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The rhizobial autotransporter determines the symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity of Lotus japonicus in a host-specific manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1806-1815. [PMID: 31900357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913349117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leguminous plants establish endosymbiotic associations with rhizobia and form root nodules in which the rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen. The host plant and intracellular rhizobia strictly control this symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We recently reported a Lotus japonicus Fix- mutant, apn1 (aspartic peptidase nodule-induced 1), that impairs symbiotic nitrogen fixation. APN1 encodes a nodule-specific aspartic peptidase involved in the Fix- phenotype in a rhizobial strain-specific manner. This host-strain specificity implies that some molecular interactions between host plant APN1 and rhizobial factors are required, although the biological function of APN1 in nodules and the mechanisms governing the interactions are unknown. To clarify how rhizobial factors are involved in strain-specific nitrogen fixation, we explored transposon mutants of Mesorhizobium loti strain TONO, which normally form Fix- nodules on apn1 roots, and identified TONO mutants that formed Fix+ nodules on apn1 The identified causal gene encodes an autotransporter, part of a protein secretion system of Gram-negative bacteria. Expression of the autotransporter gene in M. loti strain MAFF3030399, which normally forms Fix+ nodules on apn1 roots, resulted in Fix- nodules. The autotransporter of TONO functions to secrete a part of its own protein (a passenger domain) into extracellular spaces, and the recombinant APN1 protein cleaved the passenger protein in vitro. The M. loti autotransporter showed the activity to induce the genes involved in nodule senescence in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we conclude that the nodule-specific aspartic peptidase, APN1, suppresses negative effects of the rhizobial autotransporter in order to maintain effective symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules.
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Sakamoto K, Ogiwara N, Kaji T, Sugimoto Y, Ueno M, Sonoda M, Matsui A, Ishida J, Tanaka M, Totoki Y, Shinozaki K, Seki M. Transcriptome analysis of soybean (Glycine max) root genes differentially expressed in rhizobial, arbuscular mycorrhizal, and dual symbiosis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:541-568. [PMID: 31165947 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) roots establish associations with nodule-inducing rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Both rhizobia and AM fungi have been shown to affect the activity of and colonization by the other, and their interactions can be detected within host plants. Here, we report the transcription profiles of genes differentially expressed in soybean roots in the presence of rhizobial, AM, or rhizobial-AM dual symbiosis, compared with those in control (uninoculated) roots. Following inoculation, soybean plants were grown in a glasshouse for 6 weeks; thereafter their root transcriptomes were analyzed using an oligo DNA microarray. Among the four treatments, the root nodule number and host plant growth were highest in plants with dual symbiosis. We observed that the expression of 187, 441, and 548 host genes was up-regulated and 119, 1,439, and 1,298 host genes were down-regulated during rhizobial, AM, and dual symbiosis, respectively. The expression of 34 host genes was up-regulated in each of the three symbioses. These 34 genes encoded several membrane transporters, type 1 metallothionein, and transcription factors in the MYB and bHLH families. We identified 56 host genes that were specifically up-regulated during dual symbiosis. These genes encoded several nodulin proteins, phenylpropanoid metabolism-related proteins, and carbonic anhydrase. The nodulin genes up-regulated by the AM fungal colonization probably led to the observed increases in root nodule number and host plant growth. Some other nodulin genes were down-regulated specifically during AM symbiosis. Based on the results above, we suggest that the contribution of AM fungal colonization is crucial to biological N2-fixation and host growth in soybean with rhizobial-AM dual symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan.
| | - Natsuko Ogiwara
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Kaji
- JA ZEN-NOH Research and Development Center, 4-18-1 Higashiyawata, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0016, Japan
| | - Yurie Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ueno
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sonoda
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junko Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813, Japan
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Association mapping and genetic dissection of nitrogen use efficiency-related traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:323-33. [PMID: 26922174 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The increases in the usage of nitrogen fertilizer result in deleterious impacts on the environment; thus, there is an urgent need to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crops including rice (Oryza sativa L.). Attentions have focused on quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of NUE-related traits using single experimental population, but to date, very few studies have taken advantage of association mapping to examine hundreds of lines for identifying potentially novel QTLs in rice. Here, we conducted association analysis on NUE-related traits using a population containing 184 varieties, which were genotyped with 157 genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We detected eight statistically significant marker loci associating with NUE-related traits, of which two QTLs at RM5639 and RM3628 harbored known NUE-related genes GS1;2 and AspAt3, respectively. At a novel NUE-related locus RM5748, we developed Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and searched for putative NUE-related genes which are close to the associated SNP marker. Based on a transcriptional map of N stress responses constructed by our lab, we evaluated expressions of the NUE-related genes in this region and validated their effect on NUE. Meanwhile, we analyzed NUE-related alleles of the eight loci that could be utilized in marker-assisted selection. Moreover, we estimated breeding values of all the varieties through genomic prediction approach that could be beneficial for rice NUE enhancement.
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Bourcy M, Brocard L, Pislariu CI, Cosson V, Mergaert P, Tadege M, Mysore KS, Udvardi MK, Gourion B, Ratet P. Medicago truncatula DNF2 is a PI-PLC-XD-containing protein required for bacteroid persistence and prevention of nodule early senescence and defense-like reactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1250-1261. [PMID: 23278348 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti form a symbiotic association resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Nodule cells contain large numbers of bacteroids which are differentiated, nitrogen-fixing forms of the symbiotic bacteria. In the nodules, symbiotic plant cells home and maintain hundreds of viable bacteria. In order to better understand the molecular mechanism sustaining the phenomenon, we searched for new plant genes required for effective symbiosis. We used a combination of forward and reverse genetics approaches to identify a gene required for nitrogen fixation, and we used cell and molecular biology to characterize the mutant phenotype and to gain an insight into gene function. The symbiotic gene DNF2 encodes a putative phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C-like protein. Nodules formed by the mutant contain a zone of infected cells reduced to a few cell layers. In this zone, bacteria do not differentiate properly into bacteroids. Furthermore, mutant nodules senesce rapidly and exhibit defense-like reactions. This atypical phenotype amongst Fix(-) mutants unravels dnf2 as a new actor of bacteroid persistence inside symbiotic plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bourcy
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Catalina I Pislariu
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, 73401, OK, USA
| | - Viviane Cosson
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Peter Mergaert
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Millon Tadege
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, 73401, OK, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, 73401, OK, USA
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, 73401, OK, USA
| | - Benjamin Gourion
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Avenue de la terrasse, 91198, Gif Sur Yvette, France
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Takanashi K, Sugiyama A, Sato S, Tabata S, Yazaki K. LjABCB1, an ATP-binding cassette protein specifically induced in uninfected cells of Lotus japonicus nodules. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:322-6. [PMID: 22209217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants develop root nodules through symbiosis with rhizobia, and fix atmospheric nitrogen in this symbiotic organ. Development of root nodules is regulated by many metabolites including phytohormones. Previously, we reported that auxin is strongly involved in the development of the nodule vascular bundle and lenticel formation on the nodules of Lotus japonicus. Here we show that an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein, LjABCB1, which is a homologue of Arabidopsis auxin transporter AtABCB4, is specifically expressed during nodulation of L. japonicus. A reporter gene analysis indicated that the expression of LjABCB1 was restricted to uninfected cells adjacent to infected cells in the nodule, while no expression was observed in shoot apical meristems or root tips, in which most auxin transporter genes are expressed. The auxin transport activity of LjABCB1 was confirmed using a heterologous expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Takanashi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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Hakoyama T, Niimi K, Yamamoto T, Isobe S, Sato S, Nakamura Y, Tabata S, Kumagai H, Umehara Y, Brossuleit K, Petersen TR, Sandal N, Stougaard J, Udvardi MK, Tamaoki M, Kawaguchi M, Kouchi H, Suganuma N. The integral membrane protein SEN1 is required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus nodules. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:225-36. [PMID: 22123791 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants establish a symbiotic association with bacteria called rhizobia, resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. A Lotus japonicus symbiotic mutant, sen1, forms nodules that are infected by rhizobia but that do not fix nitrogen. Here, we report molecular identification of the causal gene, SEN1, by map-based cloning. The SEN1 gene encodes an integral membrane protein homologous to Glycine max nodulin-21, and also to CCC1, a vacuolar iron/manganese transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and VIT1, a vacuolar iron transporter of Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of the SEN1 gene was detected exclusively in nodule-infected cells and increased during nodule development. Nif gene expression as well as the presence of nitrogenase proteins was detected in rhizobia from sen1 nodules, although the levels of expression were low compared with those from wild-type nodules. Microscopic observations revealed that symbiosome and/or bacteroid differentiation are impaired in the sen1 nodules even at a very early stage of nodule development. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that SEN1 belongs to a protein clade specific to legumes. These results indicate that SEN1 is essential for nitrogen fixation activity and symbiosome/bacteroid differentiation in legume nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Hakoyama
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Hakoyama T, Niimi K, Watanabe H, Tabata R, Matsubara J, Sato S, Nakamura Y, Tabata S, Jichun L, Matsumoto T, Tatsumi K, Nomura M, Tajima S, Ishizaka M, Yano K, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Kawaguchi M, Kouchi H, Suganuma N. Host plant genome overcomes the lack of a bacterial gene for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Nature 2010; 462:514-7. [PMID: 19940927 DOI: 10.1038/nature08594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Homocitrate is a component of the iron-molybdenum cofactor in nitrogenase, where nitrogen fixation occurs. NifV, which encodes homocitrate synthase (HCS), has been identified from various diazotrophs but is not present in most rhizobial species that perform efficient nitrogen fixation only in symbiotic association with legumes. Here we show that the FEN1 gene of a model legume, Lotus japonicus, overcomes the lack of NifV in rhizobia for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. A Fix(-) (non-fixing) plant mutant, fen1, forms morphologically normal but ineffective nodules. The causal gene, FEN1, was shown to encode HCS by its ability to complement a HCS-defective mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Homocitrate was present abundantly in wild-type nodules but was absent from ineffective fen1 nodules. Inoculation with Mesorhizobium loti carrying FEN1 or Azotobacter vinelandii NifV rescued the defect in nitrogen-fixing activity of the fen1 nodules. Exogenous supply of homocitrate also recovered the nitrogen-fixing activity of the fen1 nodules through de novo nitrogenase synthesis in the rhizobial bacteroids. These results indicate that homocitrate derived from the host plant cells is essential for the efficient and continuing synthesis of the nitrogenase system in endosymbionts, and thus provide a molecular basis for the complementary and indispensable partnership between legumes and rhizobia in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Hakoyama
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Høgslund N, Radutoiu S, Krusell L, Voroshilova V, Hannah MA, Goffard N, Sanchez DH, Lippold F, Ott T, Sato S, Tabata S, Liboriussen P, Lohmann GV, Schauser L, Weiller GF, Udvardi MK, Stougaard J. Dissection of symbiosis and organ development by integrated transcriptome analysis of lotus japonicus mutant and wild-type plants. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6556. [PMID: 19662091 PMCID: PMC2717213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of plant symbiotic mutants has led to the identification of key genes involved in Rhizobium-legume communication as well as in development and function of nitrogen fixing root nodules. However, the impact of these genes in coordinating the transcriptional programs of nodule development has only been studied in limited and isolated studies. Here, we present an integrated genome-wide analysis of transcriptome landscapes in Lotus japonicus wild-type and symbiotic mutant plants. Encompassing five different organs, five stages of the sequentially developed determinate Lotus root nodules, and eight mutants impaired at different stages of the symbiotic interaction, our data set integrates an unprecedented combination of organ- or tissue-specific profiles with mutant transcript profiles. In total, 38 different conditions sampled under the same well-defined growth regimes were included. This comprehensive analysis unravelled new and unexpected patterns of transcriptional regulation during symbiosis and organ development. Contrary to expectations, none of the previously characterized nodulins were among the 37 genes specifically expressed in nodules. Another surprise was the extensive transcriptional response in whole root compared to the susceptible root zone where the cellular response is most pronounced. A large number of transcripts predicted to encode transcriptional regulators, receptors and proteins involved in signal transduction, as well as many genes with unknown function, were found to be regulated during nodule organogenesis and rhizobial infection. Combining wild type and mutant profiles of these transcripts demonstrates the activation of a complex genetic program that delineates symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The complete data set was organized into an indexed expression directory that is accessible from a resource database, and here we present selected examples of biological questions that can be addressed with this comprehensive and powerful gene expression data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Høgslund
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, MBI, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Center (BiRC), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, MBI, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lene Krusell
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, MBI, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vera Voroshilova
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthew A. Hannah
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicolas Goffard
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Genomic Interactions Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Diego H. Sanchez
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Lippold
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shusei Sato
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Poul Liboriussen
- Bioinformatics Research Center (BiRC), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gitte V. Lohmann
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, MBI, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Leif Schauser
- Bioinformatics Research Center (BiRC), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Georg F. Weiller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Genomic Interactions Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, MBI, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Hakoyama T, Watanabe H, Tomita J, Yamamoto A, Sato S, Mori Y, Kouchi H, Suganuma N. Nicotianamine synthase specifically expressed in root nodules of Lotus japonicus. PLANTA 2009; 230:309-17. [PMID: 19455352 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0944-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In dicotyledonous plants, nicotianamine synthase (NAS) is thought to play a role in the intercellular transport of iron (Fe). Fe is an essential metal for nitrogen-fixing root nodules of legumes, prompting us to characterize the role of the NAS gene in detail. We previously compared gene-expression profiles in ineffective nodules formed on a Lotus japonicus Fix(-) mutant, sen1, with those in wild-type-effective nodules, and showed that expression of an expressed sequence tag (EST) clone encoding an NAS (EC 2.5.1.43) homologue was repressed in the ineffective nodules. In the present study, two EST clones encoding NAS homologues were found in the EST database. We named them LjNAS1 and LjNAS2. Both were detected as single-copy genes in the L. japonicus genome, and conferred NAS activities in transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae. LjNAS2 was expressed only in nodules, but LjNAS1 was expressed mainly in leaves, stems, and cotyledons. The level of LjNAS2 transcripts was highest in the nodules 24 days after inoculation with Mesorhizobium loti, and was localized in vascular bundles within the nodules. Expression of LjNAS2 was suppressed in ineffective nodules formed on Fix(-) mutants other than sen1. By contrast, nitrogenase activities of nodules were not influenced in LjNAS2-suppressed plants. We discuss the role of LjNAS2 from the aspect of Fe translocation in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hakoyama
- Department of Life Science, Aichi University of Education, Kariya, Aichi, 448-8542, Japan
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Fujie M, Shintaku H, Maeno H, Kajihara R, Usami S, Yamada T. Molecular Cytological Analysis of Cysteine Proteinases from Nodules of Lotus japonicus. CYTOLOGIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.74.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fujie
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Hiroshi Shintaku
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Hiroki Maeno
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Ryo Kajihara
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Shoji Usami
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University
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11
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Deguchi Y, Banba M, Shimoda Y, Chechetka SA, Suzuri R, Okusako Y, Ooki Y, Toyokura K, Suzuki A, Uchiumi T, Higashi S, Abe M, Kouchi H, Izui K, Hata S. Transcriptome profiling of Lotus japonicus roots during arbuscular mycorrhiza development and comparison with that of nodulation. DNA Res 2007; 14:117-33. [PMID: 17634281 PMCID: PMC2779901 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsm014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the molecular responses of plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, we analyzed the differential gene expression patterns of Lotus japonicus, a model legume, with the aid of a large-scale cDNA macroarray. Experiments were carried out considering the effects of contaminating microorganisms in the soil inoculants. When the colonization by AM fungi, i.e. Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora margarita, was well established, four cysteine protease genes were induced. In situ hybridization revealed that these cysteine protease genes were specifically expressed in arbuscule-containing inner cortical cells of AM roots. On the other hand, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase, etc. were repressed in the later stage, although they were moderately up-regulated on the initial association with the AM fungus. Real-time RT–PCR experiments supported the array experiments. To further confirm the characteristic expression, a PAL promoter was fused with a reporter gene and introduced into L. japonicus, and then the transformants were grown with a commercial inoculum of G. mosseae. The reporter activity was augmented throughout the roots due to the presence of contaminating microorganisms in the inoculum. Interestingly, G. mosseae only colonized where the reporter activity was low. Comparison of the transcriptome profiles of AM roots and nitrogen-fixing root nodules formed with Mesorhizobium loti indicated that the PAL genes and other phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes were similarly repressed in the two organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Deguchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mari Banba
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shimoda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | | | - Ryota Suzuri
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Okusako
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ooki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Toyokura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchiumi
- Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shiro Higashi
- Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Mikiko Abe
- Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kouchi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Katsura Izui
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shingo Hata
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan. Tel. +81 75-753-6141. Fax. +81 75-753-6470. E-mail:
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Udvardi MK, Kakar K, Wandrey M, Montanari O, Murray J, Andriankaja A, Zhang JY, Benedito V, Hofer JMI, Chueng F, Town CD. Legume transcription factors: global regulators of plant development and response to the environment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:538-49. [PMID: 17556517 PMCID: PMC1914172 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.098061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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13
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White J, Prell J, James EK, Poole P. Nutrient sharing between symbionts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:604-14. [PMID: 17556524 PMCID: PMC1914197 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.097741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James White
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Reading RG6 6AJ, United Kingdom
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14
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Barsch A, Tellström V, Patschkowski T, Küster H, Niehaus K. Metabolite profiles of nodulated alfalfa plants indicate that distinct stages of nodule organogenesis are accompanied by global physiological adaptations. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:998-1013. [PMID: 16941904 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An effective symbiosis between Sinorhizobium meliloti and its host plant Medicago sativa is dependent on a balanced physiological interaction enabling the microsymbiont to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Maintenance of the symbiotic interaction is regulated by still poorly understood control mechanisms. A first step toward a better understanding of nodule metabolism was the determination of characteristic metabolites for alfalfa root nodules. Furthermore, nodules arrested at different developmental stages were analyzed in order to address metabolic changes induced during the progression of nodule formation. Metabolite profiles of bacteroid-free pseudonodule extracts indicated that early nodule developmental processes are accompanied by photosynthate translocation but no massive organic acid formation. To determine metabolic adaptations induced by the presence of nonfixing bacteroids, nodules induced by mutant S. meliloti strains lacking the nitrogenase protein were analyzed. The bacteroids are unable to provide ammonium to the host plant, which is metabolically reflected by reduced levels of characteristic amino acids involved in ammonium fixation. Elevated levels of starch and sugars in Fix(-) nodules provide strong evidence that plant sanctions preventing a transformation from a symbiotic to a potentially parasitic interaction are not strictly realized via photosynthate supply. Instead, metabolic and gene expression data indicate that alfalfa plants react to nitrogen-fixation-deficient bacteroids with a decreased organic acid synthesis and an early induction of senescence. Noneffective symbiotic interactions resulting from plants nodulated by mutant rhizobia also are reflected in characteristic metabolic changes in leaves. These are typical for nitrogen deficiency, but also highlight metabolites potentially involved in sensing the N status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Barsch
- Proteom und Metabolomforschung, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Benedito VA, Dai X, He J, Zhao PX, Udvardi MK. Functional genomics of plant transporters in legume nodules. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:731-736. [PMID: 32689283 DOI: 10.1071/fp06085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, a combination of physiology, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, and genetics has given us a basic understanding of some of the key transport processes at work in nitrogen-fixing legume nodules, especially those involved in nutrient exchange between infected plant cells and their endosymbiotic rhizobia. However, our knowledge in this area remains patchy and dispersed over numerous legume species. Recent progress in the areas of genomics and functional genomics of the two model legumes, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus is rapidly filling the gap in knowledge about which plant transporter genes are expressed constitutively in nodules and other organs, and which are induced or expressed specifically in nodules. The latter class in particular is the focus of current efforts to understand specialised, nodule-specific roles of transporters. This article briefly reviews past work on the biochemistry and molecular biology of plant transporters in nodules, before describing recent work in the areas of transcriptomics and bioinformatics. Finally, we consider where functional genomics together with more classical approaches are likely to lead us in this area of research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner A Benedito
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Xinbin Dai
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Ji He
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Patrick X Zhao
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Michael K Udvardi
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
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Stacey G, Libault M, Brechenmacher L, Wan J, May GD. Genetics and functional genomics of legume nodulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:110-21. [PMID: 16458572 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative soil bacteria (rhizobia) within the Rhizobiaceae phylogenetic family (alpha-proteobacteria) have the unique ability to infect and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis on the roots of leguminous plants. This symbiosis is of agronomic importance, reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizer for agriculturally important plants (e.g. soybean and alfalfa). The establishment of the symbiosis involves a complex interplay between host and symbiont, resulting in the formation of a novel organ, the nodule, which the bacteria colonize as intracellular symbionts. This review focuses on the most recent discoveries relating to how this symbiosis is established. Two general developments have contributed to the recent explosion of research progress in this area: first, the adoption of two genetic model legumes, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, and second, the application of modern methods in functional genomics (e.g. transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Stacey
- National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Division of Plant Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2005. [PMCID: PMC2447519 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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