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Ekins M, Hooper JNA. New carnivorous sponges from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia collected by ROV from the RV FALKOR. Zootaxa 2023; 5293:435-471. [PMID: 37518474 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5293.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
This research presents three new species of carnivorous sponges from the family Cladorhizidae from the Great Barrier Reef, in Queensland, Australia: Abyssocladia falkor sp. nov., Abyssocladia jeanvaceleti sp. nov. and Axoniderma wanda sp. nov. They were collected by ROV during the expedition FK200802-Seamounts, Canyons & Reefs of the Coral Sea Cruise on the RV Falkor from the Schmidt Ocean Institute. In addition, the ROV collection of two complete specimens enabled the redescription of two other Australian species of carnivorous sponge (Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) zygainadentonis Ekins et al., 2020a and Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma Ekins et al., 2020a), previously known from the East coast of Australia based on incomplete specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrick Ekins
- Queensland Museum; PO Box 3300; South Brisbane 4101; Brisbane; Queensland; Australia School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia; Queensland; 4072 Australia Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Brisbane 4111; Queensland; Australia.
| | - John N A Hooper
- Queensland Museum; PO Box 3300; South Brisbane 4101; Brisbane; Queensland; Australia School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia; Queensland; 4072 Australia Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery; Griffith University; Brisbane 4111; Queensland; Australia.
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2
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Łukowiak M, Van Soest R, Klautau M, Pérez T, Pisera A, Tabachnick K. The terminology of sponge spicules. J Morphol 2022; 283:1517-1545. [PMID: 36208470 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sponges (Porifera) are a diverse and globally distributed clade of benthic organisms, with an evolutionary history reaching at least the Ediacaran-Cambrian (541 Ma) boundary interval. Throughout their research history, sponges have been subjects of intense studies in many fields, including paleontology, evolutionary biology, and even bioengineering and pharmacology. The skeletons of sponges are mostly characterized by the presence of mineral elements termed spicules, which structurally support the sponge bodies, though they also minimize the metabolic cost of water exchange and deter predators. The description of the spicules' shape and the skeleton organization represents the fundamental basis of sponge taxonomy and systematics. Here, we provide an illustrated catalogue of sponge spicules, which is based on previous works on sponge spicules, for example, and gathers and updates all terms that are currently used in sponge descriptions. Each spicule type is further illustrated through high quality scanning electron microscope micrographs. It is expected to be a valuable source that will facilitate spicule identification and, in certain cases, also enable sponge classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Łukowiak
- Department of Environmental Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Rob Van Soest
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Dept. Marine Biodiversity, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Klautau
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thierry Pérez
- IMBE, Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
| | - Andrzej Pisera
- Department of Environmental Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Konstantin Tabachnick
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Canuti M, Large G, Verhoeven JTP, Dufour SC. A Novel Iridovirus Discovered in Deep-Sea Carnivorous Sponges. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081595. [PMID: 35893660 PMCID: PMC9330688 DOI: 10.3390/v14081595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous sponges (family Cladorhizidae) use small invertebrates as their main source of nutrients. We discovered a novel iridovirus (carnivorous sponge-associated iridovirus, CaSpA-IV) in Chondrocladia grandis and Cladorhiza oxeata specimens collected in the Arctic and Atlantic oceans at depths of 537–852 m. The sequenced viral genome (~190,000 bp) comprised 185 predicted ORFs, including those encoding 26 iridoviral core proteins, and phylogenetic analyses showed that CaSpA-IV is a close relative to members of the genus Decapodiridovirus and highly identical to a partially sequenced virus pathogenic to decapod shrimps. CaSpA-IV was found in various anatomical regions of six C. grandis (sphere, stem, root) from the Gulf of Maine and Baffin Bay and of two C. oxeata (sphere, secondary axis) from Baffin Bay. Partial MCP sequencing revealed a divergent virus (CaSpA-IV-2) in one C. oxeata. The analysis of a 10 nt long tandem repeat showed a number of repeats consistent across sub-sections of the same sponges but different between animals, suggesting the presence of different strains. As the genetic material of crustaceans, particularly from the zooplanktonic copepod order Calanoida, was identified in the investigated samples, further studies are required to elucidate whether CaSpA-IV infects the carnivorous sponges, their crustacean prey, or both.
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Brix S, Kaiser S, Lörz AN, Le Saout M, Schumacher M, Bonk F, Egilsdottir H, Olafsdottir SH, Tandberg AHS, Taylor J, Tewes S, Xavier JR, Linse K. Habitat variability and faunal zonation at the Ægir Ridge, a canyon-like structure in the deep Norwegian Sea. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13394. [PMID: 35726260 PMCID: PMC9206436 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ægir Ridge System (ARS) is an ancient extinct spreading axis in the Nordic seas extending from the upper slope east of Iceland (∼550 m depth), as part of its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), to a depth of ∼3,800 m in the Norwegian basin. Geomorphologically a rift valley, the ARS has a canyon-like structure that may promote increased diversity and faunal density. The main objective of this study was to characterize benthic habitats and related macro- and megabenthic communities along the ARS, and the influence of water mass variables and depth on them. During the IceAGE3 expedition (Icelandic marine Animals: Genetics and Ecology) on RV Sonne in June 2020, benthic communities of the ARS were surveyed by means of a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) and epibenthic sledge (EBS). For this purpose, two working areas were selected, including abyssal stations in the northeast and bathyal stations in the southwest of the ARS. Video and still images of the seabed were usedtoqualitatively describebenthic habitats based on the presence of habitat-forming taxa and the physical environment. Patterns of diversity and community composition of the soft-sediment macrofauna, retrieved from the EBS, were analyzed in a semiquantitative manner. These biological data were complemented by producing high-resolution bathymetric maps using the vessel's multi-beam echosounder system. As suspected, we were able to identify differences in species composition and number of macro- and megafaunal communities associated with a depth gradient. A biological canyon effect became evident in dense aggregates of megafaunal filter feeders and elevated macrofaunal densities. Analysis of videos and still images from the ROV transects also led to the discovery of a number ofVulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) dominated by sponges and soft corals characteristic of the Arctic region. Directions for future research encompass a more detailed, quantitative study of the megafauna and more coherent sampling over the entire depth range in order to fully capture the diversity of the habitats and biota of the region. The presence of sensitive biogenic habitats, alongside seemingly high biodiversity and naturalness are supportive of ongoing considerations of designating part of the ARS as an "Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area" (EBSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Brix
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kaiser
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Łódź, Poland,INES Integrated Environmental Solutions UG, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Anne-Nina Lörz
- Institute for Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Mia Schumacher
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frederic Bonk
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - James Taylor
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Tewes
- Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joana R. Xavier
- CIIMAR–Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Portro, Matosinhos, Portugal,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Goodwin C, Dinn C, Nefedova E, Nijhof F, Murillo FJ, Nozères C. Two new species of encrusting sponge (Porifera, family Crellidae) from eastern Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two new species of Crellidae Dendy, 1922 from the east coast of Canada are described. The first is Crella (Pytheas) cutis sp. nov., a massively encrusting species of Crella (Pytheas) collected from depths of 84 to 249 m in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the Scotian Shelf. The second is Crellomima mehqisinpekonuta sp. nov., a thinly encrusting sponge found at diving depths in the Bay of Fundy. We also report the first records of Crellomima derma Hentschel, 1929 from outside the type locality (Barents Sea). All known species of Crellomima are reviewed based on type material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goodwin
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Curtis Dinn
- Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 343 Université Avenue, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, NB E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Nefedova
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Frauke Nijhof
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Francisco Javier Murillo
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Claude Nozères
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 850, route de la Mer, P.O. Box 1000, Mont-Joli, QC G5H 3Z4, Canada
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Morozov G, Sabirov R, Anisimova N. The hidden diversity of the endemic Arctic sponges (Porifera). J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.1913256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grigori Morozov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Rushan Sabirov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalya Anisimova
- Laboratory of Trophology, Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Murmansk, Russia
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Taboada S, Serra Silva A, Díez-Vives C, Neal L, Cristobo J, Ríos P, Hestetun JT, Clark B, Rossi ME, Junoy J, Navarro J, Riesgo A. Sleeping with the enemy: unravelling the symbiotic relationships between the scale worm Neopolynoe chondrocladiae (Annelida: Polynoidae) and its carnivorous sponge hosts. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The North Atlantic deep-water polynoid worm Neopolynoe chondrocladiae is involved in an exceptional symbiotic relationship with two hosts: the carnivorous sponges Chondrocladia robertballardi and Chondrocladia virgata. While this is an obligate symbiotic relationship, its real nature is unclear. We used a multidisciplinary approach to narrow down the type of symbiotic relationship between symbiont and hosts. Molecular connectivity analyses using COI and 16S suggest that N. chondrocladiae has high potential for dispersal, connecting sites hundreds of kilometres apart, likely aided by oceanographic currents. Microbial analyses on different anatomical parts of five Chondrocladia species suggest that the presence of the worm in C. robertballardi does not affect the microbiome of the sponge. MicroCT analysis on N. chondrocladiae show that it has dorsally oriented parapodia, which might prevent the worm from getting trapped in the sponge. A faecal pellet recovered from the worm suggests that the polynoid feeds on the crustacean prey captured by the sponge, something corroborated by our stable isotope analysis. Light and confocal microscopy images suggest that N. chondrocladiae elytra produce bioluminescence. We propose that the worm might use bioluminescence as a lure for prey (increasing the food available for both the sponge and the polynoid) and thus fuelling a mutualistic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Taboada
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Apdo. 20, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
- Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serra Silva
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, UK
| | - Cristina Díez-Vives
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Lenka Neal
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | - Javier Cristobo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Apdo. 20, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, C/ Príncipe de Asturias 70 bis, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pilar Ríos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Apdo. 20, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, Promontorio San Martín s/n, Apdo. 240, Santander, Spain
| | - Jon Thomassen Hestetun
- NORCE Environment, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Nygårdsgaten 112 NO-5838 Bergen, Norway
| | - Brett Clark
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
| | | | - Juan Junoy
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Apdo. 20, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Joan Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, UK
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Sponge communities in the eastern Canadian Arctic: species richness, diversity and density determined using targeted benthic sampling and underwater video analysis. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Georgieva MN, Taboada S, Riesgo A, Díez-Vives C, De Leo FC, Jeffreys RM, Copley JT, Little CTS, Ríos P, Cristobo J, Hestetun JT, Glover AG. Evidence of Vent-Adaptation in Sponges Living at the Periphery of Hydrothermal Vent Environments: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1636. [PMID: 32793148 PMCID: PMC7393317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral areas of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are often inhabited by an assemblage of animals distinct to those living close to vent chimneys. For many such taxa, it is considered that peak abundances in the vent periphery relate to the availability of hard substrate as well as the increased concentrations of organic matter generated at vents, compared to background areas. However, the peripheries of vents are less well-studied than the assemblages of vent-endemic taxa, and the mechanisms through which peripheral fauna may benefit from vent environments are generally unknown. Understanding this is crucial for evaluating the sphere of influence of hydrothermal vents and managing the impacts of future human activity within these environments, as well as offering insights into the processes of metazoan adaptation to vents. In this study, we explored the evolutionary histories, microbiomes and nutritional sources of two distantly-related sponge types living at the periphery of active hydrothermal vents in two different geological settings (Cladorhiza from the E2 vent site on the East Scotia Ridge, Southern Ocean, and Spinularia from the Endeavour vent site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, North-East Pacific) to examine their relationship to nearby venting. Our results uncovered a close sister relationship between the majority of our E2 Cladorhiza specimens and the species Cladorhiza methanophila, known to harbor and obtain nutrition from methanotrophic symbionts at cold seeps. Our microbiome analyses demonstrated that both E2 Cladorhiza and Endeavour Spinularia sp. are associated with putative chemosynthetic Gammaproteobacteria, including Thioglobaceae (present in both sponge types) and Methylomonaceae (present in Spinularia sp.). These bacteria are closely related to chemoautotrophic symbionts of bathymodiolin mussels. Both vent-peripheral sponges demonstrate carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures consistent with contributions to nutrition from chemosynthesis. This study expands the number of known associations between metazoans and potentially chemosynthetic Gammaproteobacteria, indicating that they can be incredibly widespread and also occur away from the immediate vicinity of chemosynthetic environments in the vent-periphery, where these sponges may be adapted to benefit from dispersed vent fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergi Taboada
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Departamento de Biología (Zoología), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabio C. De Leo
- Ocean Networks Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel M. Jeffreys
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan T. Copley
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Crispin T. S. Little
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Ríos
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier Cristobo
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Gijón, Spain
| | - Jon T. Hestetun
- NORCE Environment, Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Bergen, Norway
| | - Adrian G. Glover
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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Godefroy N, Le Goff E, Martinand-Mari C, Belkhir K, Vacelet J, Baghdiguian S. Sponge digestive system diversity and evolution: filter feeding to carnivory. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:341-351. [PMID: 31053892 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sponges are an ancient basal life form, so understanding their evolution is key to understanding all metazoan evolution. Sponges have very unusual feeding mechanisms, with an intricate network of progressively optimized filtration units: from the simple choanocyte lining of a central cavity, or spongocoel, to more complex chambers and canals. Furthermore, in a single evolutionary event, a group of sponges transitioned to carnivory. This major evolutionary transition involved replacing the filter-feeding apparatus with mobile phagocytic cells that migrate collectively towards the trapped prey. Here, we focus on the diversity and evolution of sponge nutrition systems and the amazing adaptation to carnivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Godefroy
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Le Goff
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Khalid Belkhir
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Vacelet
- IMBE, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, 13007, Marseille, France.
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11
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Morozov G, Sabirov R, Zimina O. Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. J NAT HIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grigori Morozov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Rushan Sabirov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga Zimina
- Laboratory of Zoobenthos, Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Murmansk, Russia
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