Lack of host phylogenetic structure in the gut bacterial communities of New Zealand cicadas and their interspecific hybrids

Host-microbe interactions are intimately linked to eukaryotic evolution, particularly in sap-sucking insects that often rely on obligate microbial symbionts for nutrient provisioning. Cicadas (Cicadidae: Auchenorrhyncha) specialize on xylem fluid and derive many essential amino acids and vitamins from intracellular bacteria or fungi (Hodgkinia, Sulcia, and Ophiocordyceps) that are propagated via transmission from mothers to offspring. Despite the beneficial role of these non-gut symbionts in nutrient provisioning, the role of beneficial microbiota within the gut remains unclear. Here, we investigate the relative abundance and impact of host phylogeny and ecology on gut microbial diversity in cicadas using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing data from 197 wild-collected cicadas and new mitochondrial genomes across 38 New Zealand cicada species, including natural hybrids between one pair of two species. We find low abundance and a lack of phylogenetic structure and hybrid effects but a significant role of elevation in explaining variation in gut microbiota.

Why cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) develop so slowly

Cicadas have amongst the longest development times and are also amongst the largest insects. Cicadas feed exclusively on xylem fluid, which is nutritionally dilute and difficult to obtain. One possible explanation for their slow development is that poor nutrition limits their growth rate. An analysis of 30 cicada species with known development times is consistent with this hypothesis as species with more equatorial distributions grew more rapidly than those at higher latitudes. A second possible explanation is that prolonged development maximizes net reproductive rate because there is little risk of mortality once early instar cicada nymphs establish feeding sites. Extended development probably allows nymphs to store resources and produce more offspring. Spittlebugs also feed obligately on xylem fluid and grow at similarly slow rates although they attain small adult sizes. Unlike cicadas, spittlebugs do not have steep survivorship curves and have shorter development times. The life histories of cicadas and spittlebugs are therefore consistent with both hypotheses. Cicada development times may be limited if (1) the risk of nymphal mortality equals increased fecundity associated with prolonging development, (2) fluctuating conditions sometimes favour rapid development times, or (3) host plant quality changes over time and penalizes nymphs that cannot relocate feeding sites.

Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile

The genus Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 is shown to be a complex of closely related species rather than a monospecific genus. Chilecicada citatatemporaria Sanborn & Cole n. sp., C. culenesensis Sanborn & Cole n. sp., C. curacaviensis Sanborn & Cole n. sp., C. impartemporaria Sanborn & Cole n. sp., C. magna Sanborn & Cole n. sp., C. mapuchensis Sanborn n. sp., C. oraria Sanborn & Cole n. sp., C. parrajaraorum Sanborn n. sp., C. partemporaria Sanborn & Cole n. sp., C. pehuenchesensis Sanborn & Cole n. sp., C. trifascia Sanborn n. sp., C. trifasciunca Sanborn & Cole n. sp., and C. viridicitata Sanborn & Cole n. sp. are described as new. Chilecicada occidentis Walker, 1850 is re-described to facilitate separation of the new species from the only previously known species. Song and cytochrome oxidase I analysis available for most species support the separation of the new taxa from the type species of the genus. Known species distributions and a key to the species of the genus are also provided. The new species increases the known cicada diversity 61.9% to 34 species, 91.2% of which are endemic to Chile.