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Wang C, Hao D, Jiao W, Li J, Yuan J, Ma Y, Wang X, Xu A, Wang M, Wang Y. Identification and Fungicide Sensitivity of Fusarium spp. Associated with Root Rot of Scutellaria baicalensis in Shanxi Province, China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1533-1541. [PMID: 38377011 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-23-0173-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium root rot is usually classified as an extremely destructive soilborne disease. From 2020 to 2021, Fusarium root rot was observed in production areas and seriously affected the yield and quality of Scutellaria baicalensis in Shanxi Province, China. Based on morphological characteristics and combined analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1-alpha sequences, 68 Fusarium isolates obtained in this work were identified as F. oxysporum (52.94%), F. acuminatum (20.59%), F. solani (16.17%), F. proliferatum (5.88%), F. incarnatum (2.94%), and F. brachygibbosum (1.47%). In the pathogenicity tests, all Fusarium isolates could infect S. baicalensis roots, presenting different pathogenic ability. Among these isolates, F. oxysporum was found to have the highest virulence on S. baicalensis roots, followed by F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. proliferatum, F. brachygibbosum, and F. incarnatum. According to fungicide sensitivity tests, Fusarium isolates were more sensitive to fludioxonil and difenoconazole, followed by carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, and hymexazol. In brief, this is the first report of Fusarium species (F. oxysporum, F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. proliferatum, F. incarnatum, and F. brachygibbosum) as causal agents of root rot of S. baicalensis in Shanxi Province, China. The fungicide sensitivity results will be helpful for formulating management strategies of S. baicalensis root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Dainan Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Wenhui Jiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jiangbo Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yurong Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000, China
| | - Ailing Xu
- Institute of Cotton Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, Shanxi 044000, China
| | - Meiqin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
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Alijani Mamaghani N, Masiello M, Somma S, Moretti A, Saremi H, Haidukowski M, Altomare C. Endophytic Alternaria and Fusarium species associated to potato plants ( Solanum tuberosum L.) in Iran and their capability to produce regulated and emerging mycotoxins. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26385. [PMID: 38434378 PMCID: PMC10907534 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi live inside virtually every plant species, without causing any apparent disease or damage to the host. Nevertheless, under particular conditions, mutualistic lifestyle of endophytes may change to pathogenic. In this study, the biodiversity of Alternaria and Fusarium species, the two most abundant endophytic fungi isolated from healthy potato plants in two climatically different regions of Iran, Ardebil in the north-west and Kerman in the south-east, was investigated. Seventy-five Fusarium strains and 83 Alternaria strains were molecularly characterized by multi-locus gene sequencing. Alternaria strains were characterized by the sequences of gpd and caM gene fragments and the phylogenetic tree was resolved in 3 well-separated clades. Seventy-three strains were included in the clade A, referred as Alternaria section, 6 strains were included in clade B, referred as Ulocladioides section, and 4 strains were included in clade C, referred as Infectoriae section. Fusarium strains, identified by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1α (tef1), β-tubulin (tub2) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genomic regions, were assigned to 13 species, viz. F. brachygibosum, F. clavum, F. equiseti, F. flocciferum, F. incarnatum, F. nirenbergiae, F. nygamai, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. redolens, F. sambucinum, F. solani and F. thapsinum. Twenty-six selected strains, representative of F. equiseti, F. nirenbergiae, F. oxysporum, F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, and F. sambucinum, were also tested for production of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T-2 toxin (T-2), beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs), fumonisins (FBs), fusaric acid (FA) and moniliformin (MON). None of the tested strains produced trichothecene toxins (DON, NIV, DAS and T-2). Two out of 2 F. equiseti isolates, 1/6 F. oxysporum, 1/3 F. proliferatum, and 1/9 F. nygamai did not produce any of the tested toxins; the rest of strains produced one or more BEA, ENNs, FBs, FA and MON toxins. The most toxigenic strain, F. nygamai ITEM-19012, produced the highest quantities of FBs (7946, 4693 and 4333 μg/g of B1, B2, and B3 respectively), along with the highest quantities of both BEA (4190 μg/g) and MON (538 μg/g). These findings suggest that contamination of potato tubers with mycotoxins in the field or at post-harvest, due to a change in lifestyle of endophytic microflora, should be carefully considered and furtherly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Alijani Mamaghani
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 77871-31587, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mario Masiello
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Somma
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Hossein Saremi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 77871-31587, Karaj, Iran
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Altomare
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Sanna M, Martino I, Guarnaccia V, Mezzalama M. Diversity and Pathogenicity of Fusarium Species Associated with Stalk and Crown Rot in Maize in Northern Italy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3857. [PMID: 38005754 PMCID: PMC10674493 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The genus Fusarium includes several agronomically important and toxin-producing species that are distributed worldwide and can cause a wide range of diseases. Crown and stalk rot and grain infections are among the most severe symptoms that Fusarium spp. can cause in maize. Disease development usually occurs during germination, but it may also affect the later phases of plant growth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity and pathogenicity of 41 isolates recovered from symptomatic seedlings collected in Northern Italy and seeds of five different geographical origins in 2019 and 2020. The pathogenicity was tested and confirmed in 23 isolates causing rotting in maize seedlings, with disease indexes from 20% to 90%. A multilocus phylogeny analysis based on four genomic loci (tef1-α, rpb2, calm and tub2) was performed on 23 representative isolates. Representative isolates were identified as species belonging to three species complexes (SC), including Fusarium verticillioides and F. annulatum in the F. fujikuroi SC. Fusarium commune was identified in the F. nisikadoi SC, and three different lineages were found in the Fusarium oxysporum SC. This study reports F. annulatum and two lineages of the Fusarium oxysporum SC as maize pathogens for the first time in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sanna
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (M.S.); (I.M.); (V.G.)
- AGROINNOVA—Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ilaria Martino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (M.S.); (I.M.); (V.G.)
- AGROINNOVA—Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Vladimiro Guarnaccia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (M.S.); (I.M.); (V.G.)
- AGROINNOVA—Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Monica Mezzalama
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (M.S.); (I.M.); (V.G.)
- AGROINNOVA—Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Ren T, Dai D, Yu M, Li T, Zhang C. Identification and characterization of pathogens causing saffron corm rot in China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188376. [PMID: 37362925 PMCID: PMC10289022 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Corm rot is the most important disease of saffron, for which fungi from several genus such as Fusarium spp. Penicillium spp. and Botrytis spp., have been previously reported to be the pathogens. In this research, we used a combination of amplicon sequencing and traditional isolation methods to identify the causal agents, main infection source. The diversity of microbial communities in diseased saffron corms and soil decreased significantly compared with healthy corms and soil. The contents of Penicillium and Botrytis in healthy and diseased corms were similarly high, indicating that them were not directly related to the occurrence of corm rot. But the relative abundance of Fusarium, Cadophora and Fusicolla were significantly higher in the diseased corms than healthy ones. The abundance of Fusarium increased, while the abundance of Oidiodendron, Paraphaeosphaeria and the endophytic beneficial bacteria Pseudomonas decreased, which may relate to the occurrence of the disease. The co-occurrence network diagram showed that the correlation between fungal and bacterial communities was mainly positive. Plant pathogens were relatively abundant in the diseased soil, according to functional gene prediction. At the same time, we also collected 100 diseased corms from the fields in Jiande, where is known as the "hometown of saffron." All isolated pathogenic strains were identified as Fusarium oxysporum through morphological observation and phylogenetic tree analysis of ITS, Tef-1α and β-tubulin. To better clarify the biological characteristics of F. oxysporum, we cultured the isolates at different temperatures and pH values. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and sporulation was 25°C, pH 6,carbon sources sorbitol and nitrogen sources, peptone. In short, our results suggests that F. oxysporum was the pathogen causing corm rot in Jiande and corms other than soils are the main primary infection source. These new understanding of saffron corm rot will provide the theoretical basis for its better and efficiently management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingdan Ren
- College of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dejiang Dai
- Station for the Plant Protection, Quarantine and Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Station for the Plant Protection, Quarantine and Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuanqing Zhang
- College of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
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Mansotra R, Ali T, Bhagat N, Vakhlu J. Injury and not the pathogen is the primary cause of corm rot in Crocus sativus (saffron). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1074185. [PMID: 36760646 PMCID: PMC9902776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1074185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum has been reported to be the most devastating pathogen of Crocus sativus L., a commercially significant crop that yields the saffron spice. However, most of the pathogen isolations have been done from the diseased tissue, mostly from rotten corms, but no study has been conducted on diseased saffron fields. To fill the knowledge gap, the current study was carried out with the intention of recording the diversity of cultivable fungus species from saffron fields and screening them for pathogenicity towards saffron. The three study locations in Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar (Pampore), Kishtwar, and Ramban, yielded a total of 45 fungal isolates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA was used for the molecular identification. ITS rDNA-based sequence analysis classified all the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) into two phyla-Ascomycota (88.88%) and Mucoromycota (11.11%). Moreover, Fusarium (57.77%), Geotrichum (17.77%), Mucor (11.11%), Aspergillus (4.44%), Trichoderma (4.44%), Galactomyces (2.22%), and Colletotrichum (2.22%) all had different total abundances at the genus level. It was discovered that the saffron fields in Srinagar have fewer varied fungal species than the other two selected sites. All of the fungal isolates isolated including Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma harzianum, Fusarium neocosmosporiellum, and Mucor circinelloides were pathogenic according to the pathogenicity test; however, injury to the saffron plant was found to be a must. These fungi were pathogenic in addition to F. oxysporum, which is well documented as a major cause of saffron corm rot diseases in Srinagar, but in the present study, injury was a must for F. oxysporum as well. The percentage disease severity index for both saffron roots and corms varied for each fungal isolate.
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Fusarium spp. Associated with Dendrobium officinale Dieback Disease in China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090919. [PMID: 36135644 PMCID: PMC9504887 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare plant species of the Orchidaceae family, Dendrobium officinale is considered among the top ten Chinese medicinal herbs for its polysaccharide. Since 2021, when the dieback disease of D. officinale was first reported in Yueqing City, Zhejiang Province, China, Fusarium isolates (number = 152) were obtained from 70 plants in commercial greenhouses. The disease incidence ranged from 40% to 60% in the surveyed areas. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) coupled with morphological characterization revealed that the collected isolates belonged to five species (sp.), viz., Fusarium concentricum, F. fujikuroi, F. nirenbergiae, F. curvatum, and F. stilboides, with isolation frequencies of 34.6%, 22.3%, 18.4%, 13.8%, and 10.5%, respectively. Notably, at least two Fusarium species were simultaneously isolated and identified from the infected plants. Finally, the pathogenicity test results demonstrated that such species were responsible for the dieback disease of D. officinale. However, F. concentricum and F. fujikuroi were more invasive compared to the other species in this study. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study was the first report of F. concentricum, F. curvatum, F. fujikuroi, F. nirenbergiae, and F. stilboides causing the dieback disease of D. officinale in China and worldwide. This work provides valuable data about the diversity and pathogenicity of Fusarium populations, which will help in formulating effective strategies and policies for better control of the dieback disease.
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Mirghasempour SA, Studholme DJ, Chen W, Zhu W, Mao B. Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of Fusarium Species Associated with Corm Rot Disease in Saffron from China. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:515. [PMID: 35628770 PMCID: PMC9147734 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a commercial spice crop well-known throughout the world, valued for culinary, colorant, and pharmaceutical purposes. In China, Fusarium nirenbergiae was detected as causative agent of saffron corm rot, the most pervasive disease for the first time in 2020. In the present study, 261 Fusarium-like isolates were recovered from 120 rotted corms in four saffron producing fields at Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Yunnan provinces, China, in 2021. A combination of morpho-cultural features and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of the concatenated rpb2 (DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest subunit) and tef1 (translation elongation factor 1-α) partial sequences showed that the isolates from saffron belong to Fusarium nirenbergiae as well as F. commune, and F. annulatum with isolation frequencies of 58.2%, 26.8%, and 14.9%, respectively. Notably, F. commune was more prevalent than F. annulatum in the collected samples. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that both species were pathogenic on saffron corm. This is the first report of F. annulatum and F. commune causing corm rot of saffron, globally. Outcomes of the current research demonstrate that Fusarium spp. associated with saffron corm rot are more diverse than previously reported. Furthermore, some plants were infected by two or more Fusarium species. Our findings broaden knowledge about Fusarium spp. that inflict corm rot and assist the development of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Studholme
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK;
| | - Weiliang Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.A.M.); (W.C.)
| | - Weidong Zhu
- Zhejiang Shouxiangu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuyi 321200, China;
| | - Bizeng Mao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.A.M.); (W.C.)
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