1
|
Li SY, Chen MH, Sun L, Wang RH, Li CH, Gresens S, Li Z, Lin XL. New mitogenomes from the genus Cricotopus (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae): Characterization and phylogenetic implications. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22067. [PMID: 38014568 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cricotopus is a large and diverse genus of non-biting midges composed of several subgenera. Complete mitogenome sequences are available for very few Cricotopus species. The subgenus Pseudocricotopus unites species with unusual morphological structures in adult male and pupal stages, however, molecular methods are needed to verify the placement of this subgenus within Cricotopus. We obtained mitogenomes of C. (Pseudocricotopus) cf. montanus and nine other Cricotopus species for phylogenetic analysis, coupled with two Rheocricotopus species and one Synorthocladius species as outgroups. The structure of the mitogenome was similar among these Cricotopus species, exhibiting A+T bias and retaining ancestral gene order. Mutation rate, estimated as Ka/Ks, varied among genes, and was highest for ATP8 and lowest for COI. The phylogenetic relationships among species of Cricotopus, Rheocricotopus and Synorthocladius was reconstructed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation. The phylogenetic trees confirmed placement of subgenus Pseudocricotopus, represented by Cricotopus cf. montanus, within Cricotopus. Our study increases the library of chironomid mitogenomes and provides insight into the properties of their constituent genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Li
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Han Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Hao Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Hong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Susan Gresens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Long Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Liu G, Wang J, Sun Z, Wang N. The complete mitochondrial genome of Dolichopus galeatus Loew, 1871 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:1041-1044. [PMID: 37810615 PMCID: PMC10552610 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2262691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-legged fly Dolichopus galeatus Loew, 1871 belongs to the subfamily Dolichopodinae (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). This work presents the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of D. galeatus for the first time. The mitogenome has a total length of 15,268 bp, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) that make up the genome. All genes have comparable positions and strands to those found in earlier reported fly mitogenomes. The nucleotide composition is tilted toward A and T, which account for 75.1% of the total. Phylogenetic approach shows that Lichtwardtia is the sister group of Dolichopus and that the Dolichopodidae are monophyletic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- College of Prataculture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Grassland Station of Xilin Gol League Forestry and Grassland Bureau, Xilin Gol League, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Grassland Station of Xilin Gol League Bordered Yellow Banner Forestry and Grassland Bureau, Xilin Gol League, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qi Y, Bu WJ, Zheng CG, Lin XL, Jiao KL. New data on mitogenomes of Thienemanniella Kieffer, 1911 (Diptera: Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:1-9. [PMID: 37672308 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been widely used as a powerful marker in phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of various Dipteran groups. However, only a few mitogenomes from the Thienemanniella genus have been reported till now. Furthermore, there is still indeterminacy in the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Thienemanniella. In this study, mitogenomes of five Thienemanniella species were sequenced and analyzed newly. Combined with the published mitogenome of Thienemanniella nipponica, the obtained results showed that mitogenomes of Thienemanniella were conserved in structure, and all genes were observed to be arranged in the same gene order as the ancestral mitogenome. Nucleotide composition varied significantly among different genes, and the control region displayed the highest A + T content. All protein coding genes are subjected to purification selection, and the fastest evolving gene is ATP8. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses showed the phylogeny of Thienemanniella which was supported in five topologies. Our present study provides valuable insight into the phylogenetic relationships of Thienemanniella species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Jun Bu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Xiao-Long Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Long Jiao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Y, Zhang S, Chen Y, Wang G, Yang D, Zhang X. Contribution to the Knowledge of Dicranoptychini (Diptera, Tipuloidea, Limoniidae) in China, with the First Mitochondrial Genome of the Tribe and Its Phylogenetic Implications. INSECTS 2023; 14:535. [PMID: 37367351 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Dicranoptychini is a tribe in the subfamily Limoniinae (Diptera, Tipuloidea, and Limoniidae) and includes only the genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken, 1860. However, the species diversity of the tribe in China was seriously underestimated, and the taxonomic status of Dicranoptycha has long been controversial. In this study, types of Chinese Dicranoptycha species and specimens collected from several localities in China were examined, and the first mitochondrial (mt) genome of the tribe Dicranoptychini is presented. Two Dicranoptycha species, D. jiufengshana sp. nov. and D. shandongensis sp. nov., from China, are described and illustrated as new to science. A Palaearctic species, D. prolongata Alexander, 1938, is recorded in China for the first time. In addition, the complete mt genome of D. shandongensis sp. nov. is sequenced and annotated, indicating that it is a typical circular DNA molecule with a length of 16,157 bp and shows a similar gene order, nucleotide composition, and codon usage to mt genomes of other Tipuloidea species. The two pairs of repeat elements are found in its control region. Phylogenetic results confirm the sister-group relationship between Cylindrotomidae and Tipulidae, question the position of the genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken, 1860 in Limoniidae, and indicate that Dicranoptychini may be a basal lineage within Limoniinae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shenglin Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yaru Chen
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ding Yang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li SY, Zhao YM, Guo BX, Li CH, Sun BJ, Lin XL. Comparative Analysis of Mitogenomes of Chironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:1164. [PMID: 36555075 PMCID: PMC9784984 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Chironomids are biological indicators, playing an important role in monitoring and assessing the changes in water ecosystems. Mitochondrial genomes have been widely applied as a molecular marker to analyze the taxonomy and phylogeny of insects. However, knowledge of the mitogenomes of Chironomus species is scarce at present, which limits our understanding of the evolutionary relationships among Chironomus. (2) Methods: In our study, the mitogenomes and their basic structure of 12 Chironomus species and one Microchironomus species were newly sequenced. Combined with reported mitogenomes, a total of 15 mitogenomes of Chironomus were selected for a comparative mitogenomic analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction of Chironomus. (3) Results: Each mitogenome of the Chironomus species has the typical 37 genes and a control region. The basic structure of the whole mitogenomes of Chironomus species is relatively conservative, and the genetic arrangements stay the same as the ancestral mitogenome. (4) Conclusions: Our study enriches the library of mitogenomes of chironomids and provides a valuable resource for understanding the evolutionary history of Chironomus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Li
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yan-Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bing-Xin Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chen-Hong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bing-Jiao Sun
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiao-Long Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qi Y, Duan X, Jiao KL, Lin XL. First complete mitogenome of Axarus fungorum (Albu, 1980) from Guizhou Province, China (Diptera, Chironomidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:1807-1809. [PMID: 36278126 PMCID: PMC9586615 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2131369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Axarus fungorum (Albu, 1980) exhibits certain adaptations to different aquatic environments, appearing as an important evaluation element for freshwater quality monitoring. In this study, complete mitogenome of A. fungorum was provided for the first time to define the systematic and phylogenetic history of this taxon. The whole mitogenome is 15,696 bp long with high A + T content that consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and a noncoding control region. ML analysis showed support for monophyly of Chironominae and close relationship between A. fungorum and Chironomus generic genera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke-Long Jiao
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China,CONTACT Ke-Long Jiao Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin300392, China
| | - Xiao-Long Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China, Xiao-Long Lin Engineering Research Center of Environmental DNA and Ecological Water Health Assessment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai201306, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Yang D, Kang Z. Net-Winged Midge Genus Blepharicera Macquart (Diptera: Blephariceridae) in China: The First DNA Barcode Database with Descriptions of Four New Species and Notes on Distribution. INSECTS 2022; 13:794. [PMID: 36135495 PMCID: PMC9506017 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene is more and more widely used for DNA barcoding, which provides a rapid and timely identification as this technique is not limited by polymorphism, sex, and life stages and fundamentally complements traditional evolutionary taxonomy. The present study generated 33 mt COI sequences of seven Chinese Blepharicera Macquart, 1843 species with an average of 594 bp, which represent the first DNA barcode database for Chinese Blepharicera. Genetic distance analysis reveals that intraspecific distances in the genus are generally less than 1.7%, and interspecific distances range from 5.4% to 20.3%. Phylogenetic analysis shows that each species recovered in our analyses is separated from all neighboring species. Based on molecular and morphological data, four Blepharicera species from China, B. beishanica sp. nov., B. dushanzica sp. nov., B. nigra sp. nov. and B. xinjiangica sp. nov., are described and illustrated as new to science. Identification keys for adults and larvae of Chinese Blepharicera are also presented. Geographical analysis shows that Southwest China is the species’ richest region. Our results will be useful in tackling taxonomic problems, understanding species distribution, and resolving nomenclature conflicts associated with Blepharicera species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ding Yang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zehui Kang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Descriptions and Barcoding of Five New Chinese Deuterophlebia Species Revealing This Genus in Both Holarctic and Oriental Realms (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070593. [PMID: 35886769 PMCID: PMC9321846 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The insects of the dipteran family Deuterophlebiidae have remarkedly specialized morphology and biology. Larvae of them prefer to live in the rapid current of monte streams. Their adults, with extremely elongated antennae and enlarged thorax covering their head, were recorded having few hours lifespan. The research on this group of peculiar insects began one century ago and 14 species have been reported from Asian Palearctic and Nearctic realms. However, the species of vast China have not been collected or studied systematically so far, only one species was known while the molecular work did not appear. Here, with specific sampling widely in China and careful classification, we provide the first species diversity data of this country, the first interspecific genetic distance, and the first Oriental record of the family. As a result, five new species are added to the previous eight Asian known ones, distribution and biology of this genus are updated correspondingly. Abstract The monotypic family Deuterophlebiidae of China was recorded twice previously from far northwest upon adults, the most parts of this country have not been investigated, leaving a huge blank of knowledge on their morphology, diversity, biology, or distribution. After deliberated collecting and rearing in recent years, we obtained more than one thousand specimens of Deuterophlebiidae, they are classified into five new species herein: Deuterophlebia sinensis sp. nov., D. yunnanensis sp. nov., D. wuyiensis sp. nov., D. acutirhina sp. nov. and D. alata sp. nov. Detailed descriptions and photographs of gathered life stages are given for these new species. Adults of them can be identified by chaetotaxy and length ratio of flagellomeres and legs, microtrichia on postgena and shape of their clypeus, pupae can be recognized by thoracic spines and abdominal chitin bands, and larvae can be separated by setae on thorax and abdomen. Genetic distances between species are 0.086–0.175 based on their COI genes. This contribution represents the first database of the enigmatic Deuterophlebiidae from China and shows a new distribution pattern of Deuterophlebia. In addition, the discovery throws some light on the origin and biogeography of the genus and family.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mitochondrial Genomes Provide New Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Insights into Psilidae (Diptera: Brachycera). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060518. [PMID: 35735855 PMCID: PMC9224655 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Psilidae (Diptera: Brachycera) is a moderate-sized family currently placed in the superfamily Diopsoidea and contains some destructive agricultural and forestry pests. The systematic position and intrafamilial classification of rust flies are in need of further study, and the available molecular data of Psilidae are still limited. In this study, we present the mitochondrial genomes of 6 Psilidae species (Chamaepsilatestudinaria Wang and Yang, Chyliza bambusae Wang and Yang, Chy. chikuni Wang, Loxocera lunata Wang and Yang, L. planivena Wang and Yang and L. sinica Wang and Yang). Comparative analyses show a conserved genome structure, in terms of gene composition and arrangement, and a highly Adenine plus Thymine biased nucleotide composition of the 6 psilid mitogenomes. Mitochondrial evolutionary rates vary among the 6 species, with species of Chylizinae exhibiting a slower average rate than species of Psilinae. The length, the nucleotide composition, and the copy number of repeat units of the control region are variable among the 6 species, which may offer useful information for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of Psilidae. Phylogenetic analyses based on 4 mitogenomic datasets (AA, PCG, PCG12RNA, and PCGRNA) support the monophyly of Psilidae, and the sister relationship between Chylizinae and Psilinae, while Diopsoidea is suggested to be non-monophyletic. Our study enlightens the future application of mitogenomic data in the phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of Psilidae, based on denser taxon sampling.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin X, Liu Z, Yan L, Duan X, Bu W, Wang X, Zheng C. Mitogenomes provide new insights of evolutionary history of Boreheptagyiini and Diamesini (Diptera: Chironomidae: Diamesinae). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8957. [PMID: 35646319 PMCID: PMC9130564 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogenomes have been widely used for phylogenetic reconstruction of various Dipteran groups, but specifically for chironomid, they have not been carried out to resolve the relationships. Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) are important bioindicators for freshwater ecosystem monitoring, but its evolutionary history remains uncertain for lack of information. Here, coupled with one previously published and 30 new mitogenomes of Diamesinae, we carried out comparative mitogenomic analysis and phylogenetic analysis. Mitogenomes of Diamesinae were conserved in structure, and all genes arranged in the same order as the ancestral insect mitogenome. All protein-coding genes in Diamesinae were under stronger purifying selection than those of other nonbiting midge species, which may exhibit signs of adaptation to life at cold living conditions. Phylogenetic analyses strongly supported the monophyly of Diamesinae, with Boreheptagyiini deeply nested within Diamesini. In addition, phylogenetic relationship of selected six genera was resolved, except Sympotthastia remained unstable. Our study revealed that the mitogenomes of Diamesinae are highly conserved, and they are practically useful for phylogenetic inference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Long Lin
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zheng Liu
- Geological Museum of ChinaBeijingChina
| | - Li‐Ping Yan
- School of Ecology and Nature ConservationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Plant ProtectionCollege of Horticulture and LandscapeTianjin Agricultural UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Wen‐Jun Bu
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xin‐Hua Wang
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | | |
Collapse
|