated multi-gene information with establishment of a new order Wilbertomorphida n. ord. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 169:107406. [PMID: 35031457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The class Karyorelictea, a unique assemblage of ciliates, is a key group in deciphering ciliate evolution history. However, the systematic relationships among members of this class remain poorly understood. Here we newly obtained eight small subunit (SSU) rDNA, 24 large subunit (LSU) rDNA, and 25 ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences (covering 25 species, 10 genera and 4 out of 6 families) to analyze the phylogenetic relationships within Karyorelictea. Our results indicate that: (1) considering its unique morphology and early branching position in the SSU rDNA-based tree, the family Wilbertomorphidae represents a new taxon at order level, hence the new order Wilbertomorphida n. ord. is established; (2) all five families with available molecular information are monophyletic, as expected, and the orders Loxodida and Protostomatida show a closer relationship than with Protoheterotrichida; (3) in Trachelocercidae, the compound circumoral kineties is believed to be a plesiomorphic feature while the single circumoral kinety is synapomorphic; and (4) the freshwater genus Loxodes could be derived from the marine Remanella and both share most morphological features. Taken together, these muti-gene analyses provide further insights into the phylogeny of the diverse clades in Karyorelictea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Ma
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xyrus X Maurer-Alcalá
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Division of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yurui Wang
- Laboratory of Protozoological Biodiversity and Evolution in Wetland, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Ying Yan
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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