1
|
Mou DF, Di Lella B, Halbert SE, Bextine B, Helmick EE, Bahder BW. Acquisition and Transmission of the Lethal Bronzing Phytoplasma by Haplaxius crudus Using Infected Palm Spear Leaves and Artificial Feeding Media. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2052-2061. [PMID: 35439034 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0079-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lethal bronzing (LB) is a fatal palm disease caused by the phytoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aculeata'. This disease causes significant economic losses in palm industries and landscapes. The American palm cixiid, Haplaxius crudus, recently was identified as the vector of the phytoplasma. However, knowledge about LB phytoplasma transmission is limited due to the lack of a method to generate phytoplasma-infected insects in the laboratory. In this study, the acquisition and transmission of the LB phytoplasma by H. crudus were investigated. Successful acquisitions of the phytoplasma by H. crudus were observed at 2 days acquisition access period on LB-infected palm spear leaves. Analyses revealed increased phytoplasma infection rates of H. crudus with longer acquisition access periods and latent periods. A significantly higher phytoplasma infection rate was shown after various acquisition access periods and latent periods than the infection rate of the field-collected H. crudus population. Transmission of the phytoplasma from LB-infected spear leaves to sucrose media by H. crudus also was observed using digital PCR assays. These results further support the vector status of H. crudus and offer valuable information to understand LB phytoplasma transmission. Additionally, these results generate a critical baseline for future LB phytoplasma-vector research by providing a way to generate vectors with high phytoplasma infection rates in the laboratory setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Fen Mou
- Department of Entomology and Nematology-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Brandon Di Lella
- Department of Entomology and Nematology-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Susan E Halbert
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Blake Bextine
- Department of Biology, University Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799
| | - Ericka E Helmick
- Department of Entomology and Nematology-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Brian W Bahder
- Department of Entomology and Nematology-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Phytoplasma diseases of plants: molecular diagnostics and way forward. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:102. [PMID: 34009500 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are obligate phytopathogenic bacteria associated with devastating diseases in hundreds of crops across the world. They have been responsible for huge economic losses in many crop plants for decades now. Isolation and establishment of axenic culture of phytoplasma in complex media is a recent progress in phytoplasma research. Earlier methods for phytoplasma disease detection included symptom profiling, microscopy, serology and dodder transmission studies. With advancement in the field of molecular biology, phytoplasma diagnostics and characterisation witnessed radical improvement. Starting from PCR amplification which often necessities a nested PCR on account of low titre of phytoplasmas, to the closed tube quantitative PCR assays and then the ddPCR, an array of diagnostics have been developed for phytoplasma. The isothermal diagnostic platforms are the latest addition to this and the Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay has been applied for the detection of phytoplasma from several hosts. The futuristic approach in phytoplasma detection will be very likely provided by an integration of nanotechnology and molecular diagnostics. Phytoplasma disease management majorly relies on early detection, vector control, use of disease free planting materials and cultivation of resistant varieties. Hence understanding the molecular mechanism of phytoplasma-host interaction is as important as timely and accurate detection, in the management of phytoplasma diseases. Further, the changing climatic scenario and global warming may lead to an upsurge in the phytoplasma diseases spread and severity across the world, making disease management even more challenging.
Collapse
|
3
|
Digital PCR: What Relevance to Plant Studies? BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120433. [PMID: 33266157 PMCID: PMC7760125 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Digital PCR is a third-generation technology based on the subdivision of the analytical sample into numerous partitions that are amplified individually. This review presents the major applications of digital PCR (dPCR) technology developed so far in the field of plant science. In greater detail, dPCR assays have been developed to trace genetically modified plant components, pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, and plant species. Other applications have concerned the study of the aspects of structural and functional genetics. Abstract Digital PCR (dPCR) is a breakthrough technology that able to provide sensitive and absolute nucleic acid quantification. It is a third-generation technology in the field of nucleic acid amplification. A unique feature of the technique is that of dividing the sample into numerous separate compartments, in each of which an independent amplification reaction takes place. Several instrumental platforms have been developed for this purpose, and different statistical approaches are available for reading the digital output data. The dPCR assays developed so far in the plant science sector were identified in the literature, and the major applications, advantages, disadvantages, and applicative perspectives of the technique are presented and discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
4
|
Detection of Lethal Bronzing Disease in Cabbage Palms ( Sabal palmetto) Using a Low-Cost Electronic Nose. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10110188. [PMID: 33238529 PMCID: PMC7700687 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lethal Bronzing Disease (LB) is a disease of palms caused by the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma. A low-cost electronic nose (eNose) prototype was trialed for its detection. It includes an array of eight Taguchi-type (MQ) sensors (MQ135, MQ2, MQ3, MQ4, MQ5, MQ9, MQ7, and MQ8) controlled by an Arduino NANO® microcontroller, using heater voltages that vary sinusoidally over a 2.5 min cycle. Samples of uninfected, early symptomatic, moderate symptomatic, and late symptomatic infected palm leaves of the cabbage palm were processed and analyzed. MQ sensor responses were subjected to a 256 element discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and harmonic component amplitudes were reviewed by principal component analysis (PCA). The experiment was repeated three times, each showing clear evidence of differences in sensor responses between the samples of uninfected leaves and those in the early stages of infection. Within each experiment, four groups of responses were identified, demonstrating the ability of the unit to repeatedly distinguish healthy leaves from diseased ones; however, detection of the severity of infection has not been demonstrated. By selecting appropriate coefficients (here demonstrated with plots of MQ5 Cos1 vs. MQ8 Sin3), it should be possible to build a ruleset classifier to identify healthy and unhealthy samples.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramos Hernández E, Lesher Gordillo JM, Oropeza Salín C, Ortiz García CF, Magaña Alejandro MA, Sánchez Soto S, García Estrada Y. Detection and Identification of Phytoplasmas in the 16SrIV-A, -B, and -D Subgroups in Palms in Tabasco, Mexico. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2606-2612. [PMID: 32813613 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-18-1488-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The 16SrIV-A phytoplasmas are associated with the devastating disease lethal yellowing (LY) of palms. In Tabasco (Mexico), the death of Cocos nucifera, Adonidia merrillii, and Attalea butyracea palms have been suspected to be associated with LY based on symptomatology. Samples from the trunk of both symptomatic and nonsymptomatic palms were collected in three different environments: two species of palms within a rural zone and the other within an urban zone. DNA was extracted to perform a nested PCR with phytoplasma primers P1/P7-LY16SF/R16R2. A 1,345-bp fragment was amplified from the DNA extracted from each of the 29 LY-symptomatic palms sampled. Phytoplasma identification was achieved by amplicon sequencing and virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. Three 16SrIV phytoplasma subgroups were detected: 16SrIV-A in C. nucifera, 16SrIV-B in A. merrillii, and 16SrIV-D in C. nucifera, A. merrillii, and A. butyracea. Phylogenetic analysis showed also that the three phytoplasma strains found in the palm species clustered with phytoplasmas reported in the literature in the three subgroups identified. This is the first report of phytoplasmas associated with these palm species in Tabasco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eder Ramos Hernández
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Huimanguillo, 86400, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México
| | - Julia M Lesher Gordillo
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, 86150, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Carlos Oropeza Salín
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., 97205, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | | | - Miguel A Magaña Alejandro
- Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, 86150, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maldonado-González MM, Del Pilar Martínez-Diz M, Andrés-Sodupe M, Bujanda R, Díaz-Losada E, Gramaje D. Quantification of Cadophora luteo-olivacea From Grapevine Nursery Stock and Vineyard Soil Using Droplet Digital PCR. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:2269-2274. [PMID: 32568630 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-19-2035-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadophora luteo-olivacea is the most prevalent Cadophora species associated with Petri disease and esca of grapevine. Accurate, early, and specific detection and quantification of C. luteo-olivacea are essential to alert growers and nurseries to the presence of the pathogens in soil and to prevent the spread of this pathogen through grapevine planting material. The aim of this study was to develop molecular tools to detect and quantify C. luteo-olivacea inoculum from environmental samples. Species specific primers based on the β-tubulin gene and a TaqMan probe for droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were first developed to detect and quantify purified DNA of the target fungus. Specificity tests showed that the primers were able to amplify the C. luteo-olivacea DNA (20 isolates) while none of the 29 nontarget fungal species (58 isolates) tested were amplified. The ddPCR was shown to be more sensitive compared with qPCR in the detection and quantification of C. luteo-olivacea at very low concentrations and was further selected to accurately detect and quantify the fungus from environmental samples. Twenty-five of the 94 grafting plants (26.6%) analyzed by ddPCR tested positive to C. luteo-olivacea DNA (>3 copies/µl). C. luteo-olivacea was barely detected from vineyard soils. The procedure employed in this study revealed the presence of the pathogen in symptomless vines, which makes implementation of this technique suitable for certification schemes of C. luteo-olivacea-free grapevine planting material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Maldonado-González
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de la Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - María Del Pilar Martínez-Diz
- Estación de Viticultura y Enología de Galicia (AGACAL-EVEGA), Ponte San Clodio s/n 32428-Leiro-Ourense, Spain
- Universidade da Coruña, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marcos Andrés-Sodupe
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de la Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Rebeca Bujanda
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de la Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Emilia Díaz-Losada
- Estación de Viticultura y Enología de Galicia (AGACAL-EVEGA), Ponte San Clodio s/n 32428-Leiro-Ourense, Spain
| | - David Gramaje
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de la Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bahder BW, Soto N, Mou DF, Humphries AR, Helmick EE. Quantification and Distribution of the 16SrIV-D Phytoplasma in the Wild Date Palm, Phoenix sylvestris, at Different Stages of Decline Using Quantitative PCR (qPCR) Analysis. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1328-1334. [PMID: 32202466 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-19-2146-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lethal bronzing disease (LBD) is a fatal infection in a variety of ornamental palms in Florida caused by the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma. The disease was first found in 2006 in Florida and has since spread to 31 different counties, reaching as far north as Jacksonville and as far south as Key Largo. Stakeholders (nursery personnel, landscaping personnel, and extension agents) from across the state take and send samples for analysis. To provide better sampling recommendations and reduce the time associated with the sampling process, the distribution of the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma was examined by quantitative PCR analysis in various Phoenix sylvestris that displayed different stages of decline, including early symptoms, moderate symptoms, and late symptoms. A declining Sabal palmetto was also available for analysis and examined as well. The findings of this study revealed that regardless of the stage of decline, the highest amount of phytoplasma detected was nearest to the base of the trunk and gradually decreased further up the trunk. Also, in P. sylvestris it was found that with symptoms present, the entire trunk has a systemic infection, resulting in positive reactions for every sample taken. These data are useful to stakeholders because they provide useful sampling recommendations in that only a single sample is needed when sampling a palm suspected to be infected with phytoplasma. Also, based on these results, sampling lower on the trunk is advised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Bahder
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Noemi Soto
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - De-Fen Mou
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Alessandra R Humphries
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Ericka E Helmick
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Del Pilar Martínez-Diz M, Andrés-Sodupe M, Berbegal M, Bujanda R, Díaz-Losada E, Gramaje D. Droplet Digital PCR Technology for Detection of Ilyonectria liriodendri from Grapevine Environmental Samples. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:1144-1150. [PMID: 32053059 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0529-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black-foot disease is one of the most important soilborne diseases affecting planting material in grapevine nurseries and young vineyards. Accurate, early, and specific detection and quantification of black-foot disease causing fungi are essential to alert growers and nurseries to the presence of the pathogens in soil, and to prevent the spread of these pathogens through grapevines using certified pathogen-free planting material and development of resistance. We comparatively assessed the accuracy, efficiency, and specificity of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques for the detection and quantification of Ilyonectria liriodendri in bulk and rhizosphere soils, as well as grapevine endorhizosphere. Fungal abundance was not affected by soil-plant fractions. Both techniques showed a high degree of correlation across the samples assessed (R2 = 0.95) with ddPCR being more sensitive to lower target concentrations. Roots of asymptomatic vines were found to be a microbial niche that is inhabited by black-foot disease fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Del Pilar Martínez-Diz
- Estación de Viticultura y Enología de Galicia (AGACAL-EVEGA), Ponte San Clodio s/n 32428-Leiro-Ourense, Spain
- Universidade da Coruña, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marcos Andrés-Sodupe
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de la Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Mónica Berbegal
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Bujanda
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de la Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Emilia Díaz-Losada
- Estación de Viticultura y Enología de Galicia (AGACAL-EVEGA), Ponte San Clodio s/n 32428-Leiro-Ourense, Spain
| | - David Gramaje
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de la Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos Km. 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Santander RD, Meredith CL, Aćimović SG. Development of a viability digital PCR protocol for the selective detection and quantification of live Erwinia amylovora cells in cankers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11530. [PMID: 31395913 PMCID: PMC6687816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fire blight is a devastating disease of apple and pear caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. One of its main symptoms is canker formation on perennial tissues which may lead to the death of limbs and/or the entire tree. E. amylovora overwinters in cankers which play an important role in initiating fire blight epidemics. However, knowledge of pathogen biology in cankers is scarce, in part due to limitations of classical microbiology methods and the inability of most molecular techniques to distinguish live from dead cells. In this work, a viability digital PCR (v-dPCR) protocol using propidium monoazide (PMA) was developed, allowing for the first time the selective detection and absolute quantification of E. amylovora live cells in apple and pear cankers collected in two time periods. Some key factors affecting the v-dPCR performance were the maceration buffer composition, the target DNA amplicon length, the thermal cycle number and the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate or PMA enhancer for Gram-negative bacteria to improve the effect of PMA. In the future, this methodology could shed light on E. amylovora population dynamics in cankers and provide clues on the effect of management practices, host cultivar, host water/nutritional status, etc., on bacterial survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D Santander
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, USA
| | - Christopher L Meredith
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, USA
| | - Srđan G Aćimović
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Highland, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bahder BW, Soto N, Komondy L, Mou DF, Humphries AR, Helmick EE. Detection and Quantification of the 16SrIV-D Phytoplasma in Leaf Tissue of Common Ornamental Palm Species in Florida using qPCR and dPCR. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1918-1922. [PMID: 31161934 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-19-0010-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lethal bronzing disease (LBD) is a lethal decline of various palm species caused by the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma. The disease was described in Texas in 2002 but found in Florida in 2006. Since its introduction, the phytoplasma has spread throughout much of the state. Typically, sampling of infected palms involves taking trunk tissue; however, in some instances this is not possible so alternative protocols are needed. In this study, phytoplasma titers were measured in different leaf tissues of infected palm in order to provide stakeholders with more sampling options. In addition, understanding the phytoplasma distribution in the palm canopy can shed light on the pathogen's biology and aid in vector studies. Three species of palm, Phoenix roebelinii, Sabal palmetto, and Syagrus romanzoffiana, were identified and confirmed positive for infection by qPCR analysis. Leaf tissue from these species that represented different stages of decay were sampled and tested by qPCR and dPCR. For each species, phytoplasma was only detectable in the spear leaf tissue that was connected directly to the apical meristem by both qPCR and dPCR. These data are useful by demonstrating that the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma appears to be restricted to the spear leaf so stakeholders who wish to sample palms but cannot sample trunk tissue due to palm size or lack of permission to drill into the trunk have an alternative tissue type to reliably sample. In addition, this information will help improve vector research by knowing where to collect insects that have a higher probably of possessing the phytoplasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Bahder
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Noemi Soto
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Lidia Komondy
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - De-Fen Mou
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Alessandra R Humphries
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| | - Ericka E Helmick
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Davie, FL 33314-7719
| |
Collapse
|