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Ostroumova OS, Efimova SS. Lipid-Centric Approaches in Combating Infectious Diseases: Antibacterials, Antifungals and Antivirals with Lipid-Associated Mechanisms of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1716. [PMID: 38136750 PMCID: PMC10741038 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the global challenges of the 21st century is the increase in mortality from infectious diseases against the backdrop of the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. In this regard, it is worth targeting antibacterials towards the membranes of pathogens that are quite conservative and not amenable to elimination. This review is an attempt to critically analyze the possibilities of targeting antimicrobial agents towards enzymes involved in pathogen lipid biosynthesis or towards bacterial, fungal, and viral lipid membranes, to increase the permeability via pore formation and to modulate the membranes' properties in a manner that makes them incompatible with the pathogen's life cycle. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the search for highly effective but nontoxic antimicrobial agents. Examples of compounds with a proven molecular mechanism of action are presented, and the types of the most promising pharmacophores for further research and the improvement of the characteristics of antibiotics are discussed. The strategies that pathogens use for survival in terms of modulating the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane, achieving a balance between resistance to antibiotics and the ability to facilitate all necessary transport and signaling processes, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
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Interdisciplinary Overview of Lipopeptide and Protein-Containing Biosurfactants. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010076. [PMID: 36672817 PMCID: PMC9859011 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules capable of lowering interfacial and superficial tensions. Produced by living organisms, these compounds act the same as chemical surfactants but with a series of improvements, the most notable being biodegradability. Biosurfactants have a wide diversity of categories. Within these, lipopeptides are some of the more abundant and widely known. Protein-containing biosurfactants are much less studied and could be an interesting and valuable alternative. The harsh temperature, pH, and salinity conditions that target organisms can sustain need to be understood for better implementation. Here, we will explore biotechnological applications via lipopeptide and protein-containing biosurfactants. Also, we discuss their natural role and the organisms that produce them, taking a glimpse into the possibilities of research via meta-omics and machine learning.
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Becucci L, Guidelli R. Kinetic mechanism of current-time curves of peptide ion channels in lipid membranes. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Becucci L, Guidelli R. What Ion Flow along Ion Channels Can Tell us about Their Functional Activity. MEMBRANES 2016; 6:membranes6040053. [PMID: 27983579 PMCID: PMC5192409 DOI: 10.3390/membranes6040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The functional activity of channel-forming peptides and proteins is most directly verified by monitoring the flow of physiologically relevant inorganic ions, such as Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl-, along the ion channels. Electrical current measurements across bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) interposed between two aqueous solutions have been widely employed to this end and are still extensively used. However, a major drawback of BLMs is their fragility, high sensitivity toward vibrations and mechanical shocks, and low resistance to electric fields. To overcome this problem, metal-supported tethered BLMs (tBLMs) have been devised, where the BLM is anchored to the metal via a hydrophilic spacer that replaces and mimics the water phase on the metal side. However, only mercury-supported tBLMs can measure and regulate the flow of the above inorganic ions, thanks to mercury liquid state and high hydrogen overpotential. This review summarizes the main results achieved by BLMs incorporating voltage-gated channel-forming peptides, interpreting them on the basis of a kinetic mechanism of nucleation and growth. Hg-supported tBLMs are then described, and their potential for the investigation of voltage-gated and ohmic channels is illustrated by the use of different electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Becucci
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.
| | - Rolando Guidelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.
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Becucci L, Toppi A, Fiore A, Scaloni A, Guidelli R. Channel-forming activity of syringopeptin 25A in mercury-supported phospholipid monolayers and negatively charged bilayers. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 111:131-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Becucci L, Rossi M, Fiore A, Scaloni A, Guidelli R. Channel-forming activity of syringopeptin 25A in mercury-supported lipid bilayers with a phosphatidylcholine distal leaflet. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 108:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Festa M, Lagostena L, Carpaneto A. Using the plant vacuole as a biological system to investigate the functional properties of exogenous channels and transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:607-12. [PMID: 26431786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells possess a large intracellular compartment that animal cells do not, the central vacuole, which has been investigated for a long time. The central vacuole can occupy up to 90% of the cellular volume and, differently from intracellular organelles from animal cells such as lysosomes or endosomes, it is easy to isolate. Because of its large dimension (up to 40 μm diameter) it can be successfully studied using the classical patch-clamp technique. Following the idea that the vacuolar membrane could be used as a convenient model to characterize the functional properties of channel-forming peptides, we verified that the phytotoxic lipodepsipeptide Syringopeptin 25A from Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae was able to form ionic pores in sugar beet vacuoles and we performed a detailed biophysical analysis. Recently, we extended the use of plant vacuoles to the expression and functional characterization of animal intracellular transporters, namely rat CLC-7, and channels, i.e. human TPC2. Since endo-lysosomal transporters and channels are still largely unexplored, principally because their intracellular localization renders them difficult to study, we believe that this novel approach will prove to be a powerful system for the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of exogenous transporters and channels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Pore-Forming Toxins edited by Mauro Dalla Serra and Franco Gambale.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Festa
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - L Lagostena
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - A Carpaneto
- Institute of Biophysics (IBF), CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
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Ros U, Rodríguez-Vera W, Pedrera L, Valiente PA, Cabezas S, Lanio ME, García-Sáez AJ, Alvarez C. Differences in activity of actinoporins are related with the hydrophobicity of their N-terminus. Biochimie 2015; 116:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C. Botulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:535-49. [PMID: 24975322 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium and cause a persistent paralysis of peripheral nerve terminals, which is known as botulism. Neurotoxigenic clostridia belong to six phylogenetically distinct groups and produce more than 40 different BoNT types, which inactivate neurotransmitter release owing to their metalloprotease activity. In this Review, we discuss recent studies that have improved our understanding of the genetics and structure of BoNT complexes. We also describe recent insights into the mechanisms of BoNT entry into the general circulation, neuronal binding, membrane translocation and neuroparalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Rossetto
- 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [2] National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [3]
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [2] National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [3]
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. [2] National Research Council Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Bensaci MF, Gurnev PA, Bezrukov SM, Takemoto JY. Fungicidal Activities and Mechanisms of Action of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Lipodepsipeptide Syringopeptins 22A and 25A. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:216. [PMID: 22046175 PMCID: PMC3201023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-associated bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae simultaneously produces two classes of metabolites: the small cyclic lipodepsinonapeptides such as the syringomycins and the larger cyclic lipodepsipeptide syringopeptins SP22 or SP25. The syringomycins inhibit a broad spectrum of fungi (but particularly yeasts) by lipid-dependent membrane interaction. The syringopeptins are phytotoxic and inhibitory to Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, the fungicidal activities of two major syringopeptins, SP22A and SP25A, and their mechanisms of action were investigated and compared to those of syringomycin E. SP22A and SP25A were observed to inhibit the fungal yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans although less effectively than syringomycin E. S. cerevisiae mutants defective in ergosterol and sphingolipid biosyntheses were less susceptible to SP22A and SP25A but the relative inhibitory capabilities of SRE vs. SP22A and SP25A were maintained. Similar differences were observed for capabilities to cause cellular K(+) and Ca(2+) fluxes in S. cerevisiae. Interestingly, in phospholipid bilayers the syringopeptins are found to induce larger macroscopic ionic conductances than syringomycin E but form single channels with similar properties. These findings suggest that the syringopeptins target the yeast plasma membrane, and, like syringomycin E, employ a lipid-dependent channel-forming mechanism of action. The differing degrees of growth inhibition by these lipodepsipeptides may be explained by differences in their hydrophobicities. The more hydrophobic SP22A and SP25A might interact more strongly with the yeast cell wall that would create a selective barrier for their incorporation into the plasma membrane.
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Andolfi A, Cimmino A, Cantore PL, Iacobellis NS, Evidente A. Bioactive and Structural Metabolites of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia Species Causal Agents of Cultivated Mushrooms Diseases. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1177391x0800200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas tolaasii, P. reactans and Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola, are responsible of diseases on some species of cultivated mushrooms. The main bioactive metabolites produced by both Pseudomonas strains are the lipodepsipeptides (LDPs) tolaasin I and II and the so called White Line Inducing Principle (WLIP), respectively, LDPs which have been extensively studied for their role in the disease process and for their biological properties. In particular, their antimicrobial activity and the alteration of biological and model membranes (red blood cell and liposomes) was established. In the case of tolaasin I interaction with membranes was also related to the tridimensional structure in solution as determined by NMR combined with molecular dynamic calculation techniques. Recently, five news minor tolaasins, tolaasins A-E, were isolated from the culture filtrates of P. tolaasii and their chemical structure was determined by extensive use of NMR and MS spectroscopy. Furthermore, their antimicrobial activity was evaluated on target micro-organisms (fungi–-including the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes, and Pleurotus spp.–-chromista, yeast and bacteria). The Gram positive bacteria resulted the most sensible and a significant structure-activity relationships was apparent. The isolation and structure determination of bioactive metabolites produced by B. gladioli pv. agaricicola are still in progress but preliminary results indicate their peptide nature. Furthermore, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the culture filtrates of B. gladioli pv. agaricicola, as well as the O-chain and lipid A, from the lipo-polysaccharide (LPS) of the three bacteria, were isolated and the structures determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Pietro Lo Cantore
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Nicola Sante Iacobellis
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta, dell'Ambiente e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Fiore A, Laparra JM, Farrè R, Fullone MR, Grgurina I, Gallo M, Fogliano V. Lipodepsipeptides from Pseudomonas syringae are partially proteolyzed and are not absorbed by humans: an in vitro study. J Food Prot 2008; 71:979-85. [PMID: 18522033 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.5.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There are some concerns about the use of Pseudomonas-based products as biocontrol agents because of the hemolytic activity shown by their metabolites. The effects of Pseudomonas lipodepsipeptides (LDPs) on mammals via ingestion and the LDP degradation during the digestion and intestinal permeability have not been evaluated. In this research, the susceptibility of different LDPs to degradation was assayed with enzymatic gastrointestinal digestion, and intestinal permeability to LDPs was investigated in an in vitro system based on an intestinal cell layer system. Results demonstrated that trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolyze up to 50% of the various LDPs, and that proteolysis was further increased by pronase E treatment. A decrease in LDP hemolytic activity matched LDP degradation during the various steps of the digestion process. Moreover, it was shown that syringomycin E (SRE), the main known LDP, was not able to cross the intestinal cell layer, suggesting that SRE does not reach the bloodstream in vivo. It was concluded that the Pseudomonas-based biocontrol products do not represent a serious risk for consumer health. In fact, LDPs possibly present on biocontrol-treated agricultural commodities would likely be partially digested by gastrointestinal enzymes and would not be absorbed at the intestinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fiore
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli Federico II, Parco Gussone, Edificio 84, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
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Coraiola M, Paletti R, Fiore A, Fogliano V, Serra MD. Fuscopeptins, antimicrobial lipodepsipeptides from Pseudomonas fuscovaginae,
are channel forming peptides active on biological and model membranes. J Pept Sci 2007; 14:496-502. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mátyus E, Blaskó K, Fidy J, Tieleman DP. Structure and dynamics of the antifungal molecules Syringotoxin-B and Syringopeptin-25A from molecular dynamics simulation. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2007; 37:495-502. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-007-0242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bensaci MF, Takemoto JY. Syringopeptin SP25A-mediated killing of gram-positive bacteria and the role of teichoic acid d-alanylation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 268:106-11. [PMID: 17263852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas syringae syringopeptins are cationic cyclic lipodepsipeptides that inhibit fungi and bacteria. The homolog syringopeptin (SP)25A was strongly inhibitory to several Gram-positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging between 1.95 and 7.8 microg mL(-1). In contrast, it was not inhibitory to several Gram-negative bacteria. At 5 and 10 microg mL(-1), SP25A rapidly inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and was bacteriocidal. Teichoic acid D-alanylation dltB- and dltD-defective mutant strains of B. subtilis were more susceptible to SP25A compared with the parental wild-type strain. The degree of susceptibility of the parent strain, but not the dltB and dltD mutant strains, increased at alkaline pH (9.0). In contrast, the parental and mutant strains had the same susceptibilities to syringopeptins SP22A and SP508A at pH 7.0 and 9.0. These results suggest that the cell wall anionic teichoic acids modulate SP25A action against B. subtilis, and they provide an explanation for the selective inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria by SP25A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekki F Bensaci
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USA
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Ostroumova OS, Malev VV, Kaulin YA, Gurnev PA, Takemoto JY, Schagina LV. Voltage-dependent synchronization of gating of syringomycin E ion channels. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:5675-9. [PMID: 16219309 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antifungal lipodepsipeptide syringomycin E (SRE) forms two major conductive states in lipid bilayers: "small" and "large". Large SRE channels are cluster of several small ones, demonstrating synchronous opening and closure. To get insight into the mechanism of such synchronization we investigated how transmembrane potential, membrane surface charge, and ionic strength affect the number of small SRE channels synchronously functioning in the cluster. Here, we report that the large SRE channels can be presented as 3-8 simultaneously gating small channels. The increase in the absolute value of the transmembrane potential (from 50 to 200 mV) decreases the number of synchronously gated channels in the clusters. Voltage-dependence of channel synchronization was influenced by the ionic strength of the bathing solution, but not by membrane surface charge. We propose a mechanism for the voltage-dependent cluster behavior that involves a voltage-induced reorientation of lipid dipoles associated with the channel pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Ostroumova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
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Scaloni A, Dalla Serra M, Amodeo P, Mannina L, Vitale R, Segre A, Cruciani O, Lodovichetti F, Greco M, Fiore A, Gallo M, D'Ambrosio C, Coraiola M, Menestrina G, Graniti A, Fogliano V. Structure, conformation and biological activity of a novel lipodepsipeptide from Pseudomonas corrugata: cormycin A. Biochem J 2005; 384:25-36. [PMID: 15196052 PMCID: PMC1134085 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic lipodepsipeptides from Pseudomonas spp. have been characterized for their structural and antimicrobial properties. In the present study, the structure of a novel lipodepsipeptide, cormycin A, produced in culture by the tomato pathogen Pseudomonas corrugata was elucidated by combined protein chemistry, mass spectrometry and two-dimensional NMR procedures. Its peptide moiety corresponds to L-Ser-D-Orn-L-Asn-D-Hse-L-His-L-aThr-Z-Dhb-L-Asp(3-OH)-L-Thr(4-Cl) [where Orn represents ornithine, Hse is homoserine, aThr is allo-threonine, Z-Dhb is 2,3-dehydro-2-aminobutanoic acid, Asp(3-OH) is 3-hydroxyaspartic acid and Thr(4-Cl) is 4-chlorothreonine], with the terminal carboxy group closing a macrocyclic ring with the hydroxy group of the N-terminal serine residue. This is, in turn, N-acylated by 3,4-dihydroxy-esadecanoate. In aqueous solution, cormycin A showed a rather compact structure, being derived from an inward orientation of some amino acid side chains and from the 'hairpin-bent' conformation of the lipid, due to inter-residue interactions involving its terminal part. Cormycin was significantly more active than the other lipodepsipeptides from Pseudomonas spp., as demonstrated by phytotoxicity and antibiosis assays, as well as by red-blood-cell lysis. Differences in biological activity were putatively ascribed to its weak positive net charge at neutral pH. Planar lipid membrane experiments showed step-like current transitions, suggesting that cormycin is able to form pores. This ability was strongly influenced by the phospholipid composition of the membrane and, in particular, by the presence of sterols. All of these findings suggest that cormycin derivatives could find promising applications, either as antifungal compounds for topical use or as post-harvest biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scaloni
- *Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, I.S.P.A.A.M., National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Dalla Serra
- †ITC and Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 38050 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Pietro Amodeo
- ‡Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- §Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Microbiologiche, Università di Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- ∥Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Segre
- ¶Institute of Chemical Methodologies, National Research Council, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione (Rome), Italy
| | - Oscar Cruciani
- ¶Institute of Chemical Methodologies, National Research Council, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione (Rome), Italy
| | - Francesca Lodovichetti
- ¶Institute of Chemical Methodologies, National Research Council, 00016 Monterotondo Stazione (Rome), Italy
| | - Maria Luigia Greco
- **Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Fiore
- ††Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Parco Gussone, Edificio 84, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Monica Gallo
- ††Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Parco Gussone, Edificio 84, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Chiara D'Ambrosio
- *Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, I.S.P.A.A.M., National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Coraiola
- †ITC and Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 38050 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Gianfranco Menestrina
- †ITC and Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 38050 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Antonio Graniti
- **Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- ††Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Parco Gussone, Edificio 84, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Szabó Z, Budai M, Blaskó K, Gróf P. Molecular dynamics of the cyclic lipodepsipeptides' action on model membranes: effects of syringopeptin22A, syringomycin E, and syringotoxin studied by EPR technique. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1660:118-30. [PMID: 14757227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of pore-forming toxins, syringopeptin22A (SP22A), syringomycin E (SRE) and syringotoxin (ST), with model membranes were investigated. Liposomes were prepared from saturated phospholipids (DPPC or DMPC) or from binary mixtures of DPPC with varying amount of DOPC or cholesterol. The effects of the three toxins on the molecular order and dynamics of the lipids were studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. SP22A was the most-, SRE less-, and ST the least effective to increase the ordering and to decrease the rotational correlation time of the lipid molecules. The effects were more pronounced: (a) on small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) than on multilamellar vesicles (MUVs); (b) on pure DPPC than on DPPC-cholesterol or DPPC-DOPC mixtures. Fluidity changes, determined from EPR spectra at different concentrations of the toxin, suggested the shell structure of the lipid molecules in pore formation. EPR spectra observed at different depth of the hydrocarbon chain of the lipid molecules implied an active role of the lipid molecules in the architecture of the pores created in the presence of the three toxins. Temperature dependence of the fluidity of the SUVs treated with toxins has shown an abrupt and irreversible change in the molecular dynamics of the lipid molecules at a temperature close to the pretransition, depending on the toxin species and the lipid composition. Coalescence and aggregation of the SUVs were proposed as the origin of this irreversible change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Szabó
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, VIII Puskin u 9, POB 263, Budapest H-1444, Hungary
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Sepcić K, Berne S, Potrich C, Turk T, Macek P, Menestrina G. Interaction of ostreolysin, a cytolytic protein from the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, with lipid membranes and modulation by lysophospholipids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:1199-210. [PMID: 12631278 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ostreolysin is a 16-kDa cytolytic protein specifically expressed in primordia and fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. To understand its interaction with lipid membranes, we compared its effects on mammalian cells, on vesicles prepared with either pure lipids or total lipid extracts, and on dispersions of lysophospholipids or fatty acids. At nanomolar concentrations, the protein lysed human, bovine and sheep erythrocytes by a colloid-osmotic mechanism, compatible with the formation of pores of 4 nm diameter, and was cytotoxic to mammalian tumor cells. A search for lipid inhibitors of hemolysis revealed a strong effect of lysophospholipids and fatty acids, occurring below their critical micellar concentration. This effect was distinct from the capacity of ostreolysin to bind to and permeabilize lipid membranes. In fact, permeabilization of vesicles occurred only when they were prepared with lipids extracted from erythrocytes, and not with lipids extracted from P. ostreatus or pure lipid mixtures, even if lysophospholipids or fatty acids were included. Interaction with lipid vesicles, and their permeabilization, correlated with an increase in the intrinsic fluorescence and alpha-helical content of the protein, and with aggregation, which were not detected with lysophospholipids. It appears that either an unknown lipid acceptor or a specific lipid complex is required for binding, aggregation and pore formation. The inhibitory effect of lysophospholipids may reflect a regulatory role for these components on the physiological action of ostreolysin and related proteins during fruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sepcić
- CNR-ITC, Istituto di Biofisica - Sezione di Trento, Povo, Italy
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Fogliano V, Ballio A, Gallo M, Woo S, Scala F, Lorito M. Pseudomonas lipodepsipeptides and fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes act synergistically in biological control. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2002; 15:323-333. [PMID: 12026170 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2002.15.4.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B359 secreted two main lipodepsipeptides (LDPs), syringomycin E (SRE) and syringopeptin 25A (SP25A), together with at least four types of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs). In antifungal bioassays, the purified toxins SRE and SP25A interacted synergistically with chitinolytic and glucanolytic enzymes purified from the same bacterial strain or from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride strain P1. The synergism between LDPs and CWDEs occurred against all seven different fungal species tested and P. syringae itself, with a level dependent on the enzyme used to permeabilize the microbial cell wall. The antifungal activity of SP25A was much more increased by the CWDE action than was that of the smaller SRE, suggesting a stronger antifungal role for SP25A. In vivo biocontrol assays were performed by using P. syringae alone or in combination with T. atroviride, including a Trichoderma endochitinase knock-out mutant in place of the wild type and a chitinase-specific enzyme inhibitor. These experiments clearly indicate that the synergistic interaction LDPs-CWDEs is involved in the antagonistic mechanism of P. syringae, and they support the concept that a more effective disease control is given by the combined action of the two agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Fogliano
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
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Monti SM, Gallo M, Ferracane R, Borrelli RC, Ritieni A, Greco ML, Graniti A, Fogliano V. Analysis of bacterial lipodepsipeptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:623-628. [PMID: 11312513 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Strains of certain plant pathogenic bacteria, in particular several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae, are known to produce cyclic lipodepsipeptides (LDPs) endowed with peculiar structural features and noticeable biological activities. In this study, a mass spectrometry procedure is proposed for screening LDP-producing bacterial strains and for identifying and assessing individual LDPs. After matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) screening of thirteen P. syringae strains for LDP production, the extracts from culture filtrates of eight positive strains were subjected to electrospray mass spectrometry for the identification of LDPs. Five strains were found to produce two forms of syringomycins (SR-E and SR-G) and two forms of syringopeptin 25 (SP25A and SP25B); two strains produced SR-E, SR-G and a new form of SP22; one strain produced syringotoxin (ST) and syringostatin A (SS-A) in addition to SP25A and SP25B. The yield in culture of two major LPDs: SR-G (3.2-13.8 mg x L(-1)) and SP25A (41.6-231.5 mg x L(-1)) was assessed by and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) in both scan and single ion monitoring (SIM) modes. Results of this investigation showed that the mass spectrometry protocol developed here is a precise and reliable method for screening bacterial strains for LDP production and for assessing the amount of each metabolite under various culture conditions. This could be of practical value in view of potential applications, e.g. biocontrol of post-harvest fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Parco Gussone, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Mikkola R, Kolari M, Andersson MA, Helin J, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. Toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of Bacillus licheniformis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:4068-74. [PMID: 10866808 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2000.01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxins from three Bacillus licheniformis strains connected to a fatal food poisoning were isolated and their structures elucidated. Toxins were purified from methanol extracts of the B. licheniformis biomass using boar sperm cells as the toxicity indicator. The HPLC purified toxins showed protonated masses m/z 1007, 1021 and 1035 in MALDI-TOF-MS. The toxins isolated from the strains of different origins contained the same three components of which and each had a same amino-acid residues L-Gln, L-Leu, D-Leu, L-Val, L-Asp, D-Leu and L-Ile in that order. Toxins were identified as lichenysin A, a cyclic lactonic heptalipopeptide in which the main 3-hydroxy fatty acids are 13-15 carbons in length. We showed that the toxins from food and food poisoning isolates of B. licheniformis were identical to lichenysin A both in the structure and in the toxic symptoms induced to boar spermatozoa. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the acrosome and the plasma membrane of boar spermatozoa were the targets of lichenysin A toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mikkola
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Goudet C, Milat ML, Sentenac H, Thibaud JB. Beticolins, nonpeptidic, polycyclic molecules produced by the phytopathogenic fungus Cercospora beticola, as a new family of ion channel-forming toxins. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2000; 13:203-209. [PMID: 10659710 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Beticolins are toxins produced by Cercospora beticola, a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for the leaf spot disease of sugar beet. They form a family of 20 nonpeptidic compounds (named B0 to B19) that share the same polycyclic skeleton but differ by isomeric configuration (ortho- or para-) and by a variable residue R (bridging two carbons in one of the six cycles). It has been previously shown that B0 assembles itself into a multimeric structure and forms ion channels into planar lipid bilayers (C. Goudet, A.-A. Very, M.-L. Milat, M. Ildefonse, J.-B. Thibaud, H. Sentenac, and J.-P. Blein, Plant J. 14:359-364, 1998). In the present work, we investigate pore formation by three ortho-beticolins, B0, B2, and B4, and their related (i.e., same R) para-isomers, B13, B1, and B3, respectively, using planar lipid bilayers. All beticolins were able to form ion channels with multiple conductance states, although the type of cyclization (ortho- or para-) and residue (R) result in variations of channel conductance and ionic permeability, respectively. Channel formation by beticolins is likely to be involved in the biological activity of these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goudet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS URA 2133/ENSA-M/INRA/UM2, Montpellier, France
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