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Wu Z, Zhang C, Huang Y, Tao N, Wang T, Cai X, Wang Z, Li X. Tryptanthrin Derivative B1 Binds Viral Genome-Linked Protein (VPg) of Potato Virus Y. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5699-5709. [PMID: 38462724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) is a plant virus that is known to be responsible for substantial economic losses in agriculture. Within the PVY genome, viral genome-linked protein (VPg) plays a pivotal role in the viral translation process. In this study, VPg was used as a potential target for analyzing the antiviral activity of tryptanthrin derivatives. In vitro, the dissociation constants of B1 with PVY VPg were 0.69 μmol/L (measured by microscale thermophoresis) and 4.01 μmol/L (measured via isothermal titration calorimetry). B1 also strongly bound to VPg proteins from three other Potyviruses. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated that B1 effectively suppressed the expression of the PVY gene. Molecular docking experiments revealed that B1 formed a hydrogen bond with N121 and that no specific binding occurred between B1 and the PVY VPgN121A mutant. Therefore, N121 is a key amino acid residue in PVY VPg involved in B1 binding. These results highlight the potential of PVY VPg as a potential target for the development of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuanqin Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Na Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhenchao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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2
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Xue M, Arvy N, German‐Retana S. The mystery remains: How do potyviruses move within and between cells? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1560-1574. [PMID: 37571979 PMCID: PMC10632792 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Potyvirus is considered as the largest among plant single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA viruses, causing considerable economic damage to vegetable and fruit crops worldwide. Through the coordinated action of four viral proteins and a few identified host factors, potyviruses exploit the endomembrane system of infected cells for their replication and for their intra- and intercellular movement to and through plasmodesmata (PDs). Although a significant amount of data concerning potyvirus movement has been published, no synthetic review compiling and integrating all information relevant to our current understanding of potyvirus transport is available. In this review, we highlight the complexity of potyvirus movement pathways and present three potential nonexclusive mechanisms based on (1) the use of the host endomembrane system to produce membranous replication vesicles that are targeted to PDs and move from cell to cell, (2) the movement of extracellular viral vesicles in the apoplasm, and (3) the transport of virion particles or ribonucleoprotein complexes through PDs. We also present and discuss experimental data supporting these different models as well as the aspects that still remain mostly speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Xue
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Nathalie Arvy
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Sylvie German‐Retana
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
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3
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Mäkinen K, Aspelin W, Pollari M, Wang L. How do they do it? The infection biology of potyviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:1-79. [PMID: 37832990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - William Aspelin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Pollari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Kuroiwa K, Danilo B, Perrot L, Thenault C, Veillet F, Delacote F, Duchateau P, Nogué F, Mazier M, Gallois J. An iterative gene-editing strategy broadens eIF4E1 genetic diversity in Solanum lycopersicum and generates resistance to multiple potyvirus isolates. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:918-930. [PMID: 36715107 PMCID: PMC10106848 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to potyviruses in plants has been largely provided by the selection of natural variant alleles of eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIF) 4E in many crops. However, the sources of such variability for breeding can be limited for certain crop species, while new virus isolates continue to emerge. Different methods of mutagenesis have been applied to inactivate the eIF4E genes to generate virus resistance, but with limited success due to the physiological importance of translation factors and their redundancy. Here, we employed genome editing approaches at the base level to induce non-synonymous mutations in the eIF4E1 gene and create genetic diversity in cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme). We sequentially edited the genomic sequences coding for two regions of eIF4E1 protein, located around the cap-binding pocket and known to be important for susceptibility to potyviruses. We show that the editing of only one of the two regions, by gene knock-in and base editing, respectively, is not sufficient to provide resistance. However, combining amino acid mutations in both regions resulted in resistance to multiple potyviruses without affecting the functionality in translation initiation. Meanwhile, we report that extensive base editing in exonic region can alter RNA splicing pattern, resulting in gene knockout. Altogether our work demonstrates that precision editing allows to design plant factors based on the knowledge on evolutionarily selected alleles and enlarge the gene pool to potentially provide advantageous phenotypes such as pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Perrot
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de ToulouseToulouseFrance
| | | | - Florian Veillet
- INRAE, Agrocampus OuestUniversité de Rennes, IGEPPPloudanielFrance
| | | | | | - Fabien Nogué
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean‐Pierre Bourgin (IJPB)VersaillesFrance
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5
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Zlobin N, Taranov V. Plant eIF4E isoforms as factors of susceptibility and resistance to potyviruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1041868. [PMID: 36844044 PMCID: PMC9950400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1041868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Potyviruses are the largest group of plant-infecting RNA viruses that affect a wide range of crop plants. Plant resistance genes against potyviruses are often recessive and encode translation initiation factors eIF4E. The inability of potyviruses to use plant eIF4E factors leads to the development of resistance through a loss-of-susceptibility mechanism. Plants have a small family of eIF4E genes that encode several isoforms with distinct but overlapping functions in cell metabolism. Potyviruses use distinct eIF4E isoforms as susceptibility factors in different plants. The role of different members of the plant eIF4E family in the interaction with a given potyvirus could differ drastically. An interplay exists between different members of the eIF4E family in the context of plant-potyvirus interactions, allowing different eIF4E isoforms to modulate each other's availability as susceptibility factors for the virus. In this review, possible molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction are discussed, and approaches to identify the eIF4E isoform that plays a major role in the plant-potyvirus interaction are suggested. The final section of the review discusses how knowledge about the interaction between different eIF4E isoforms can be used to develop plants with durable resistance to potyviruses.
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6
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Jaramillo-Mesa H, Rakotondrafara AM. All eggs in one basket: How potyvirus infection is controlled at a single cap-independent translation event. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 148-149:51-61. [PMID: 36608998 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of protein synthesis is a strong determinant of potyviral pathogenicity. The Potyviridae family is the largest family of plant-infecting positive sense RNA viruses. Similar to the animal-infecting Picornaviridae family, the potyviral RNA genome lacks a 5' cap, and instead has a viral protein (VPg) linked to its 5' end. Potyviral genomes are mainly translated into one large polyprotein relying on a single translation event to express all their protein repertoire. In the absence of the 5' cap, the Potyviridae family depends on cis-acting elements in their 5' untranslated regions (UTR) to recruit the translation machinery. In this review, we summarize the diverse 5'UTR-driven, cap-independent translation mechanisms employed by the Potyviridae family including scanning-dependent mechanism, internal initiation, and the stimulatory role of the VPg. These mechanisms have direct implications on potyviral pathogenicity, including host range specificity and resistance. Finally, we discuss how these viral strategies could not only inform new avenues for engineering and/or breeding for crop resistance but would also provide opportunities for the development of biotechnological tools for large-scale protein production in plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jaramillo-Mesa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53704, USA
| | - Aurélie M Rakotondrafara
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53704, USA.
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Chen R, Yang M, Tu Z, Xie F, Chen J, Luo T, Hu X, Nie B, He C. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member nCBP facilitates the accumulation of TGB-encoding viruses by recognizing the viral coat protein in potato and tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:946873. [PMID: 36003826 PMCID: PMC9393630 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.946873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to their limited coding capacity, plant viruses have to depend on various host factors for successful infection of the host. Loss of function of these host factors will result in recessively inherited resistance, and therefore, these host factors are also described as susceptibility genes or recessive resistance genes. Most of the identified recessive resistance genes are members of the eukaryotic translation initiation factors 4E family (eIF4E) and its isoforms. Recently, an eIF4E-type gene, novel cap-binding protein (nCBP), was reported to be associated with the infection of several viruses encoding triple gene block proteins (TGBps) in Arabidopsis. Here, we, for the first time, report that the knockdown of nCBP in potato (StnCBP) compromises the accumulation of potato virus S (PVS) but not that of potato virus M (PVM) and potato virus X (PVX), which are three potato viruses encoding TGBps. Further assays demonstrated that StnCBP interacts with the coat proteins (CPs) of PVS and PVM but not with that of PVX, and substitution of PVS CP in the PVS infectious clone by PVM CP recovered the virus infection in StnCBP-silenced transgenic plants, suggesting that the recognition of PVS CP is crucial for StnCBP-mediated recessive resistance to PVS. Moreover, the knockdown of nCBP in Nicotiana benthamiana (NbnCBP) by virus-induced gene silencing suppressed PVX accumulation but not PVM, while NbnCBP interacted with the CPs of both PVX and PVM. Our results indicate that the nCBP orthologues in potato and tobacco have conserved function as in Arabidopsis in terms of recessive resistance against TGB-encoding viruses, and the interaction between nCBP and the CP of TGB-encoding virus is necessary but not sufficient to determine the function of nCBP as a susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhao Chen
- ERC for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangru Xie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaru Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxi Hu
- ERC for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Bihua Nie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changzheng He
- ERC for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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8
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Jiang C, Lei M, Luan H, Pan Y, Zhang L, Zhou S, Cai Y, Xu X, Shen H, Xu R, Feng Z, Zhang J, Yang P. Genomic and Pathogenic Diversity of Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus and Barley Mild Mosaic Virus Isolates in Fields of China and Their Compatibility with Resistance Genes of Cultivated Barley. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2201-2210. [PMID: 35077235 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2473-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses transmitted by the soilborne plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis constantly threaten global production of cereal crops. Although the yellow mosaic virus disease of barley has been known to be present for a long time in China, the understanding of the diversity of the viral pathogens and their interactions with host resistance remains limited. In this study, we conducted a nationwide survey of P. graminis and the barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) it transmits, followed by genomic and pathogenic diversity analyses of both viruses. BaYMV and BaMMV were found exclusively in the region downstream of the Yangtze River, despite the national distribution of its transmission vector P. graminis. Analysis of the genomic variations of BaYMV and BaMMV revealed an elevated rate of nonsynonymous substitutions in the viral genome-linked protein (VPg), in which most substitutions were located in its interaction surface with the host eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). VPg sequence diversity was associated with the divergence in virus pathogenicity that was identified through multiple field trials. The majority of the resistance genes, including the widely applied rym4 and rym5 (alleles of eIF4E), as well as the combination of rym1/11 and rym5, are not sufficient to protect cultivated barley against viruses in China. Collectively, these results provide insights into virulence specificity and interaction mode with host resistance in cultivated barley, which has significant implications in breeding for the broad-spectrum resistance barley varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Miaomiao Lei
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haiye Luan
- Institute of Agricultural Science in Jiangsu Coastal Areas, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Yuhan Pan
- College of Agronomy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shenghui Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Institute of Agricultural Science in Jiangsu Coastal Areas, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Huiquan Shen
- Institute of Agricultural Science in Jiangsu Coastal Areas, Yancheng 224002, China
| | - Rugen Xu
- College of Agronomy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zongyun Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Saha S, Lõhmus A, Dutta P, Pollari M, Mäkinen K. Interplay of HCPro and CP in the Regulation of Potato Virus A RNA Expression and Encapsidation. Viruses 2022; 14:1233. [PMID: 35746704 PMCID: PMC9227828 DOI: 10.3390/v14061233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviral coat protein (CP) and helper component-proteinase (HCPro) play key roles in both the regulation of viral gene expression and the formation of viral particles. We investigated the interplay between CP and HCPro during these viral processes. While the endogenous HCPro and a heterologous viral suppressor of gene silencing both complemented HCPro-less potato virus A (PVA) expression, CP stabilization connected to particle formation could be complemented only by the cognate PVA HCPro. We found that HCPro relieves CP-mediated inhibition of PVA RNA expression likely by enabling HCPro-mediated sequestration of CPs to particles. We addressed the question about the role of replication in formation of PVA particles and gained evidence for encapsidation of non-replicating PVA RNA. The extreme instability of these particles substantiates the need for replication in the formation of stable particles. During replication, viral protein genome linked (VPg) becomes covalently attached to PVA RNA and can attract HCPro, cylindrical inclusion protein and host proteins. Based on the results of the current study and our previous findings we propose a model in which a large ribonucleoprotein complex formed around VPg at one end of PVA particles is essential for their integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (S.S.); (A.L.); (P.D.); (M.P.)
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10
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Khan MA, Kumar P, Akif M, Miyoshi H. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor eIFiso4E enhances the binding rates to VPg of turnip mosaic virus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259688. [PMID: 34735537 PMCID: PMC8568277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of phosphorylated eIFiso4E with viral genome-linked protein (VPg) of turnip mosaic virus was examined by stopped-flow, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and molecular docking analysis. Phosphorylation of eIFiso4E increased (4-fold) the binding rates as compared to unphosphorylated eIFiso4E with VPg. Stopped-flow kinetic studies of phosphorylated eIFiso4E with VPg showed a concentration-independent conformational change. The dissociation rate was about 3-fold slower for eIFiso4E∙VPg complex upon phosphorylation. Phosphorylation enhanced the association rates and lowered the dissociation rates for the eIFiso4E∙VPg binding, with having higher preferential binding to eIFiso4Ep. Binding rates for the interaction of eIFiso4Ep with VPg increased (6-fold) with an increase in temperature, 278 K to 298 K. The activation energies for binding of eIFiso4Ep and eIFiso4E with VPg were 37.2 ± 2.8 and 52.6 ± 3.6 kJ/mol, respectively. Phosphorylation decreased the activation energy for the binding of eIFiso4E to VPg. The reduced energy barrier suggests more stable platform for eIFiso4Ep∙VPg initiation complex formation, which was further supported by molecular docking analysis. Moreover, far-UV CD studies revealed that VPg formed complex with eIFiso4Ep with substantial change in the secondary structure. These results suggested that phosphorylation, not only reduced the energy barrier and dissociation rate but also enhanced binding rate, and an overall conformational change, which provides a more stable platform for efficient viral translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateen A. Khan
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mohd. Akif
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hiroshi Miyoshi
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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Eruera AR, McSweeney AM, McKenzie-Goldsmith GM, Ward VK. Protein Nucleotidylylation in +ssRNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:1549. [PMID: 34452414 PMCID: PMC8402628 DOI: 10.3390/v13081549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotidylylation is a post-transcriptional modification important for replication in the picornavirus supergroup of RNA viruses, including members of the Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Picornaviridae and Potyviridae virus families. This modification occurs when the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) attaches one or more nucleotides to a target protein through a nucleotidyl-transferase reaction. The most characterized nucleotidylylation target is VPg (viral protein genome-linked), a protein linked to the 5' end of the genome in Caliciviridae, Picornaviridae and Potyviridae. The nucleotidylylation of VPg by RdRp is a critical step for the VPg protein to act as a primer for genome replication and, in Caliciviridae and Potyviridae, for the initiation of translation. In contrast, Coronaviridae do not express a VPg protein, but the nucleotidylylation of proteins involved in replication initiation is critical for genome replication. Furthermore, the RdRp proteins of the viruses that perform nucleotidylylation are themselves nucleotidylylated, and in the case of coronavirus, this has been shown to be essential for viral replication. This review focuses on nucleotidylylation within the picornavirus supergroup of viruses, including the proteins that are modified, what is known about the nucleotidylylation process and the roles that these modifications have in the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vernon K. Ward
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (A.-R.E.); (A.M.M.); (G.M.M.-G.)
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12
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Yan Z, Cheng D, Liu L, Geng C, Tian Y, Li X, Valkonen JPT. The conserved aromatic residue W 122 is a determinant of potyviral coat protein stability, replication, and cell-to-cell movement in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:189-203. [PMID: 33245804 PMCID: PMC7814969 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Coat proteins (CPs) play critical roles in potyvirus cell-to-cell movement. However, the underlying mechanism controlling them remains unclear. Here, we show that substitutions of alanine, glutamic acid, or lysine for the conserved residue tryptophan at position 122 (W122 ) in tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV) CP abolished virus cell-to-cell movement in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. In agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaf patches, both the CP and RNA accumulation levels of three W122 mutant viruses were significantly reduced compared with those of wild-type TVBMV, and CP accumulated to a low level similar to that of a replication-deficient mutant. The results of polyprotein transient expression experiments indicated that CP instability was responsible for the significantly low CP accumulation levels of the three W122 mutant viruses. The substitution of W122 did not affect CP plasmodesmata localization or virus particle formation; however, the substitution significantly reduced the number of virus particles. The wild-type TVBMV CP could complement the reduced replication and abolished cell-to-cell movement of the mutant viruses. When the codon for W122 was mutated to that for a different aromatic residue, phenylalanine or tyrosine, the resultant mutant viruses moved systemically and accumulated up to 80% of the wild-type TVBMV level. Similar results were obtained for the corresponding amino acids of W122 in the watermelon mosaic virus and potato virus Y CPs. Therefore, we conclude that the aromatic ring in W122 in the core domain of the potyviral CP is critical for cell-to-cell movement through the effects on CP stability and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Yong Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - De‐Jie Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Ling‐Zhi Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Chao Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Yan‐Ping Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Xiang‐Dong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
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Walter J, Barra A, Charon J, Tavert-Roudet G, Michon T. Spectroscopic Investigation of the Kinetic Mechanism Involved in the Association of Potyviral VPg with the Host Plant Translation Initiation Factor eIF4E. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165618. [PMID: 32764527 PMCID: PMC7460627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious cycle of potyviruses requires the formation of a complex between the viral genome-linked protein VPg and the host eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E, eIF4E. Mutations associated with plant resistance to potyviruses were previously mapped at the eIF4E surface, while on the virus side, mutations leading to plant resistance breaking were identified within the VPg. In the present study, fluorescence spectroscopy was used to probe the contribution of the VPg intrinsically disordered region bearing amino acids determinant of the resistance breaking, to the VPg–eIF4E binding mechanism. Synthetic peptides encompassing the VPg88–120 central region were found to tightly bind to eIF4E. Fluorescence energy transfer experiments show that, upon binding to eIF4E, the N and C termini of the VPg88–111 fragment move closer to one another, at a distance compatible with a α-helix folding. When the VPg112–120 region, which contains amino acids associated with resistance breakdown, is appended to VPg88–111, the complex formation with eIF4E switches from a single-step to a two-step kinetic model. This study revisits a recent investigation of the VPg–eIF4E complex by specifying the contribution of the VPg central helix and its appended disordered region to VPg association with eIF4E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Walter
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (J.W.); (A.B.); (G.T.-R.)
| | - Amandine Barra
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (J.W.); (A.B.); (G.T.-R.)
| | - Justine Charon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Center D17, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Geneviève Tavert-Roudet
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (J.W.); (A.B.); (G.T.-R.)
| | - Thierry Michon
- INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (J.W.); (A.B.); (G.T.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-557-12-23-91
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Sandoval-Jaime C. Astrovirus reverse genetics systems, a story of success. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:57-65. [PMID: 32683123 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses are one of the main causes of gastroenteritis of medical and veterinary relevance worldwide. Recently, these viruses were associated with neurological disease in mammals, including humans. Reverse genetics systems are the most powerful tool to improve our understanding of the virus replication, and eventually to develop safe vaccine candidates. In the present review, it is summarized the current knowledge on the different strategies used to develop reverse genetics systems for mamastroviruses and avastroviruses, and some of the biological answers that have provided are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sandoval-Jaime
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
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15
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Saha S, Mäkinen K. Insights into the Functions of eIF4E-Biding Motif of VPg in Potato Virus A Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E197. [PMID: 32053987 PMCID: PMC7077193 DOI: 10.3390/v12020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the viral protein genome-linked (VPg) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) or eIF(iso)4E of the host plays a crucial role in potyvirus infection. The VPg of potato virus A (PVA) contains the Tyr-X-X-X-X-Leu-phi (YXXXLΦ) binding motif for eIF(iso)4E. In order to investigate its role in PVA infection, we substituted the conserved tyrosine and leucine residues of the motif with alanine residues in the infectious cDNA of PVA (PVAVPgmut). PVAVPgmut RNA replicated in infiltrated leaves, but RNA accumulation remained low. Systemic infection occurred only if a reversion to wild type PVA occurred. VPg was able to stabilize PVA RNA and enhance the expression of Renilla luciferase (3'RLUC) from the 3' end of the PVA genome. VPgmut could not support either PVA RNA stabilization or enhanced 3'RLUC expression. The RNA silencing suppressor helper-component proteinase (HCPro) is responsible for the formation of PVA-induced RNA granules (PGs) during infection. While VPgmut increased the number of PG-like foci, the percentage of PVA RNA co-localization with PGs was reduced from 86% to 20%. A testable hypothesis for future studies based on these results is that the binding of eIF(iso)4E to PVA VPg via the YXXXLΦ motif is required for PVA RNA stabilization, as well as the transfer to the RNA silencing suppression pathway and, further, to polysomes for viral protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Microbiology and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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16
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Cheng DJ, Tian YP, Geng C, Guo Y, Jia MA, Li XD. Development and application of a full-length infectious clone of potato virus Y isolate belonging to SYR-I strain. Virus Res 2020; 276:197827. [PMID: 31785306 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) causes huge damage to potato and tobacco production worldwide. The complete genome sequence of GZ, a PVY isolate (strain SYR-I) from Guizhou province, China, was cloned into the binary vector pCambia0390. Three introns were individually inserted into the P3 and CI ORFs to produce plasmid pCamPVY-GZ. The plasmid could infect plants of Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum via agroinfiltration and plants of pepper and potato by mechanical inoculation. The green fluorescence protein gene of Aequoria victoriae was cloned into the encoding regions between nuclear inclusion body 'b' and coat protein genes in pCamPVY-GZ to produce pCamPVY-GZ-GFP, which could infect plants of N. benthamiana, N. tabacum, potato and tomato, and produce green fluorescence in the systemic leaves of inoculated plants. Mutations were introduced to pCamPVY-GZ to make the lysine (K) 391 and glutamic acid (E)410 of helper component-proteinase to arginine (R) and asparagic acid (E), respectively. Unlike wild type PVY-GZ, the mutant PVY-K391R/E410D could not induce veinal necrosis in N. tabacum plants. With an interval of 14 days, mutant PVY-K391R/E410D could protect N. tabacum plants from the infection of severe PVY strain. The results presented here provide a promising alternate for the prevention of diseases caused by PVY.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chao Geng
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yushuang Guo
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Meng-Ao Jia
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China.
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China; Shangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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Martínez-Turiño S, García JA. Potyviral coat protein and genomic RNA: A striking partnership leading virion assembly and more. Adv Virus Res 2020; 108:165-211. [PMID: 33837716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Potyvirus genus clusters a significant and expanding number of widely distributed plant viruses, responsible for large losses impacting most crops of economic interest. The potyviral genome is a single-stranded, linear, positive-sense RNA of around 10kb that is encapsidated in flexuous rod-shaped filaments, mostly made up of a helically arranged coat protein (CP). Beyond its structural role of protecting the viral genome, the potyviral CP is a multitasking protein intervening in practically all steps of the virus life cycle. In particular, interactions between the CP and the viral RNA must be tightly controlled to allow the correct assignment of the RNA to each of its functions through the infection process. This review attempts to bring together the most relevant available information regarding the architecture and modus operandi of potyviral CP and virus particles, highlighting significant discoveries, but also substantial gaps in the existing knowledge on mechanisms orchestrating virion assembly and disassembly. Biotechnological applications based on potyvirus nanoparticles is another important topic addressed here.
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Yoon YJ, Venkatesh J, Lee JH, Kim J, Lee HE, Kim DS, Kang BC. Genome Editing of eIF4E1 in Tomato Confers Resistance to Pepper Mottle Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020. [PMID: 32849681 DOI: 10.3398/fpls.2020.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Many of the recessive virus-resistance genes in plants encode eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs), including eIF4E, eIF4G, and related proteins. Notably, eIF4E and its isoform eIF(iso)4E are pivotal for viral infection and act as recessive resistance genes against various potyviruses in a wide range of plants. In this study, we used Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated targeted mutagenesis to test whether novel sequence-specific mutations at eIF4E1 in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cv. Micro-Tom could confer enhanced resistance to potyviruses. This approach produced heritable homozygous mutations in the transgene-free E1 generation. Sequence analysis of eIF4E1 from E0 transgenic plants expressing Cas9 and eIF4E-sgRNA transcripts identified chimeric deletions ranging from 11 to 43 bp. Genotype analysis of the eIF4E1-edited lines in E0, E1, and E2 transgenic tomato plants showed that the mutations were transmitted to subsequent generations. When homozygous mutant lines were tested for resistance to potyviruses, they exhibited no resistance to tobacco etch virus (TEV). Notably, however, several mutant lines showed no accumulation of viral particles upon infection with pepper mottle virus (PepMoV). These results indicate that site-specific mutation of tomato eIF4E1 successfully conferred enhanced resistance to PepMoV. Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 approach to accelerate breeding for trait improvement in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Joung Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Lee
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Do-Sun Kim
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Yoon YJ, Venkatesh J, Lee JH, Kim J, Lee HE, Kim DS, Kang BC. Genome Editing of eIF4E1 in Tomato Confers Resistance to Pepper Mottle Virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1098. [PMID: 32849681 PMCID: PMC7396686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Many of the recessive virus-resistance genes in plants encode eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs), including eIF4E, eIF4G, and related proteins. Notably, eIF4E and its isoform eIF(iso)4E are pivotal for viral infection and act as recessive resistance genes against various potyviruses in a wide range of plants. In this study, we used Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated targeted mutagenesis to test whether novel sequence-specific mutations at eIF4E1 in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) cv. Micro-Tom could confer enhanced resistance to potyviruses. This approach produced heritable homozygous mutations in the transgene-free E1 generation. Sequence analysis of eIF4E1 from E0 transgenic plants expressing Cas9 and eIF4E-sgRNA transcripts identified chimeric deletions ranging from 11 to 43 bp. Genotype analysis of the eIF4E1-edited lines in E0, E1, and E2 transgenic tomato plants showed that the mutations were transmitted to subsequent generations. When homozygous mutant lines were tested for resistance to potyviruses, they exhibited no resistance to tobacco etch virus (TEV). Notably, however, several mutant lines showed no accumulation of viral particles upon infection with pepper mottle virus (PepMoV). These results indicate that site-specific mutation of tomato eIF4E1 successfully conferred enhanced resistance to PepMoV. Thus, this study demonstrates the feasibility of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 approach to accelerate breeding for trait improvement in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Joung Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Lee
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Do-Sun Kim
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Jeonju-si, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Byoung-Cheorl Kang,
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20
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Ala-Poikela M, Rajamäki ML, Valkonen JP. A Novel Interaction Network Used by Potyviruses in Virus-Host Interactions at the Protein Level. Viruses 2019; 11:E1158. [PMID: 31847316 PMCID: PMC6950583 DOI: 10.3390/v11121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Host proteins that are central to infection of potyviruses (genus Potyvirus; family Potyviridae) include the eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E. The potyviral genome-linked protein (VPg) and the helper component proteinase (HCpro) interact with each other and with eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E and proteins are involved in the same functions during viral infection. VPg interacts with eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E via the 7-methylguanosine cap-binding region, whereas HCpro interacts with eIF4E/eIF(iso)4E via the 4E-binding motif YXXXXLΦ, similar to the motif in eIF4G. In this study, HCpro and VPg were found to interact in the nucleus, nucleolus, and cytoplasm in cells infected with the potyvirus potato virus A (PVA). In the cytoplasm, interactions between HCpro and VPg occurred in punctate bodies not associated with viral replication vesicles. In addition to HCpro, the 4E-binding motif was recognized in VPg of PVA. Mutations in the 4E-binding motif of VPg from PVA weakened interactions with eIF4E and heavily reduced PVA virulence. Furthermore, mutations in the 4G-binding domain of eIF4E reduced interactions with VPg and abolished interactions with HCpro. Thus, HCpro and VPg can both interact with eIF4E using the 4E-binding motif. Our results suggest a novel interaction network used by potyviruses to interact with host plants via translation initiation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minna-Liisa Rajamäki
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jari P.T. Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
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21
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Poly (A) binding protein enhances the binding affinity of potyvirus VPg to eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4F and activates in vitro translation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 121:947-955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Bentley CL, Edmondson J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Shkirskiy V, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Electrochemical Mapping. Anal Chem 2018; 91:84-108. [PMID: 30500157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Wu G, Cui X, Chen H, Renaud JB, Yu K, Chen X, Wang A. Dynamin-Like Proteins of Endocytosis in Plants Are Coopted by Potyviruses To Enhance Virus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:e01320-18. [PMID: 30258010 PMCID: PMC6232491 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01320-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and endosomal trafficking regulate the proteins targeted to the plasma membrane and play essential roles in diverse cellular processes, including responses to pathogen attack. Here, we report the identification of Glycine max (soybean) endocytosis dynamin-like protein 5A (GmSDL5A) associated with purified soybean mosaic virus (SMV) virions from soybean using a bottom-up proteomics approach. Knockdown of GmSDL5A and its homologous gene GmSDL12A inhibits SMV infection in soybean. The role of analogous dynamin-like proteins in potyvirus infection was further confirmed and investigated using the Arabidopsis/turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) pathosystem. We demonstrate that dynamin-related proteins 2A and 2B in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtDRP2A, AtDRP2B), homologs of GmSDL5A, are recruited to the virus replication complex (VRC) of TuMV. TuMV infection is inhibited in both A. thalianadrp2a (atdrp2a) and atdrp2b knockout mutants. Overexpression of AtDRP2 promotes TuMV replication and intercellular movement. AtRDP2 interacts with TuMV VPg, CP, CI, and 6K2. Of these viral proteins, VPg, CP, and CI are essential for viral intercellular movement, and 6K2, VPg, and CI are critical components of the VRC. We reveal that VPg and CI are present in the punctate structures labeled by the endocytic tracer FM4-64, suggesting that VPg and CI can be endocytosed. Treatment of plant leaves with a dynamin-specific inhibitor disrupts the delivery of VPg and CI to endocytic structures and suppresses TuMV replication and intercellular movement. Taken together, these data suggest that dynamin-like proteins are novel host factors of potyviruses and that endocytic processes are involved in potyvirus infection.IMPORTANCE It is well known that animal viruses enter host cells via endocytosis, whereas plant viruses require physical assistance, such as human and insect activities, to penetrate the host cell to establish their infection. In this study, we report that the endocytosis pathway is also involved in virus infection in plants. We show that plant potyviruses recruit endocytosis dynamin-like proteins to support their infection. Depletion of them by knockout of the corresponding genes suppresses virus replication, whereas overexpression of them enhances virus replication and intercellular movement. We also demonstrate that the dynamin-like proteins interact with several viral proteins that are essential for virus replication and cell-to-cell movement. We further show that treatment of a dynamin-specific inhibitor disrupts endocytosis and inhibits virus replication and intercellular movement. Therefore, the dynamin-like proteins are novel host factors of potyviruses. The corresponding genes may be manipulated using advanced biotechnology to control potyviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwei Wu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Chen
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kangfu Yu
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Huang L, Li Z, Lou Y, Cao F, Zhang D, Li X. Recent Advances in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Biological Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1389. [PMID: 30096895 PMCID: PMC6119995 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a chemical microscopy technique with high spatial resolution for imaging sample topography and mapping specific chemical species in liquid environments. With the development of smaller, more sensitive ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) and more precise computer-controlled measurements, SECM has been widely used to study biological systems over the past three decades. Recent methodological breakthroughs have popularized SECM as a tool for investigating molecular-level chemical reactions. The most common applications include monitoring and analyzing the biological processes associated with enzymatic activity and DNA, and the physiological activity of living cells and other microorganisms. The present article first introduces the basic principles of SECM, followed by an updated review of the applications of SECM in biological studies on enzymes, DNA, proteins, and living cells. Particularly, the potential of SECM for investigating bacterial and biofilm activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ziyu Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuntian Lou
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fahe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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25
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Sardaru P, Sinausía L, López‐González S, Zindovic J, Sánchez F, Ponz F. The apparent non-host resistance of Ethiopian mustard to a radish-infecting strain of Turnip mosaic virus is largely determined by the C-terminal region of the P3 viral protein. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1984-1994. [PMID: 29517848 PMCID: PMC6638043 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two different isolates of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV: UK 1 and JPN 1) belonging to different virus strains were tested on three different Brassica species, namely turnip (Brassica rapa L.), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). Although all three hosts were readily infected by isolate UK 1, isolate JPN 1 was able to establish a visible systemic infection only in the first two. Ethiopian mustard plants showed no local or systemic symptoms, and no virus antigens could be detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, this species looks like a non-host for JPN 1, an apparent situation of non-host resistance (NHR). Through an experimental approach involving chimeric viruses made by gene interchange between two infectious clones of both virus isolates, the genomic region encoding the C-terminal domain of viral protein P3 was found to bear the resistance determinant, excluding any involvement of the viral fusion proteins P3N-PIPO and P3N-ALT in the resistance. A further determinant refinement identified two adjacent positions (1099 and 1100 of the viral polyprotein) as the main determinants of resistance. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged viruses showed that the resistance of Ethiopian mustard to isolate JPN 1 is only apparent, as virus-induced fluorescence could be found in discrete areas of both inoculated and non-inoculated leaves. In comparison with other plant-virus combinations of extreme resistance, we propose that Ethiopian mustard shows an apparent NHR to TuMV JPN 1, but not complete immunity or extreme resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papaiah Sardaru
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA), Campus Montegancedo28223 MadridSpain
- Present address:
Department of Virology, College of SciencesSri Venkateswara UniversityTirupati 517502India
| | - Laura Sinausía
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA), Campus Montegancedo28223 MadridSpain
- Present address:
Celgene Institute for Translational Research Europe, Parque Científico y Tecnológico Cartuja 93, Centro de Empresas Pabellón de Italia, C/. Isaac Newton, 441092 SevillaSpain
| | - Silvia López‐González
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA), Campus Montegancedo28223 MadridSpain
| | - Jelena Zindovic
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA), Campus Montegancedo28223 MadridSpain
- Present address:
On leave of absence from Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Mihajla Lalica 181000 PodgoricaMontenegro
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA), Campus Montegancedo28223 MadridSpain
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA), Campus Montegancedo28223 MadridSpain
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