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Yu S, He J, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Xie M, Xu Y, Bie X, Li Q, Zhang Y, Sevilla M, Titirici MM, Zhou H. Towards Negative Emissions: Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Sustainable Carbon Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307412. [PMID: 38251820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The contemporary production of carbon materials heavily relies on fossil fuels, contributing significantly to the greenhouse effect. Biomass is a carbon-neutral resource whose organic carbon is formed from atmospheric CO2. Employing biomass as a precursor for synthetic carbon materials can fix atmospheric CO2 into solid materials, achieving negative carbon emissions. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) presents an attractive method for converting biomass into carbon materials, by which biomass can be transformed into materials with favorable properties in a distinct hydrothermal environment, and these carbon materials have made extensive progress in many fields. However, the HTC of biomass is a complex and interdisciplinary problem, involving simultaneously the physical properties of the underlying biomass and sub/supercritical water, the chemical mechanisms of hydrothermal synthesis, diverse applications of resulting carbon materials, and the sustainability of the entire technological routes. This review starts with the analysis of biomass composition and distinctive characteristics of the hydrothermal environment. Then, the factors influencing the HTC of biomass, the reaction mechanism, and the properties of resulting carbon materials are discussed in depth, especially the different formation mechanisms of primary and secondary hydrochars. Furthermore, the application and sustainability of biomass-derived carbon materials are summarized, and some insights into future directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jiangkai He
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhien Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhuohua Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Mengyin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Bie
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Marta Sevilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono (INCAR), CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe 26, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | | | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
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Li C, Wu A, Gilbert RG. Critical examination of the characterization techniques, and the evidence, for the existence of extra-long amylopectin chains. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4053-4073. [PMID: 37458307 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that amylopectin can contain small but significant amounts of extra-long chains (ELCs), which could affect functional properties, and also would have implications for the mechanism of starch biosynthesis. However, current evidence for the existence of ELCs is ambiguous. The amylose/amylopectin separation and the characterization techniques used for the investigation of ELCs are reviewed, problems in those techniques are examined, and studies of ELCs of amylopectin are discussed. A model for the biosynthesis of amylopectin chains in terms of conventional biosynthesis enzymes, which provides an excellent fit to a large amount of experimental data, is used to provide a rigorous definition of ELCs. In addition, current investigations of ELCs, involving separation, is hindered by the lack of a method to quantitatively separate all the amylopectin from starch without any traces of residual amylose (which would have long chains). Unambiguous evidence for the existence of ELCs can be obtained using two-dimensional (2D) characterization, these dimensions being the degree of polymerization of a chain and the size of the whole molecule. Available 2D data indicate that there are no ELCs present in currently detectable quantities in native rice starches. However, concluding this more rigorously requires improvements in the resolution of current 2D methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Alex Wu
- Centre for Crop Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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3
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Zhu Y, Cui B, Yuan C, Lu L, Li J. A new separation approach of amylose fraction from gelatinized high amylose corn starch. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Study on structure-function of starch by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multiple detectors: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 226:115330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Perez-Rea D, Zielke C, Nilsson L. Co-elution effects can influence molar mass determination of large macromolecules with asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation coupled to multiangle light scattering. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1506:138-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Development and evaluation of methods for starch dissolution using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Part II: Dissolution of amylose. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1399-412. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Perez-Rea D, Bergenståhl B, Nilsson L. Development and evaluation of methods for starch dissolution using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Part I: Dissolution of amylopectin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4315-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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García NL, Famá L, D’Accorso NB, Goyanes S. Biodegradable Starch Nanocomposites. ADVANCED STRUCTURED MATERIALS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2470-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Runyon JR, Nilsson L, Ulmius M, Castro A, Ionescu R, Andersson C, Schmidt C. Characterizing changes in levan physicochemical properties in different pH environments using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1597-605. [PMID: 24121433 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the stability of the polyfructan levan under different pH solution conditions by monitoring changes in the levan physicochemical properties, such as molar mass (M), root mean square radius (r(rms)), hydrodynamic radius (r(h)), structure factor (r(rms)/r(h)), and aggregation state with respect to solution pH and hydrolysis time. A commercial levan produced from Z. Mobilis was characterized using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) in combination with online multiangle light scattering (MALS) and differential refractive index (dRI) detection. Under neutral pH solution conditions the levan was found to have a M ranging from 10(5) to 5 × 10(7) g/mol, a r(rms) ranging from ~25 to 100 nm and a r(h) from ~3 to 151 nm. Two populations were observed in the sample. One population with a M less than 106 g/mol which represented ~60 % of the sample and a second population with an ultrahigh M up to 5 × 10(7) g/mol, which comprised ~40 % of the sample. The measured r(rms)/r(h) structure factor decreased from 1.8 to 0.65 across the AF4 fractogram indicating that early eluting low M levan species had a random coil configuration and late eluting high M species had more homogeneous spherical structures. The measured apparent density values decreased from 80 to 10 kg/m(3) across the elution profile and suggest that the observed second population also contains aggregates. The stability of levan in different pH conditions ranging from 1.3 to 8.5 was assessed by tracking changes in the average M and r(h), and monitoring the formation of fructose over 1 week. The onset of levan acid hydrolysis was observed to occur sooner at lower pH conditions and no hydrolysis was observed for pH 5.5 and higher.
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Bandyopadhyay S, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Advanced Analytical Techniques for the Measurement of Nanomaterials in Food and Agricultural Samples: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2013; 30:118-125. [PMID: 23483065 PMCID: PMC3593685 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2012.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers substantial prospects for the development of state-of-the-art products and applications for agriculture, water treatment, and food industry. Profuse use of nanoproducts will bring potential benefits to farmers, the food industry, and consumers, equally. However, after end-user applications, these products and residues will find their way into the environment. Therefore, discharged nanomaterials (NMs) need to be identified and quantified to determine their ecotoxicity and the levels of exposure. Detection and characterization of NMs and their residues in the environment, particularly in food and agricultural products, have been limited, as no single technique or method is suitable to identify and quantify NMs. In this review, we have discussed the available literature concerning detection, characterization, and measurement techniques for NMs in food and agricultural matrices, which include chromatography, flow field fractionation, electron microscopy, light scattering, and autofluorescence techniques, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bandyopadhyay
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Jose R. Peralta-Videa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
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Kim S, Kim ST, Kang DY, Lee S. Particle Size Analysis of Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) Powder Using Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation (SdFFF). JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2013.57.1.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Separation and characterization of food macromolecules using field-flow fractionation: A review. Food Hydrocoll 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Chiaramonte E, Rhazi L, Aussenac T, White DR. Amylose and amylopectin in starch by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation with multi-angle light scattering and refractive index detection (AF4–MALS–RI). J Cereal Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Juna S, Huber A. Effect of varying flow regimes upon elution behaviour, apparent molecular characteristics and hydrodynamic properties of amylopectin isolated from normal corn starch using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1219:161-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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15
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Vilaplana F, Gilbert RG. Analytical methodology for multidimensional size/branch-length distributions for branched glucose polymers using off-line 2-dimensional size-exclusion chromatography and enzymatic treatment. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4434-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Wahlund KG, Leeman M, Santacruz S. Size separations of starch of different botanical origin studied by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation and multiangle light scattering. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1455-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Gilbert RG. Size-separation characterization of starch and glycogen for biosynthesis-structure-property relationships. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1425-38. [PMID: 21107973 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Starch and glycogen are highly branched polymers of glucose of great importance to humans in managing and mitigating nutrition-related diseases, especially diabetes and obesity, and in industrial uses, for example in food and paper-making. Size-separation characterization using multiple-detection size-exclusion chromatography (SEC, also known as gel-permeation chromatography, GPC) is able to furnish substantial amounts of information on the relationships between the biosynthesis, processing, structure, and properties of these biopolymers, and achieves superior characterization for use in industrial product and process improvements. Multi-detector SEC is able to give much more information about structure than simple averages such as total molecular weight or size; the detailed information yielded by this technique has already given new information on important biosynthesis-structure-property reactions, and has considerable potential in this field in the future. However, it must be used with care to avoid artifacts arising from incomplete dissolution of the substrate and shear scission during separation. It is also essential in interpreting data to appreciate that this size-separation technique can only ever give size distributions, never true molecular weight distributions. Other size-separation techniques, particularly field-flow fractionation, require substantial technical development to be used on undegraded native starches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences (LCAFS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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Vilaplana F, Gilbert RG. Characterization of branched polysaccharides using multiple-detection size separation techniques. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3537-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cave RA, Seabrook SA, Gidley MJ, Gilbert RG. Characterization of Starch by Size-Exclusion Chromatography: The Limitations Imposed by Shear Scission. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2245-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900426n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Cave
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, LCAFS, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Shane A. Seabrook
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, LCAFS, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, LCAFS, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, LCAFS, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Luengwilai K, Beckles DM. Structural investigations and morphology of tomato fruit starch. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:282-91. [PMID: 19093869 DOI: 10.1021/jf802064w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of starch from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pericarp and columella of cv. Moneymaker fruit at 28 days post anthesis (DPA) were investigated, providing the first description of the composition and structure of tomato fruit starch. Starch granules from pericarp were mainly polygonal, 13.5-14.3 microm, and increased in size through development, being largest in ripening fruit. Amylopectin content was 81-83% and was of molecular weight 1.01 x 10(8) g/mol; the phosphorus content was 139 ppm, and starch showed a C-type pattern with crystallinity of 30%. Starch characteristics were similar in columella except granule size (16.8-17.8 microm) and crystallinity (40%), although 6-fold more starch accumulated in the pericarp. Solara, a high-sugar tomato cultivar, was also studied to determine if this affects starch granule architecture. There were few differences from Moneymaker, except that Solara columella starch crystallinity was lower (26%), and more starch granule-intrinsic proteins could be extracted by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kietsuda Luengwilai
- Department of Plant Sciences MS-3, University of California-Davis, California 95616, USA
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Rojas CC, Wahlund KG, Bergenståhl B, Nilsson L. Macromolecular geometries determined with field-flow fractionation and their impact on the overlap concentration. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1684-90. [PMID: 18537296 DOI: 10.1021/bm800127n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we aim to understand the size/conformation relationship in waxy barley starch, a polydisperse and ultrahigh molar mass biomacromolecule. Characterizations are performed with asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF). Furthermore, we study the effect of homogenization on the molar mass, rms radius (r rms) and hydrodynamic radius (r h). For the untreated sample, the macromolecules are elongated objects with low apparent density. As a result of homogenization, molar mass, and r rms decrease, while r h remains unaffected. The process also induces an increase, and scaling with size, of apparent density as well as changes in conformation, represented qualitatively by r rms/ r h. Finally, results from AsFlFFF are compared with viscosimetry and discussed in terms of concentration and close-packing in relation to macromolecular shape and conformation. Hence, the results show that AsFlFFF and our novel methodology enable the determination of several physical properties with high relevance for the solution behavior of polydisperse macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Carola Rojas
- Division of Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, Post Office Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Cabálková J, Wahlund KG, Chmelík J. Complex analytical approach to characterization of the influence of carbon dioxide concentration on carbohydrate composition in Norway spruce needles. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:189-99. [PMID: 17382335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the needles of Norway spruce Picea abies [L.] Karst have been studied by using a combination of several separation techniques, having various detectors, with mass spectrometry. The intent was to find a suitable methodology that enables the characterization and determination of NSC, covering a wide range of molar masses, and being suitable to assess how NCS are influenced by both external conditions, e.g. different carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentrations, light intensity, and by internal conditions such as the needle age. The techniques were liquid-liquid extraction, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). NSC were extracted by a methanol/chloroform/water mixture into the water-rich phase. Application of AsFlFFF and SEC, using refractive index (RI) and multi-angle light scattering (MALS) detectors to the water-rich extracts resulted in three or four main fractions covering molar masses from 10(3) to 10(6)g/mol. Individual fractions collected from SEC were directly subjected to both MALDI and ESI-MS analysis in order to identify NSC. MALDI mass spectra confirmed the presence of hexose oligomers in individual fractions while ESI-MS was used for evaluation of low mass NSC. HPLC-RI was used for quantification of NSC and predominant carbohydrates were found to be fructose, glucose, and sucrose. The changes in their content during seasonal course were studied in detail. HPLC coupled to ESI-MS enabled the identification of low concentration NSC like raffinose that occurred in the needles of autumn samplings. An influence of the increased CO(2) concentration on sucrose and glucose accumulation was observed and it was found that the light intensity as well as the needle age has significant influence on the sucrose content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Cabálková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Department of Proteomics, Veverí 97, Brno CZ-60200, Czech Republic.
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Salesse C, Battu S, Begaud-Grimaud G, Cledat D, Cook-Moreau J, Cardot PJP. Sedimentation field flow fractionation monitoring of bimodal wheat starch amylolysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:247-54. [PMID: 16870195 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic starch granule hydrolysis is one of the most important reactions in many industrial processes. In this study, we investigated the capacity of sedimentation field flow fractionation (SdFFF) to monitor the amylolysis of a bimodal starch population: native wheat starch. Results demonstrated a correlation between fractogram changes and enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, SdFFF was used to sort sub-populations which enhanced the study of granule size distribution changes occurring during amylolysis. These results show the interest in coupling SdFFF with particle size measurement methods to study complex starch size/density modifications associated to hydrolysis. These results suggested different applications such as the association of SdFFF with structural investigations to better understand the specific mechanisms of amylolysis or starch granule structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salesse
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, EA 3842 Homéostasie Cellulaire & Pathologies, Université de Limoges, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges Cedex, France
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25
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Lipid oxidation and amylopectin molecular weight changes occurring during storage of extruded starch samples. J Cereal Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Morelon X, Battu S, Salesse C, Begaud-Grimaud G, Cledat D, Cardot PJP. Sedimentation field flow fractionation monitoring of rice starch amylolysis. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1093:147-55. [PMID: 16233880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic starch granule hydrolysis is one of the most important reactions in many industrial processes. In this work, we investigated the capacity of SdFFF to monitor the native rice starch amylolysis. In order to determine if fractogram changes observed were correlated to granule biophysical modifications which occurred during amylolysis, SdFFF separation was associated with particle size distribution analysis. The results showed that SdFFF is an effective tool to monitor amylolysis of native rice starch. SdFFF analysis was a rapid (less than 10 min), simple and specific method to follow biophysical modifications of starch granules. These results suggested many different applications such as testing series of enzymes and starches. By using sub-population sorting, SdFFF could be also used to better understand starch hydrolysis mechanisms or starch granule structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Morelon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Bromatologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
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Saeseaw S, Shiowatana J, Siripinyanond A. Sedimentation field-flow fractionation: Size characterization of food materials. Food Res Int 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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