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Huang PC, Yuan P, Grunseich JM, Taylor J, Tiénébo EO, Pierson EA, Bernal JS, Kenerley CM, Kolomiets MV. Trichoderma virens and Pseudomonas chlororaphis Differentially Regulate Maize Resistance to Anthracnose Leaf Blight and Insect Herbivores When Grown in Sterile versus Non-Sterile Soils. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1240. [PMID: 38732455 PMCID: PMC11085588 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Soil-borne Trichoderma spp. have been extensively studied for their biocontrol activities against pathogens and growth promotion ability in plants. However, the beneficial effect of Trichoderma on inducing resistance against insect herbivores has been underexplored. Among diverse Trichoderma species, consistent with previous reports, we showed that root colonization by T. virens triggered induced systemic resistance (ISR) to the leaf-infecting hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola. Whether T. virens induces ISR to insect pests has not been tested before. In this study, we investigated whether T. virens affects jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and defense against fall armyworm (FAW) and western corn rootworm (WCR). Unexpectedly, the results showed that T. virens colonization of maize seedlings grown in autoclaved soil suppressed wound-induced production of JA, resulting in reduced resistance to FAW. Similarly, the bacterial endophyte Pseudomonas chlororaphis 30-84 was found to suppress systemic resistance to FAW due to reduced JA. Further comparative analyses of the systemic effects of these endophytes when applied in sterile or non-sterile field soil showed that both T. virens and P. chlororaphis 30-84 triggered ISR against C. graminicola in both soil conditions, but only suppressed JA production and resistance to FAW in sterile soil, while no significant impact was observed when applied in non-sterile soil. In contrast to the effect on FAW defense, T. virens colonization of maize roots suppressed WCR larvae survival and weight gain. This is the first report suggesting the potential role of T. virens as a biocontrol agent against WCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Cheng Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA; (P.-C.H.); (P.Y.); (J.T.); (E.A.P.); (C.M.K.)
| | - Peiguo Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA; (P.-C.H.); (P.Y.); (J.T.); (E.A.P.); (C.M.K.)
| | - John M. Grunseich
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA; (J.M.G.); (J.S.B.)
| | - James Taylor
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA; (P.-C.H.); (P.Y.); (J.T.); (E.A.P.); (C.M.K.)
| | - Eric-Olivier Tiénébo
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA;
- Agronomic Sciences and Transformation Processes Joint Research and Innovation Unit, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro P.O. Box 1093, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Elizabeth A. Pierson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA; (P.-C.H.); (P.Y.); (J.T.); (E.A.P.); (C.M.K.)
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA;
| | - Julio S. Bernal
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA; (J.M.G.); (J.S.B.)
| | - Charles M. Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA; (P.-C.H.); (P.Y.); (J.T.); (E.A.P.); (C.M.K.)
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA; (P.-C.H.); (P.Y.); (J.T.); (E.A.P.); (C.M.K.)
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Gu X, Cao Z, Li Z, Yu H, Liu W. Plant immunity suppression by an β-1,3-glucanase of the maize anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:339. [PMID: 38671375 PMCID: PMC11046878 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many phytopathogens secrete a large number of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to decompose host cell walls in order to penetrate the host, obtain nutrients and accelerate colonization. There is a wide variety of CWDEs produced by plant pathogens, including glycoside hydrolases (GHs), which determine the virulence, pathogenicity, and host specificity of phytopathogens. The specific molecular mechanisms by which pathogens suppress host immunity remain obscure. RESULT In this study, we found that CgEC124 encodes a glycosyl hydrolase with a signal peptide and a conserved Glyco_hydro_cc domain which belongs to glycoside hydrolase 128 family. The expression of CgEC124 was significantly induced in the early stage of Colletotrichum graminicola infection, especially at 12 hpi. Furthermore, CgEC124 positively regulated the pathogenicity, but it did not impact the vegetative growth of mycelia. Ecotopic transient expression of CgEC124 decreased the disease resistance and callose deposition in maize. Moreover, CgEC124 exhibited the β-1,3-glucanase activity and suppresses glucan-induced ROS burst in maize leaves. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CgEC124 is required for full virulence of C. graminicola but not for vegetative growth. CgEC124 increases maize susceptibility by inhibiting host reactive oxygen species burst as well as callose deposition. Meanwhile, our data suggests that CgEC124 explores its β-1,3-glucanase activity to prevent induction of host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Gu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haiyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Huang P, Tate M, Berg‐Falloure KM, Christensen SA, Zhang J, Schirawski J, Meeley R, Kolomiets MV. A non-JA producing oxophytodienoate reductase functions in salicylic acid-mediated antagonism with jasmonic acid during pathogen attack. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:725-741. [PMID: 36715587 PMCID: PMC10257049 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome-localized oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) reductases (OPR) are enzymes converting 12-OPDA into jasmonic acid (JA). However, the biochemical and physiological functions of the cytoplasmic non-JA producing OPRs remain largely unknown. Here, we generated Mutator-insertional mutants of the maize OPR2 gene and tested its role in resistance to pathogens with distinct lifestyles. Functional analyses showed that the opr2 mutants were more susceptible to the (hemi)biotrophic pathogens Colletotrichum graminicola and Ustilago maydis, but were more resistant to the necrotrophic fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Hormone profiling revealed that increased susceptibility to C. graminicola was associated with decreased salicylic acid (SA) but increased JA levels. Mutation of the JA-producing lipoxygenase 10 (LOX10) reversed this phenotype in the opr2 mutant background, corroborating the notion that JA promotes susceptibility to this pathogen. Exogenous SA did not rescue normal resistance levels in opr2 mutants, suggesting that this SA-inducible gene is the key downstream component of the SA-mediated defences against C. graminicola. Disease assays of the single and double opr2 and lox10 mutants and the JA-deficient opr7opr8 mutants showed that OPR2 negatively regulates JA biosynthesis, and that JA is required for resistance against C. heterostrophus. Overall, this study uncovers a novel function of a non-JA producing OPR as a major negative regulator of JA biosynthesis during pathogen infection, a function that leads to its contrasting contribution to either resistance or susceptibility depending on pathogen lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Cheng Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | - Morgan Tate
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
| | | | - Shawn A. Christensen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Present address:
Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food ScienceBrigham Young UniversityProvoUtahUSA
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
- Present address:
Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalInstitute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Matthias‐Schleiden Institute/Genetics, Faculty of Biological SciencesFriedrich‐Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
| | | | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA
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Shi X, Xia X, Mei J, Gong Z, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Duan C, Liu W. Genome Sequence Resource of a Colletotrichum graminicola Field Strain from China. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:447-451. [PMID: 37097710 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-22-0210-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The maize anthracnose stalk rot and leaf blight diseases caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola is emerging as an important threat to corn production worldwide. In this work, we provide an improved genome assembly of a C. graminicola strain (TZ-3) by using the PacBio Sequel II and Illumina high-throughput sequencing technologies. The genome of TZ-3 consists of 36 contigs with a length of 59.3 Mb. After correction and evaluation with the Illumina sequencing data and BUSCO, this genome showed a high assembly quality and integrity. Gene annotation of this genome predicted 11,911 protein-coding genes, among which 983 secreted protein-coding genes and 332 effector genes were predicted. Compared with previous genomes of C. graminicola strains, TZ-3 genome is superior in nearly all parameters. The genome assembly and annotation will enhance our knowledge of the genetic makeup of the pathogen and molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenicity and will provide valuable insights into genome variation across different regions. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Shi
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziwen Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Canxing Duan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Hyphal Fusions Enable Efficient Nutrient Distribution in Colletotrichum graminicola Conidiation and Symptom Development on Maize. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061146. [PMID: 35744664 PMCID: PMC9231406 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyphal and germling fusion is a common phenomenon in ascomycetous fungi. Due to the formed hyphal network, this process enables a coordinated development as well as an interaction with plant hosts and efficient nutrient distribution. Recently, our laboratory work demonstrated a positive correlation between germling fusion and the formation of penetrating hyphopodia on maize leaves outgoing from Colletotrichum graminicola oval conidia. To investigate the probable interconnectivity of these processes, we generated a deletion mutant in Cgso, in which homologs are essential for cellular fusion in other fungal species. However, hyphopodia development was not affected, indicating that both processes are not directly connected. Instead, we were able to link the cellular fusion defect in ∆Cgso to a decreased formation of asexual fruiting bodies of C. graminicola on the leaves. The monitoring of a fluorescent-labelled autophagy marker, eGFP-CgAtg8, revealed a high autophagy activity in the hyphae surrounding the acervuli. These results support the hypothesis that the efficient nutrient transport of degraded cellular material by hyphal fusions enables proper acervuli maturation and, therefore, symptom development on the leaves.
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