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Zhao D, Wang J, Wang H, Zhu X, Han C, Liu A. The Transcription Regulator GntR/HutC Regulates Biofilm Formation, Motility and Stress Tolerance in Lysobacter capsici X2-3. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:281. [PMID: 37439829 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysobacter capsici X2-3, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), was isolated from wheat rhizosphere and has inhibitory effects against a wide range of pathogens. One important characteristic of L. capsici is its ability to produce diverse antibiotics and lytic enzymes. The GntR family of transcription factors is a common transcription factor superfamily in bacteria that has fundamental roles in bacterial metabolism regulation. However, the GntR family transcription factor in Lysobacter has not been identified. In this study, to obtain an understanding of the GntR/HutC gene function in L. capsici X2-3, a random Tn5-insertion mutant library of X2-3 was constructed to select genes showing pleiotropic effects on phenotype. We identified a Tn5 mutant with an insertion in LC4356 that showed reduced biofilm levels, and sequence analysis indicated that the inserted gene encodes a GntR/HutC family transcription regulator. Furthermore, the LC4356 mutant showed reduced extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, diminished twitching motility and decreased survival under UV radiation and high-temperature. The RT‒qPCR results indicated that the pentose phosphate pathway-related genes G6PDH, 6PGL and PGDH were upregulated in the LC4356 mutant. Thus, since L. capsici is an efficient biocontrol agent for crop protection, our findings provide fundamental insights into GntR/HutC and will be worthwhile to improve PGPR biocontrol efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Chao Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Aixin Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Tarsitano J, Ramis LY, Alonso LG, Russo DM, Zorreguieta A. RapD Is a Multimeric Calcium-Binding Protein That Interacts With the Rhizobium leguminosarum Biofilm Exopolysaccharide, Influencing the Polymer Lengths. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:895526. [PMID: 35875570 PMCID: PMC9298526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.895526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium leguminosarum synthesizes an acidic polysaccharide mostly secreted to the extracellular medium, known as exopolysaccharide (EPS) and partially retained on the bacterial surface as a capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Rap proteins, extracellular protein substrates of the PrsDE type I secretion system (TISS), share at least one Ra/CHDL (cadherin-like) domain and are involved in biofilm matrix development either through cleaving the polysaccharide by Ply glycanases or by altering the bacterial adhesive properties. It was shown that the absence or excess of extracellular RapA2 (a monomeric CPS calcium-binding lectin) alters the biofilm matrix’s properties. Here, we show evidence of the role of a new Rap protein, RapD, which comprises an N-terminal Ra/CHDL domain and a C-terminal region of unknown function. RapD was completely released to the extracellular medium and co-secreted with the other Rap proteins in a PrsDE-dependent manner. Furthermore, high levels of RapD secretion were found in biofilms under conditions that favor EPS production. Interestingly, size exclusion chromatography of the EPS produced by the ΔrapA2ΔrapD double mutant showed a profile of EPS molecules of smaller sizes than those of the single mutants and the wild type strain, suggesting that both RapA2 and RapD proteins influence EPS processing on the cell surface. Biophysical studies showed that calcium triggers proper folding and multimerization of recombinant RapD. Besides, further conformational changes were observed in the presence of EPS. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) and Binding Inhibition Assays (BIA) indicated that RapD specifically binds the EPS and that galactose residues would be involved in this interaction. Taken together, these observations indicate that RapD is a biofilm matrix-associated multimeric protein that influences the properties of the EPS, the main structural component of the rhizobial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Tarsitano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lila Y. Ramis
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo G. Alonso
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela M. Russo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Daniela M. Russo,
| | - Angeles Zorreguieta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Angeles Zorreguieta,
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Kim JH, Jang HJ, Lee NK, Paik HD. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effect of Cell-Free Supernatant of Lactobacillus brevis KCCM 202399 Isolated from Korean Fermented Food against Streptococcus mutans KCTC 5458. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:56-63. [PMID: 34675145 PMCID: PMC9628830 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2109.09045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the antibiofilm effect of cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus brevis strains against Streptococcus mutans strains. To study the antibiofilm mechanism against S. mutans strains, antibacterial effects, cell surface properties (auto-aggregation and cell surface hydrophobicity), exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and morphological changes were examined. The antibiofilm effect of L. brevis KCCM 202399 CFS as morphological changes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), compared with the control treatment. Among the L. brevis strains, L. brevis KCCM 202399 showed the highest antibiofilm effect on S. mutans KCTC 5458. The antibacterial effect of L. brevis KCCM 202399 against S. mutans KCTC 5458 was investigated using the deferred method (16.00 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration of L. brevis KCCM 202399 against S. mutans KCTC 5458 was 25.00%. Compared with the control treatment, L. brevis KCCM 202399 CFS inhibited the bacterial adhesion of S. mutans KCTC 5458 by decreasing auto-aggregation, cell surface hydrophobicity, and EPS production (45.91%, 40.51%, and 67.44%, respectively). L. brevis KCCM 202399 CFS inhibited and eradicated the S. mutans KCTC 5458 biofilm. Therefore, these results suggest that L. brevis KCCM 202399 CFS may be used to develop oral health in the probiotic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ha Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ji Jang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resource Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2049-6011 E-mail:
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Obuobi S, Ngoc Phung A, Julin K, Johannessen M, Škalko-Basnet N. Biofilm Responsive Zwitterionic Antimicrobial Nanoparticles to Treat Cutaneous Infection. Biomacromolecules 2021; 23:303-315. [PMID: 34914360 PMCID: PMC8753600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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To avert the poor
bioavailability of antibiotics during S. aureus biofilm
infections, a series of zwitterionic nanoparticles
containing nucleic acid nanostructures were fabricated for the delivery
of vancomycin. The nanoparticles were prepared with three main lipids:
(i) neutral (soy phosphatidylcholine; P), (ii) positively charged
ionizable (1,2-dioleyloxy-3-dimethylaminopropane; D), and (iii) anionic
(1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho((ethyl-1′,2′,3′-triazole)
triethylene glycolmannose; M) or (cholesteryl hemisuccinate; C) lipids.
The ratio of the anionic lipid was tuned between 0 and 10 mol %, and
its impact on surface charge, size, stability, toxicity, and biofilm
sensitivity was evaluated. Under biofilm mimicking conditions, the
enzyme degradability (via dynamic light scattering (DLS)), antitoxin
(via DLS and spectrophotometry), and antibiotic release profile was
assessed. Additionally, biofilm penetration, prevention (in
vitro), and eradication (ex vivo) of the
vancomycin loaded formulation was investigated. Compared with the
unmodified nanoparticles which exhibited the smallest size (188 nm),
all three surface modified formulations showed significantly larger
sizes (i.e., 222–277 nm). Under simulations of biofilm pH conditions,
the mannose modified nanoparticle (PDM 90/5/5) displayed ideal charge
reversal from a neutral (+1.69 ± 1.83 mV) to a cationic surface
potential (+17.18 ± 2.16 mV) to improve bacteria binding and
biofilm penetration. In the presence of relevant bacterial enzymes,
the carrier rapidly released the DNA nanoparticles to function as
an antitoxin against α-hemolysin. Controlled release of vancomycin
prevented biofilm attachment and significantly reduced early stage
biofilm formations within 24 h. Enhanced biocompatibility and significant ex vivo potency of the PDM 90/5/5 formulation was also observed.
Taken together, these results emphasize the benefit of these nanocarriers
as potential therapies against biofilm infections and fills the gap
for multifunctional nanocarriers that prevent biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybil Obuobi
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Anna Ngoc Phung
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Kjersti Julin
- Host Microbe Interaction research group, Department of Medical Biology, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Host Microbe Interaction research group, Department of Medical Biology, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
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Nwoko ESQA, Okeke IN. Bacteria autoaggregation: how and why bacteria stick together. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1147-1157. [PMID: 34110370 PMCID: PMC8286834 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autoaggregation, adherence between identical bacterial cells, is important for colonization, kin and kind recognition, and survival of bacteria. It is directly mediated by specific interactions between proteins or organelles on the surfaces of interacting cells or indirectly by the presence of secreted macromolecules such as eDNA and exopolysaccharides. Some autoaggregation effectors are self-associating and present interesting paradigms for protein interaction. Autoaggregation can be beneficial or deleterious at specific times and niches. It is, therefore, typically regulated through transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms or epigenetically by phase variation. Autoaggregation can contribute to bacterial adherence, biofilm formation or other higher-level functions. However, autoaggregation is only required for these phenotypes in some bacteria. Thus, autoaggregation should be detected, studied and measured independently using both qualitative and quantitative in vitro and ex vivo methods. If better understood, autoaggregation holds the potential for the discovery of new therapeutic targets that could be cost-effectively exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-shama Q. A. Nwoko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Anti-biofilm effect of the cell-free supernatant of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Primo E, Bogino P, Cossovich S, Foresto E, Nievas F, Giordano W. Exopolysaccharide II Is Relevant for the Survival of Sinorhizobium meliloti under Water Deficiency and Salinity Stress. Molecules 2020; 25:E4876. [PMID: 33105680 PMCID: PMC7659973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium of great agricultural importance because of its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) roots. We looked into the involvement of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in its survival when exposed to different environmental stressors, as well as in bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-substrate interactions. The strains used were wild-type Rm8530 and two strains that are defective in the biosynthesis of EPS II: wild-type Rm1021, which has a non-functional expR locus, and mutant Rm8530 expA. Under stress by water deficiency, Rm8530 remained viable and increased in number, whereas Rm1021 and Rm8530 expA did not. These differences could be due to Rm8530's ability to produce EPS II. Survival experiments under saline stress showed that viability was reduced for Rm1021 but not for Rm8530 or Rm8530 expA, which suggests the existence of some regulating mechanism dependent on a functional expR that is absent in Rm1021. The results of salinity-induced stress assays regarding biofilm-forming capacity (BFC) and autoaggregation indicated the protective role of EPS II. As a whole, our observations demonstrate that EPS play major roles in rhizobacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Walter Giordano
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), CONICET, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto X5804BYA, Córdoba, Argentina; (E.P.); (P.B.); (S.C.); (E.F.); (F.N.)
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Primo ED, Cossovich S, Nievas F, Bogino P, Humm EA, Hirsch AM, Giordano W. Exopolysaccharide production in Ensifer meliloti laboratory and native strains and their effects on alfalfa inoculation. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:391-398. [PMID: 31680188 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial surface molecules have an important role in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. Ensifer meliloti (previously, Sinorhizobium meliloti), a symbiotic Gram-negative rhizobacterium, produces two different exopolysaccharides (EPSs), termed EPS I (succinoglycan) and EPS II (galactoglucan), with different functions in the symbiotic process. Accordingly, we undertook a study comparing the potential differences in alfalfa nodulation by E. meliloti strains with differences in their EPSs production. Strains recommended for inoculation as well as laboratory strains and native strains isolated from alfalfa fields were investigated. This study concentrated on EPS-II production, which results in mucoid colonies that are dependent on the presence of an intact expR gene. The results revealed that although the studied strains exhibited different phenotypes, the differences did not affect alfalfa nodulation itself. However, subtle changes in timing and efficacy to the effects of inoculation with the different strains may result because of other as-yet unknown factors. Thus, additional research is needed to determine the most effective inoculant strains and the best conditions for improving alfalfa production under agricultural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano D Primo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sacha Cossovich
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fiorela Nievas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Bogino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ethan A Humm
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ann M Hirsch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Walter Giordano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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