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Su Y, Li X, Li L, Lukianova A, Tokmakova A, Chen C, Fu L, Tian Y, Shi Y, Xie J, Miroshnikov KA, Yang J, Xie H. Occurrence, Characteristics, and qPCR-Based Identification of Pectobacterium versatile Causing Soft Rot of Chinese Cabbage in China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2751-2762. [PMID: 36973901 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-22-2770-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium is one of the most important genera of phytopathogenic bacteria. It can cause soft-rot diseases on a wide range of plant species across the world. In this study, three Pectobacterium strains (KC01, KC02, and KC03) were isolated from soft-rotted Chinese cabbage in Beijing, China. These three strains were identified as Pectobacterium versatile based on phylogenetic analysis of Pectobacterium 16S ribosomal RNA, pmrA, and 504 Pectobacterium core genes, as well as a genomic average nucleotide identity analysis. Their biochemical characteristics were found to be similar to the P. versatile type strain ICMP9168T but differed in response to citric acid, stachyose, D-glucuronic acid, dextrin, and N-acetyl-β-D-mannosamine. All of the tested P. versatile strains showed different carbohydrate utilization abilities compared with P. carotovorum and P. odoriferum, particularly in their ability to utilize D-arabitol, L-rhamnose, and L-serine. Under laboratory conditions, the maceration ability of P. versatile on Chinese cabbage was the highest at 28°C, compared with those at 13, 28, 23, and 33°C. Additionally, P. versatile could infect all of the 17 known Pectobacterium host plants, except for Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum). A SYBR Green quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection system was developed to distinguish P. versatile from other soft-rot bacteria based on the combined performance of melting curve (with a single melting peak at around 85°C) and fluorescence curve (with cycle threshold <30) when the bacterial genomic DNA concentration was in the range of 10 pg/µl to 10 ng/µl. This study is the first to report the presence of P. versatile on Chinese cabbage in China, as well as a specific and sensitive qPCR assay that can be used to quickly identify P. versatile. The work contributes to a better understanding of P. versatile and will facilitate the effective diagnosis of soft-rot disease, ultimately benefitting commercial crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Su
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Anna Lukianova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anna Tokmakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Changlong Chen
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianbo Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Konstantin A Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Jungang Yang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Han W, Wang J, Pirhonen M, Pan Y, Qin J, Zhang S, Zhu J, Yang Z. Identification and characterization of opportunistic pathogen Pectobacterium polonicum causing potato blackleg in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1097741. [PMID: 36938006 PMCID: PMC10020715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1097741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Blackleg and aerial stem rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), caused by soft rot enterobacteria of the genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya, has recently increased years in Hebei Province, China. Field surveys were performed during the 2021 potato growing season in Hebei to identify and characterize bacterial pathogens. Sixteen potato plants showing blackleg or aerial stem rot were collected from three potato-producing areas, and ten representative pectinolytic bacteria were isolated from symptomatic plants. 16S rDNA sequencing and multilocus sequence analysis were performed to determine the taxonomic position of the bacterial isolates. The isolates belonged to the genus Pectobacterium, including Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Pectobacterium brasiliense, and Pectobacterium parmentieri. The exceptions were isolates BY21311 and BY21312, which belonged to a new species of Pectobacterium polonicum previously found in groundwater. The taxonomy of isolate BY21311 was confirmed using whole genome-based analysis. P. polonicum has only been identified in potato plants on one farm in Baoding region in China. Isolates BY21311 and BY21312 displayed similar physiological and biochemical traits to the type strain DPMP315T. Artificial inoculation assays revealed that isolate BY21311 fulfilled Koch's postulates for potato blackleg. These findings represent the first time P. polonicum, a water-associated Pectobacterium species may be the cause of blackleg in the field. Interestingly, P. polonicum BY21311 has reduced ability to macerate potato tubers when compared to P. atrosepticum, P. brasiliense, P. versatile, and P. parvum, which is more virulent in tubers than the type strain DPMP315T. The host range of isolate BY21311 was determined by injection method, which can impregnate five plants. Although the genome of isolate BY21311 harbors gene clusters encoding a type III secretion system, it did not elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana or N. tabacum leaves. T3SS effector AvrE and T4SS effector PilN were obtained by predicting isolate BY21311 genome. P. polonicum appears to show significant variations in gene content between two genomes, and gene content varies between isolates BY21311 and DPMP315T, with strain specific-genes involved in many aspects, including lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, substrate translocation, T4SS and T6SS among others, suggesting that isolates BY21311 and DPMP315T might represent distinct clades within the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Han
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Minna Pirhonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingxin Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shangqing Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Tangshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tangshan, China
| | - Jiehua Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Pectobacterium versatile Bacteriophage Possum: A Complex Polysaccharide-Deacetylating Tail Fiber as a Tool for Host Recognition in Pectobacterial Schitoviridae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911043. [PMID: 36232343 PMCID: PMC9569702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel, closely related phages Possum and Horatius infect Pectobacterium versatile, a phytopathogen causing soft rot in potatoes and other essential plants. Their properties and genomic composition define them as N4-like bacteriophages of the genus Cbunavirus, a part of a recently formed family Schitoviridae. It is proposed that the adsorption apparatus of these phages consists of tail fibers connected to the virion through an adapter protein. Tail fibers possess an enzymatic domain. Phage Possum uses it to deacetylate O-polysaccharide on the surface of the host strain to provide viral attachment. Such an infection mechanism is supposed to be common for all Cbunavirus phages and this feature should be considered when designing cocktails for phage control of soft rot.
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