1
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Teng CE, Wang YM, Li TH, Chen SF. Quantification of Hop-Derived Bitter Compounds in Beer Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:746-755. [PMID: 38422384 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are essential raw materials for beer brewing, and the major contributors to beer bitterness are isohumulones (iso-α-acids) and humulinones. In recent years, many breweries have focused on the production of hop-forward beer styles by adding hops after or during the cold fermentation stage, which will tend to release humulinones or other hop-derived bitter compounds. In this study, a LC-MS/MS method was developed for quantification of 60 hop-derived bitter compounds in 25 min. Reverse-phase chromatography with an alkaline methanol/acetonitrile (70:30) mobile phase was used for the separation. The quantitative range was 0.053-3912 ng/mL with correlation coefficient r > 0.99, and the LOQ were 0.26 and 0.053 ng/mL for iso-α-acids and humulinones. Precision (RSD < 5.0%) and accuracy (recovery 86.3%-118.1%) were both satisfactory. The abundance of hop-derived bitter compounds in the dry-hopped beer (Double-India Pale Ale) and the nondry-hopped beer (Vienna Lager) were monitored throughout the fermentation and storage stages, and the formation of oxidation and cyclization products showed difference profiles between these two beers. The quantification results reveal how hop-derived bitter compounds change throughout the brewing process, as well as the influence of hops and brewing techniques on beer bitterness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-En Teng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Meng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Huan Li
- Zhangmen Brewing Company, New Taipei City 22161, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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2
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Rutnik K, Ocvirk M, Košir IJ. The Stability of Hop ( Humulus lupulus L.) Resins during Long-Period Storage. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:936. [PMID: 36840283 PMCID: PMC9960943 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The stability of alpha-acids, beta-acids and hop storage index (HSI) values under different conditions (aerobic/anaerobic, 4 °C/room temperature) was studied in a two-year trial. Six different varieties (Celeia, Aurora, Bobek, Styrian Gold, Savinjski Golding and Styrian Wolf) were used in the form of cones and pellets. Alpha- and beta-acids were determined by HPLC and HSI by spectrophotometry. Anaerobic conditions at 4 °C were best for alpha-acids, beta-acids and HSI values; however, 10-35% of the alpha-acids were still lost after two years. The decline was greater (63-99%) under aerobic conditions and at room temperature. Alpha-/beta-acid ratios increased in hop cones and decreased in hop pellets, whereas HSI values increased in all storage conditions. Overall, the performance was better for pellets than for hop cones. Storage conditions, storage form and hop variety had significant effects on the stability of hop resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Rutnik
- Department for Agrochemistry and Brewing, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Miha Ocvirk
- Department for Agrochemistry and Brewing, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Jože Košir
- Department for Agrochemistry and Brewing, Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, 3310 Žalec, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Klimczak K, Cioch-Skoneczny M. Changes in beer bitterness level during the beer production process. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBeer has been enjoyed by consumers for years. Today, hops are inextricably associated with this beverage. Although they have been the subject of research for decades, knowledge of their bittering components and interactions during the beer production process is still incomplete. Current literature clearly indicates that the bitterness experienced in beer comes from a much wider range of compounds than just iso-α-acids. Although compounds that can be classified into β-acids, humulinones, hulupones, hard resins, and polyphenols are characterized by lower levels of bitterness and are present in hops in lower quantities than α-acids, they might determine, together with them, the final level of bitterness in beer. Unlike α-acids, the influence of compounds from these groups, their transformations, changes in their content during the beer production process and factors that affect their final concentration in beer have not yet been thoroughly studied. In case of α-acids, it is known that factors, such as chemical composition of wort, its extract and pH, amount of hops added and α-acids’ content, boiling time, and temperature at which hops were added influence the level of bitterness. This phenomenon is further complicated when dry hopping is used. Due to the presence of humulinones, polyphenols, and α-acids, a relatively simple spectrophotometric determination of IBU can give erroneous results. IBU determination, especially in dry-hopped beers, should be coupled with HPLC analysis, taking into account appropriate bitterness coefficients.
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4
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Using Hydrofluorocarbon Extracts of Hop in a Pilot Scale Brewing Process. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12146959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of hop extracts in industrial and home brewing processes as an alternative to hop cones or pellets usually added to wort during boiling has become increasingly popular. These extracts represent concentrated sources of bitter compounds, i.e., α- and β-acids, which are involved in some of the main reactions that take place in the wort and are responsible for the bitterness and the final quality of beer. This work aims at proposing a novel extraction technique, using a hydrofluorocarbon solvent in subcritical conditions; this process provided an extraction yield of 19% and an α-acid recovery of approximately 49% in 120 min of process. The α-acid isomerization kinetics of thermally treated hop extracts were studied and compared with those of both hop pellets and a CO2 extract. Laboratory scale tests showed that shorter boiling times were needed using hydrofluorocarbon and CO2 extracts (approximately 25 min and 34 min, respectively) to reach the same isomerization efficiency of 16.73%, achieved in 50 min of boiling with pellets. Moreover, the process was scaled up and the possibility of considerably reducing the conventional treatment times using hydrofluorocarbon extracts was confirmed: the same isomerization yield (9.1%) obtained after 50 min using the traditional procedure with hop pellets was reached in a shorter time of approximately 35 min in a pilot apparatus.
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5
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Rutnik K, Ocvirk M, Košir IJ. Impact of Hop Freshness on Dry Hopped Beer Quality. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091310. [PMID: 35564033 PMCID: PMC9102888 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hop plant is seasonal, but beer production continues throughout the whole year. The quality of hops begins to decrease immediately after harvesting; therefore, maintaining the highest possible quality is important. A good indicator of hop freshness is the hop storage index (HSI). In this study, three different varieties of hops with five different HSI values, from 0.3 to 0.7, were used for brewing with the dry hopping technique. The main goal was to evaluate the impact of the HSI value on beer quality in terms of hop aroma and bitterness. Alpha acids, iso-alpha acids, humulinones, bitterness units and hop aroma compounds were chemically analysed. Sensorial analysis was also conducted on all samples. Decreases in the intensity and quality of hop aroma were detected with increasing HSI. The quality of bitterness was also reduced. High HSI also led to undesirable gushing. Beers brewed with hops with HSI values greater than 0.4 had deviations in aroma and bitterness when compared with beers brewed with fresh hops.
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6
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Salamon RV, Dabija A, Ferencz Á, Tankó G, Ciocan ME, Codină GG. The Effect of Dry Hopping Efficiency on β-Myrcene Dissolution into Beer. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1043. [PMID: 35448771 PMCID: PMC9027813 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The production of heavily hopped beers, such as Indian Pale Ale (IPA) styles, has been gaining momentum in recent years in the Central European markets. To this end, the dry hopping process is becoming increasingly popular, mostly in microbreweries, but also with larger manufacturers. In our research, we investigated the dissolution rate of the main volatile component of hops, β-myrcene with a modified dry hopping method. Following the primary fermentation, we applied the dry hopping process, where the weighed hops were chopped and blended into a container with 0.5 L of beer and later added to the young beer. During the dry hopping process, we determined various important parameters of the beer, and we repeated the same measurements for the bottled beer. In the first 96 h of the dry hopping process, we monitored the concentration of β-myrcene so that we managed to determine the dissolution rate constant (k = 0.1946 h-1). The β-myrcene concentration stabilizes after 44 h in the fermenter. At the same time, measurements were conducted for bitterness, pH, CO2 and alcohol content, extract and density during the process. Our experiment demonstrates that a new method of dry hopping provides a much higher concentration of β-myrcene (215 μg/L) than other methods indicated in former studies in the field. A health and safety assessment of β-myrcene was also made and we determined what the safe amount of β-myrcene ingested with IPA beer is. Our modified process was successful, we were able to determine the dissolution rate of β-myrcene, and the recommended daily intake of IPA beer with particular reference to β-myrcene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozália Veronika Salamon
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Economics, Socio-Human Sciences and Engineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piata Libertatii no. 1, 530104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania; (R.V.S.); (Á.F.)
| | - Adriana Dabija
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.D.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Ágota Ferencz
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Economics, Socio-Human Sciences and Engineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piata Libertatii no. 1, 530104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania; (R.V.S.); (Á.F.)
| | - György Tankó
- Doctoral School of Food Science, Magyar Agár-és Élettudományi Egyetem, Str. Villányi 29-43, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Marius Eduard Ciocan
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.D.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Georgiana Gabriela Codină
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.D.); (M.E.C.)
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7
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A TCATA by modality approach to study the multisensory temporal profile of hop bitter and flavour products applied in lager. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Kemp O, Hofmann S, Braumann I, Jensen S, Fenton A, Oladokun O. Changes in key hop‐derived compounds and their impact on perceived dry‐hop flavour in beers after storage at cold and ambient temperature. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kemp
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory Carlsberg A/S J.C. Jacobsen Gade 4 Copenhagen V 1799 Denmark
| | - Saskia Hofmann
- Group Development Carlsberg Breweries A/S J.C. Jacobsen Gade 1 Copenhagen V 1799 Denmark
| | - Ilka Braumann
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory Carlsberg A/S J.C. Jacobsen Gade 4 Copenhagen V 1799 Denmark
| | - Sidsel Jensen
- Group Development Carlsberg Breweries A/S J.C. Jacobsen Gade 1 Copenhagen V 1799 Denmark
| | - Adam Fenton
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory Carlsberg A/S J.C. Jacobsen Gade 4 Copenhagen V 1799 Denmark
- EyeBrow Consulting Ltd Windsor SL4 3DT UK
| | - Olayide Oladokun
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory Carlsberg A/S J.C. Jacobsen Gade 4 Copenhagen V 1799 Denmark
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9
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Kishimoto T, Teramoto S, Fujita A, Yamada O. Evaluation of Components Contributing to the International Bitterness Unit of Wort and Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2021.1878684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kishimoto
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Akiko Fujita
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamada
- National Research Institute of Brewing, Hiroshima, Japan
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10
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GOMES FDO, GUIMARÃES BP, CEOLA D, GHESTI GF. Advances in dry hopping for industrial brewing: a review. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.60620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duan CEOLA
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil
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11
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Rapinel V, Chemat A, Santerre C, Belay J, Hanaei F, Vallet N, Jacques L, Fabiano-Tixier AS. 2-Methyloxolane as a Bio-Based Solvent for Green Extraction of Aromas from Hops ( Humulus lupulus L.). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071727. [PMID: 32283752 PMCID: PMC7180635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of using the bio-based solvent 2-methyloxolane, also known as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran or 2-MeTHF, as an alternative to petroleum solvents such as hexane, was investigated for the extraction of volatile compounds from hop cones (Humulus lupulus L.). Lab scale extractions were coupled with in silico prediction of solutes solubility to assess the technical potential of this bio-based solvent. The predictive approach was performed using the simulation software COSMO-RS (conductor like screening model for real solvants) and showed that the 2-methyloxolane is as good as or better than hexane to solubilize the majority of aromas from hop cones. The experimental results indicated that the highest aroma yield was obtained with 2-methyloxolane with 20.2% while n-hexane was only able to extract 17.9%. The characterization of aromas extracted by the two solvents showed a similar composition, where lupulone was the main component followed by humulone. No selectivity of the solvents was observed for any of the major analytes. Finally, a sensory analysis was performed on the extracts, showing that both concretes using 2-methyloxolane and hexane have similar olfactory profiles. The results indicate that 2-methyloxolane could be a promising bio-based extraction solvent for hexane substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rapinel
- Green Extraction Team, Avignon University, INRAE, UMR408, F-84000 Avignon, France; (V.R.); (A.C.)
- Pennakem Europa, 224 avenue de la Dordogne, F-59944 Dunkerque, France;
| | - Aziadé Chemat
- Green Extraction Team, Avignon University, INRAE, UMR408, F-84000 Avignon, France; (V.R.); (A.C.)
| | - Cyrille Santerre
- Institut Supérieur International du Parfum, de la Cosmétique et de l’Aromatique alimentaire (ISIPCA), 34-36 rue du parc de Clagny, F-78000 Versailles, France; (C.S.); (J.B.); (F.H.); (N.V.)
| | - Justine Belay
- Institut Supérieur International du Parfum, de la Cosmétique et de l’Aromatique alimentaire (ISIPCA), 34-36 rue du parc de Clagny, F-78000 Versailles, France; (C.S.); (J.B.); (F.H.); (N.V.)
| | - Farnaz Hanaei
- Institut Supérieur International du Parfum, de la Cosmétique et de l’Aromatique alimentaire (ISIPCA), 34-36 rue du parc de Clagny, F-78000 Versailles, France; (C.S.); (J.B.); (F.H.); (N.V.)
| | - Nadine Vallet
- Institut Supérieur International du Parfum, de la Cosmétique et de l’Aromatique alimentaire (ISIPCA), 34-36 rue du parc de Clagny, F-78000 Versailles, France; (C.S.); (J.B.); (F.H.); (N.V.)
| | - Laurence Jacques
- Pennakem Europa, 224 avenue de la Dordogne, F-59944 Dunkerque, France;
| | - Anne-Sylvie Fabiano-Tixier
- Green Extraction Team, Avignon University, INRAE, UMR408, F-84000 Avignon, France; (V.R.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Hao J, Speers R, Fan H, Deng Y, Dai Z. A Review of Cyclic and Oxidative Bitter Derivatives of Alpha, Iso-Alpha and Beta-Hop Acids. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2020.1712641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junguang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables Fermentation, College of Food Science and Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - R.A. Speers
- Canadian Institute of Fermentation Technology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- International Centre of Brewing and Distilling, Heriot Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Department of Brewing Science, Qilu University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Heliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables Fermentation, College of Food Science and Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Yang Deng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ziru Dai
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables Fermentation, College of Food Science and Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, P.R. China
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13
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Tedone L, Staskova L, Yan D, Whittock S, Shellie R, Koutoulis A. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Volatiles Variation During Storage. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2019.1704674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tedone
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Lada Staskova
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - DanDan Yan
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Robert Shellie
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Sensory Science (CASS), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia
| | - Anthony Koutoulis
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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14
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Ferreira CS, Collin S. Fate of Bitter Compounds through Dry-Hopped Beer Aging. Why cis-Humulinones Should be as Feared as trans-Isohumulones? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2019.1705037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Silva Ferreira
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology LIBST, Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sonia Collin
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology LIBST, Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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15
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Hauser DG, Simaeys KRV, Lafontaine SR, Shellhammer TH. A Comparison of Single-Stage and Two-Stage Dry-Hopping Regimes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2019.1668230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean G. Hauser
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Karli R. Van Simaeys
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Scott R. Lafontaine
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Thomas H. Shellhammer
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
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16
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Barnette BM, Shellhammer TH. Evaluating the Impact of Dissolved Oxygen and Aging on Dry-Hopped Aroma Stability in Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2019.1603002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M. Barnette
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Thomas H. Shellhammer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
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17
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Machado JC, Faria MA, Melo A, Martins ZE, Ferreira IMPLVO. Modeling of α-acids and xanthohumol extraction in dry-hopped beers. Food Chem 2018; 278:216-222. [PMID: 30583365 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The practice of dry-hopping has been used by the brewing industry to obtain beers with increased contents of flavor and bitterness compounds. Notwithstanding this, other compounds such as α-acids (AA) and xhanthohumol (XN) are co-extracted influencing the final characteristics of the beer, particularly its beneficial bioactivity. In this context a model for the understanding of AA and XN extraction by dry-hopping is proposed. The varieties Chinook (CHI), East Kent Goldings (EKG) and Tettnanger (TET) were assayed and robust statistical approaches were applied for data interpretation. Concentration of AA in beers post-maturation reached values higher than 20 mg/L using 2.8 g/L of CHI hops and 10 days of maturation. For XN, a similar behavior was verified. The maximum efficiency of AA and XN extraction (transfer rate) were reached at 13.5 days with dose rates of 147 and 13.9 mg/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio C Machado
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Armindo Melo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Zita E Martins
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M P L V O Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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18
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Silva Ferreira C, Thibault de Chanvalon E, Bodart E, Collin S. Why Humulinones are Key Bitter Constituents Only After Dry Hopping: Comparison With Other Belgian Styles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2018.1503925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Silva Ferreira
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Earth and Life Institute ELIM, Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
| | - Eloi Thibault de Chanvalon
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Earth and Life Institute ELIM, Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
| | - Etienne Bodart
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Earth and Life Institute ELIM, Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
| | - Sonia Collin
- Unité de Brasserie et des Industries Alimentaires, Earth and Life Institute ELIM, Faculté des Bioingénieurs, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
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Parkin E, Shellhammer T. Toward Understanding the Bitterness of Dry-Hopped Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2017-4311-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Oladokun O, Smart K, Cook D. An improved HPLC method for single-run analysis of the spectrum of hop bittering compounds usually encountered in beers. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olayide Oladokun
- Brewing Science Section, Division of Food Sciences; The University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough LE12 5RD UK
| | - Katherine Smart
- SABMiller Plc; SABMiller House, Church Street West Woking Surrey GU21 6HS UK
| | - David Cook
- Brewing Science Section, Division of Food Sciences; The University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough LE12 5RD UK
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