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Atallah OO, Yassin SM, Verchot J. New Insights into Hop Latent Viroid Detection, Infectivity, Host Range, and Transmission. Viruses 2023; 16:30. [PMID: 38257731 PMCID: PMC10819085 DOI: 10.3390/v16010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hop latent viroid (HLVd), a subviral pathogen from the family Pospiviroidae, is a major threat to the global cannabis industry and is the causative agent for "dudding disease". Infected plants can often be asymptomatic for a period of growth and then develop symptoms such as malformed and yellowing leaves, as well as stunted growth. During flowering, HLVd-infected plants show reduced levels of valuable metabolites. This study was undertaken to expand our basic knowledge of HLVd infectivity, transmission, and host range. HLVd-specific primers were used for RT-PCR detection in plant samples and were able to detect HLVd in as little as 5 picograms of total RNA. A survey of hemp samples obtained from a diseased production system proved sole infection of HLVd (72%) with no coexistence of hop stunt viroid. HLVd was infectious through successive passage assays using a crude sap or total RNA extract derived from infected hemp. HLVd was also highly transmissible through hemp seeds at rates of 58 to 80%. Host range assays revealed new hosts for HLVd: tomato, cucumber, chrysanthemum, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0). Sequence analysis of 77 isolates revealed only 3 parsimony-informative sites, while 10 sites were detected among all HLVd isolates available in the GenBank. The phylogenetic relationship among HLVd isolates allowed for inferring two major clades based on the genetic distance. Our findings facilitate further studies on host-viroid interaction and viroid management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (O.O.A.); (S.M.Y.)
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Punja ZK, Kahl D, Reade R, Xiang Y, Munz J, Nachappa P. Challenges to Cannabis sativa Production from Pathogens and Microbes-The Role of Molecular Diagnostics and Bioinformatics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:14. [PMID: 38203190 PMCID: PMC10779078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased cultivation of Cannabis sativa L. in North America, represented by high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-containing (high-THC) cannabis genotypes and low-THC-containing hemp genotypes, has been impacted by an increasing number of plant pathogens. These include fungi which destroy roots, stems, and leaves, in some cases causing a build-up of populations and mycotoxins in the inflorescences that can negatively impact quality. Viroids and viruses have also increased in prevalence and severity and can reduce plant growth and product quality. Rapid diagnosis of the occurrence and spread of these pathogens is critical. Techniques in the area of molecular diagnostics have been applied to study these pathogens in both cannabis and hemp. These include polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technologies, including RT-PCR, multiplex RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and ddPCR, as well as whole-genome sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics. In this study, examples of how these technologies have enhanced the rapidity and sensitivity of pathogen diagnosis on cannabis and hemp will be illustrated. These molecular tools have also enabled studies on the diversity and origins of specific pathogens, specifically viruses and viroids, and these will be illustrated. Comparative studies on the genomics and metabolomics of healthy and diseased plants are urgently needed to provide insight into their impact on the quality and composition of cannabis and hemp-derived products. Management of these pathogens will require monitoring of their spread and survival using the appropriate technologies to allow accurate detection, followed by appropriate implementation of disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamir K. Punja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Dieter Kahl
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Center, Summerland, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (D.K.); (R.R.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ron Reade
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Center, Summerland, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (D.K.); (R.R.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yu Xiang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Center, Summerland, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (D.K.); (R.R.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jack Munz
- 3 Rivers Biotech, Coquitlam, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA;
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Soler-Garzón A, Goldoff D, Thornton A, Swisher Grimm KD, Hart JP, Song Q, Strausbaugh CA, Miklas PN. A robust SNP-haplotype assay for Bct gene region conferring resistance to beet curly top virus in common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1215950. [PMID: 37521933 PMCID: PMC10382175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1215950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Beet curly top virus (BCTV), which is synonymous with curly top virus (CTV), causes significant yield loss in common bean (snap and dry beans) cultivars and several other important crops. Common bean cultivars have been found to be resistant to CTV, but screening for resistance is challenging due to the cyclical nature of epidemics and spotty feeding by the leafhopper that vectors the virus. We used an SNP dataset for the Snap Bean Association Panel (SnAP) agro-inoculated with CTV-Logan (CA/Logan) strain to locate the Bct gene region to a 1.7-Mb interval on chromosome Pv07 using genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis. Recombinant lines from the SnAP were used to further narrow the Bct region to a 58.0-kb interval. A missense SNP (S07_2970381) in candidate gene Phvul.007G036300 Exonuclease V (EXO5) was identified as the most likely causal mutation, and it was the most significant SNP detected by GWAS in a dry bean population (DBP) naturally infected by the CTV-Worland (Wor) strain. Tm-shift assay markers developed for SNP S07_2970381 and two linked SNPs, S07_2970276 and S07_2966197, were useful for tracking different origins of the Bct EXO5 candidate gene resistance to CTV in common bean. The three SNPs identified four haplotypes, with haplotype 3-1 (Haplo3-1) of Middle American origin associated with the highest levels of CTV resistance. This SNP-haplotype assay will enable breeders to track resistance sources and to develop cultivars with better CTV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Soler-Garzón
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States
| | - Deidrah Goldoff
- Global Pathology Support Platform, HM Clause Seed Company, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alyson Thornton
- Global Pathology Support Platform, HM Clause Seed Company, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kylie D. Swisher Grimm
- Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Prosser, WA, United States
| | - John P. Hart
- Tropical Agriculture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Qijian Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Carl A. Strausbaugh
- Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kimberly, ID, United States
| | - Phillip N. Miklas
- Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Prosser, WA, United States
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Koo YM, Ahsan SM, Choi HW. Characterization of Three Fusarium spp. Causing Wilt Disease of Cannabis sativa L. in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2023; 51:186-194. [PMID: 37359955 PMCID: PMC10288908 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2023.2213911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In July 2021, wilting symptoms were observed in adult and seedling hemp (Cannabis sativa L. cv. Cherry Blossom) plants grown in a greenhouse. As the disease progressed, yellowing and wilting symptoms on the leaves developed, resulting in whole plant death. In seedling plants, typical damping-off symptoms were observed. To identify the pathogen, the roots of diseased plants were sampled, surface sterilized, and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. From the culture, 4 different fungal isolates were recovered and purely cultured. Each fungal isolate showed distinct growth shapes and color development on malt extract agar, oatmeal agar, sabouraud dextrose agar, and PDA media. Microscopic observation and molecular identification using ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequencing identified them as 3 Fusarium spp. and 1 Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Additional sequencing of elongation factor 1-alpha and β-tubulin regions of 3 Fusarium spp. revealed that 2 of them are Fusarium solani, and the other one is Fusarium proliferatum. To examine which isolate can act as a causal agent of wilt disease of hemp, each isolate was tested for their pathogenicity. In the pathogenicity test, F. solani AMCF1 and AMCF2, and F. proliferatum AMCF3, but not T. paradoxa AMCF4, were able to cause wilting disease in hemp seedlings. Therefore, we report that F. solani AMCF1 and AMCF2, and F. proliferatum AMCF3 as causal agents of Fusarium wilt of hemp plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the wilt disease of C. sativa L. caused by Fusarium spp. in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mo Koo
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - S. M. Ahsan
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Hyong Woo Choi
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
- Institute of Cannabis Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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Melgarejo TA, Chen LF, Rojas MR, Schilder A, Gilbertson RL. Curly Top Disease of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa) in California Is Caused by Mild-Type Strains of Beet curly top virus Often in Mixed Infection. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:3022-3026. [PMID: 35549320 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0856-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interest in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) as a potential crop led to the establishment of commercial fields in a number of counties in California in 2019 and 2020. Plants in these fields developed different types of virus-like symptoms. The most prevalent type was stunted and bushy plants with distorted, upcurled, and yellowed leaves, which were similar to those associated with curly top disease (CTD) caused by the beet curly top virus (BCTV). This beet leafhopper-vectored virus is endemic in California and can cause economic losses to processing tomato production. Using a multiplex PCR test, BCTV infection was detected in 89% of hemp samples with CTD-like symptoms from Fresno, San Bernardino, and Ventura counties. Other symptom types had low incidence of BCTV infection and were associated with other factors. Hemp plants in California were infected only with the mild-type strains, BCTV-CO and BCTV-Wor, and often in mixed infection (43% of samples). Finally, using an infectious clone of a BCTV-CO isolate from hemp, we demonstrated that agroinoculated hemp plants developed these CTD-like symptoms, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas A Melgarejo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Li-Fang Chen
- Bayer Vegetables Research and Development, Woodland, CA 95695
| | - Maria R Rojas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Robert L Gilbertson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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