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Shymanovich T, Saville AC, Paul R, Wei Q, Ristaino JB. Rapid Detection of Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, and Oomycete Pathogens on Tomatoes with Microneedles, LAMP on a Microfluidic Chip, and Smartphone Device. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024:PHYTO12230481R. [PMID: 38829831 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-23-0481-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Rapid detection of plant diseases before they escalate can improve disease control. Our team has developed rapid nucleic acid extraction methods with microneedles and combined these with loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) assays for pathogen detection in the field. In this work, we developed LAMP assays for early blight (Alternaria linariae, A. alternata, and A. solani) and bacterial spot of tomato (Xanthomonas perforans) and validated these LAMP assays and two previously developed LAMP assays for tomato spotted wilt virus and late blight. Tomato plants were inoculated, and disease severity was measured. Extractions were performed using microneedles, and LAMP assays were run in tubes (with hydroxynaphthol blue) on a heat block or on a newly designed microfluidic slide chip on a heat block or a slide heater. Fluorescence on the microfluidic chip slides was visualized using EvaGreen and photographed on a smartphone. Plants inoculated with X. perforans or tomato spotted wilt virus tested positive prior to visible disease symptoms, whereas Phytophthora infestans and A. linariae were detected at the time of visual disease symptoms. LAMP assays were more sensitive than PCR, and the limit of detection was 1 pg of DNA for both A. linariae and X. perforans. The LAMP assay designed for early blight detected all three species of Alternaria that infect tomato and is thus an Alternaria spp. assay. This study demonstrates the utility of rapid microneedle extraction followed by LAMP on a microfluidic chip for rapid diagnosis of four important tomato pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Shymanovich
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Amanda C Saville
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Rajesh Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security Cluster, Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Jean Beagle Ristaino
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security Cluster, Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Vielba-Fernández A, Dowling M, Schnabel G, Fernández-Ortuño D. A Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Identification of Botrytis fragariae in Strawberry. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3414-3421. [PMID: 37079017 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-22-2046-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold in strawberry is caused by multiple species of Botrytis, including Botrytis cinerea, B. pseudocinerea, B. fragariae, and B. mali. The species B. cinerea and B. fragariae are widespread in production regions of the eastern United States and Germany, and their distinction is important for disease management strategies. Currently, the only way to differentiate these species in field samples is by PCR, which is time consuming, labor intensive, and costly. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique was developed based on species-specific NEP2 gene nucleotide sequences. The designed primer set specifically amplified B. fragariae DNA and no other Botrytis spp. (B. cinerea, B. mali, and B. pseudocinerea) or plant pathogens. The LAMP assay was able to amplify fragments from DNA extracted from infected fruit using a rapid DNA extraction protocol, confirming its ability to detect low amounts of B. fragaria DNA from field-infected fruit. In addition, a blind test was performed to identify B. fragariae in 51 samples collected from strawberry fields in the eastern United States using the LAMP technique. The B. fragariae samples were identified with a reliability of 93.5% (29 of 32), and none of the B. cinerea, B. pseudocinerea, or B. mali samples included in the test were amplified in 10 min. Our results show that the LAMP technique is a specific and reliable method for the detection of B. fragariae from infected fruit tissue and can help to control this important disease in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vielba-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Madeline Dowling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Departamento de Microbiología, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Ghimire B, Avin FA, Waliullah S, Ali E, Baysal-Gurel F. Real-Time and Rapid Detection of Phytopythium vexans Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3394-3402. [PMID: 37018213 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1944-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, A. M. Lodhi & Levesque is an important waterborne and soil-inhabiting oomycete pathogen causing root and crown rot of various plants including certain woody ornamentals, fruit, and forest trees. Early and accurate detection of Phytopythium in the nursery production system is critical, as this pathogen is quickly transported to neighboring healthy plants through the irrigation system. Conventional methods for the detection of this pathogen are tedious, frequently inconclusive, and costly. Hence, a specific, sensitive, and rapid molecular diagnostic method is required to overcome the limitations of traditional identification. In the current study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for DNA amplification was developed for the identification of P. vexans. It was evaluated using real-time and colorimetric assays. Several sets of LAMP primers were designed and screened, but PVLSU2 was found to be specific to P. vexans as it did not amplify other closely related oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria. Moreover, the developed assays were sensitive enough to amplify DNA up to 102 fg per reaction. The real-time LAMP assay was more sensitive than traditional PCR and culture-based methods to detect infected plant samples. In addition, both LAMP assays detected as few as 100 zoospores suspended in 100 ml water. These LAMP assays are anticipated to save time in P. vexans detection by disease diagnostic laboratories and research institutions and enable early preparedness in the event of disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Ghimire
- Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, McMinnville, TN
| | - Farhat A Avin
- Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, McMinnville, TN
| | - Sumyya Waliullah
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
| | - Emran Ali
- Department of Food and Agriculture, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH
| | - Fulya Baysal-Gurel
- Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, McMinnville, TN
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Ren WC, Wang SJ, Wang ZQ, Zhu MQ, Zhang YH, Lian S, Li BH, Dong XL, Liu N. Detection of Cytb Point Mutation (G143A) that Confers High-Level Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in Glomerella cingulata Using LAMP Method. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:1166-1171. [PMID: 36205690 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-1992-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) caused by Glomerella cingulata is a newly emerging disease that results in severe defoliation and fruit spots in apples. In China, the compound of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole was registered to control GLS in 2018 and has achieved excellent control efficiency. In this study, we showed that the high-level resistant isolates of G. cingulata to pyraclostrobin, caused by the point mutation at codon 143 (GGT→GCT, G143A) in the cytochrome b gene, has appeared in apple orchards in Shandong Province in 2020, and the resistance frequency was 4.8%. Based on the genotype of the resistant isolates, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of the pyraclostrobin resistance. The LAMP assay was demonstrated to have good specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability, and it exhibited high accuracy in detecting pyraclostrobin resistance in the field. This study reported the resistance status of GLS to pyraclostrobin in Shandong Province and developed a molecular tool for the detection of pyraclostrobin resistance, which is of practical significance for the scientific control of GLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Si-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Zhong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Mei-Qi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Yi-Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Sen Lian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Bao-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Xiang-Li Dong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China
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Sun F, Yu D, Zhou H, Lin H, Yan Z, Wu A. CotA laccase from Bacillus licheniformis ZOM-1 effectively degrades zearalenone, aflatoxin B1 and alternariol. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Prencipe S, Meloni GR, Nari L, Schiavon G, Spadaro D. Pathogenicity, Molecular Characterization, and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Alternaria spp. Agents of Black Spots on Fruit and Leaves of Pyrus communis in Italy. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:309-320. [PMID: 36167507 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0103-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Brown and black spots, caused by Stemphylium and Alternaria species, are important fungal diseases affecting European pear (Pyrus communis) in orchards. Both fungal genera cause similar symptoms, which could favor misidentification, but Alternaria spp. are increasingly reported due to the changing climatic conditions. In this study, Alternaria spp. were isolated from symptomatic leaves and fruits of European pear, and their pathogenicity was evaluated on pear fruits from cultivar Abate Fétel, and molecular and chemical characterization were performed. Based on maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis, 15 of 46 isolates were identified as A. arborescens species complex (AASC), 27 as A. alternata, and four as Alternaria sp. Both species were isolated from mature fruits and leaves. In pathogenicity assays on pear fruits, all isolates reproduced the symptoms observed in the field, by both wound inoculation and direct penetration. All but one isolate produced Alternaria toxins on European pears, including tenuazonic acid and alternariol (89.1% of the isolates), alternariol monomethyl ether (89.1%), altertoxin I (80.4%), altenuene (50.0%), and tentoxin (2.2%). These isolates also produced at least two mycotoxins, and 43.5% produced four mycotoxins, with an average total concentration of the Alternaria toxins exceeding 7.58 × 106 ng/kg. Our data underline the potential risks for human health related to the high mycotoxin content found on fruits affected by black spot. This study also represents the first report of AASC as an agent of black spot on European pear in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Prencipe
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giovanna Roberta Meloni
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector - AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Luca Nari
- Fondazione Agrion - Via Falicetto, 24, 12030, Manta, CN, Italy
| | - Giada Schiavon
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector - AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector - AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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Yang L, Zhang L, Cao J, Wang L, Shi H, Zhu F, Ji Z. Rapid Detection of Peach Shoot Blight Caused by Phomopsis amygdali Utilizing a New Target Gene Identified from Genome Sequences Within Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:669-675. [PMID: 34597154 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1645-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Peach shoot blight (PSB), caused by Phomopsis amygdali, is a serious threat to the healthy development of the peach industry and leads to 30 to 50% damage to peach production in southern China. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology was used to detect the P. amygdali target of a gene of GME6801 that was unique in the whole genome of the pathogen compared with that of Diaporthe (Phomopsis) longicolla TWH P74, Fusarium graminearum PH-1, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides SMCG1 and Magnaporthe oryzae 70-15. Blast comparison of this gene sequence in NCBI database showed that no homologous sequences were found. Therefore, the gene sequence of GME6801 was used to design two pairs of LAMP primers and one pair of PCR primers. The results showed that both primer sets were specific to the 15 strains of P. amygdali, and the other 15 fungal strains presented negative reactions, similar to the control. In addition, 50 pg of genomic DNA of P. amygdali in a 25-μl reaction system could be detected by LAMP assay, which was 100 times more sensitive than PCR. Furthermore, the GME6801 LAMP assay was used to detect artificially inoculated twigs of the pathogen, disease twigs within significantly symptomatic PSB in the fields, and healthy twigs in the same orchard, with detection rates of 100, 75, and 20.8%, respectively. However, detection rates of conventional PCR were separately 100, 62.5, and 16.7%. The results indicated that GME6801-based LAMP could be used for P. amygdali detection as its specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity. This study provides a rapid experimental basis for the identification and prediction of P. amygdali that causes PSB and is beneficial for precise prevention and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hengsong Shi
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhaolin Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Ji Y, Hu L, Xiong W, Wang Y, Yang F, Shi M, Zhang H, Shao J, Lu C, Fang D, Deng H, Bian Z, Tang G, Liu S, Fan Z, Liu S. Highly sensitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the quantitative onsite detection of Alternaria longipes in tobacco. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:1250-1259. [PMID: 34312955 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Alternaria longipes is a causal agent of brown spot of tobacco, which remains a serious threat to tobacco production. Herein, we established a detection method for A. longipes in tobacco samples based on the principle of time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, in order to fulfil the requirement of rapid, sensitive and accurate detection in situ. METHODS AND RESULTS A monoclonal antibody against A. longipes was generated, and its purity and titration were assessed using western blot and ELISA. The size of europium (III) nanospheres was measured to confirm successful antibody conjugation. The method described here can detect A. longipes protein lysates as low as 0.78 ng ml-1 , with recovery rates ranging from 85.96% to 99.67% in spiked tobacco. The specificity was also confirmed using a panel of microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS The fluorescent strips allow rapid and sensitive onsite detection of A. longipes in tobacco samples, with high accuracy, specificity, and repeatability. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This novel detection method provides convenience of using crude samples without complex procedures, and therefore allows rapid onsite detection by end users and quick responses towards A. longipes, which is critical for disease control and elimination of phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ji
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liwei Hu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Sichuan Tobacco Quality Supervision and Testing Station, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mowen Shi
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Sichuan Tobacco Quality Supervision and Testing Station, Chengdu, China
| | - Jimin Shao
- Sichuan Tobacco Quality Supervision and Testing Station, Chengdu, China
| | - Canhua Lu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences of China National Tobacco Corporation, Kunming, China
| | - Dunhuang Fang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences of China National Tobacco Corporation, Kunming, China
| | - Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Bian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shili Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ziyan Fan
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
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Mei RF, Shi YX, Gan JL, Deng SP, Ding H, Cai L, Ding ZT. Interaction between Alternaria alternata and monoterpenoids caused by fungal self-protection. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hariharan G, Prasannath K. Recent Advances in Molecular Diagnostics of Fungal Plant Pathogens: A Mini Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:600234. [PMID: 33505921 PMCID: PMC7829251 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.600234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungal species can cause enormous losses in quantity and quality of crop yields and this is a major economic issue in the global agricultural sector. Precise and rapid detection and identification of plant infecting fungi are essential to facilitate effective management of disease. DNA-based methods have become popular methods for accurate plant disease diagnostics. Recent developments in standard and variant polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays including nested, multiplex, quantitative, bio and magnetic-capture hybridization PCR techniques, post and isothermal amplification methods, DNA and RNA based probe development, and next-generation sequencing provide novel tools in molecular diagnostics in fungal detection and differentiation fields. These molecular based detection techniques are effective in detecting symptomatic and asymptomatic diseases of both culturable and unculturable fungal pathogens in sole and co-infections. Even though the molecular diagnostic approaches have expanded substantially in the recent past, there is a long way to go in the development and application of molecular diagnostics in plant diseases. Molecular techniques used in plant disease diagnostics need to be more reliable, faster, and easier than conventional methods. Now the challenges are with scientists to develop practical techniques to be used for molecular diagnostics of plant diseases. Recent advancement in the improvement and application of molecular methods for diagnosing the widespread and emerging plant pathogenic fungi are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshamoorthy Hariharan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka
| | - Kandeeparoopan Prasannath
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka
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