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Zhang XF, Li Z, Lin H, Cheng Y, Wang H, Jiang Z, Ji Z, Huang Z, Chen H, Wei T. A phytoplasma effector destabilizes chloroplastic glutamine synthetase inducing chlorotic leaves that attract leafhopper vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402911121. [PMID: 38776366 PMCID: PMC11145293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402911121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf yellowing is a well-known phenotype that attracts phloem-feeding insects. However, it remains unclear how insect-vectored plant pathogens induce host leaf yellowing to facilitate their own transmission by insect vectors. Here, we report that an effector protein secreted by rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) inhibits chlorophyll biosynthesis and induces leaf yellowing to attract leafhopper vectors, thereby presumably promoting pathogen transmission. This effector, designated secreted ROLP protein 1 (SRP1), first secreted into rice phloem by ROLP, was subsequently translocated to chloroplasts by interacting with the chloroplastic glutamine synthetase (GS2). The direct interaction between SRP1 and GS2 disrupts the decamer formation of the GS2 holoenzyme, attenuating its enzymatic activity, thereby suppressing the synthesis of chlorophyll precursors glutamate and glutamine. Transgenic expression of SRP1 in rice plants decreased GS2 activity and chlorophyll precursor accumulation, finally inducing leaf yellowing. This process is correlated with the previous evidence that the knockout of GS2 expression in rice plants causes a similar yellow chlorosis phenotype. Consistently, these yellowing leaves attracted higher numbers of leafhopper vectors, caused the vectors to probe more frequently, and presumably facilitate more efficient phytoplasma transmission. Together, these results uncover the mechanism used by phytoplasmas to manipulate the leaf color of infected plants for the purpose of enhancing attractiveness to insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhanpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Hanbin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Huanqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhoumian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhenxi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Zhejun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Plant Virology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350002, China
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Wang Z, Yang X, Zhou S, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Chen B, Huang X, Yang X, Zhou G, Zhang T. The Antigenic Membrane Protein (Amp) of Rice Orange Leaf Phytoplasma Suppresses Host Defenses and Is Involved in Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054494. [PMID: 36901925 PMCID: PMC10003417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are uncultivable, phloem-limited, phytopathogenic bacteria that represent a major threat to agriculture worldwide. Phytoplasma membrane proteins are in direct contact with hosts and presumably play a crucial role in phytoplasma spread within the plant as well as by the insect vector. Three highly abundant types of immunodominant membrane proteins (IDP) have been identified within the phytoplasmas: immunodominant membrane protein (Imp), immunodominant membrane protein A (IdpA), and antigenic membrane protein (Amp). Although recent results indicate that Amp is involved in host specificity by interacting with host proteins such as actin, little is known about the pathogenicity of IDP in plants. In this study, we identified an antigenic membrane protein (Amp) of rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP), which interacts with the actin of its vector. In addition, we generated Amp-transgenic lines of rice and expressed Amp in tobacco leaves by the potato virus X (PVX) expression system. Our results showed that the Amp of ROLP can induce the accumulation of ROLP and PVX in rice and tobacco plants, respectively. Although several studies have reported interactions between major phytoplasma antigenic membrane protein (Amp) and insect vector proteins, this example demonstrates that Amp protein can not only interact with the actin protein of its insect vector but can also directly inhibit host defense responses to promote the infection. The function of ROLP Amp provides new insights into the phytoplasma-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Siqi Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xishan Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingzhi Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Marine and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiuqin Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (T.Z.)
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Hemmati C, Nikooei M, Al-Subhi AM, Al-Sadi AM. History and Current Status of Phytoplasma Diseases in the Middle East. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:226. [PMID: 33804178 PMCID: PMC8000475 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas that are associated with fruit crops, vegetables, cereal and oilseed crops, trees, ornamental, and weeds are increasing at an alarming rate in the Middle East. Up to now, fourteen 16Sr groups of phytoplasma have been identified in association with more than 164 plant species in this region. Peanut witches' broom phytoplasma strains (16SrII) are the prevalent group, especially in the south of Iran and Gulf states, and have been found to be associated with 81 host plant species. In addition, phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrVI, 16SrIX, and 16SrXII groups have been frequently reported from a wide range of crops. On the other hand, phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrIV, 16SrV, 16SrX, 16SrXI, 16SrXIV, and 16SrXXIX groups have limited geographical distribution and host range. Twenty-two insect vectors have been reported as putative phytoplasma vectors in the Middle East, of which Orosius albicinctus can transmit diverse phytoplasma strains. Almond witches' broom, tomato big bud, lime witches' broom, and alfalfa witches' broom are known as the most destructive diseases. The review summarizes phytoplasma diseases in the Middle East, with specific emphasis on the occurrence, host range, and transmission of the most common phytoplasma groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamran Hemmati
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb, Muscat 123, Oman; (C.H.); (A.M.A.-S.)
- Minab Higher Education Center, Department of Agriculture, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran;
- Plant Protection Research Group, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Nikooei
- Minab Higher Education Center, Department of Agriculture, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran;
| | - Ali M. Al-Subhi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb, Muscat 123, Oman; (C.H.); (A.M.A.-S.)
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb, Muscat 123, Oman; (C.H.); (A.M.A.-S.)
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Ong S, Jonson GB, Calassanzio M, Rin S, Chou C, Oi T, Sato I, Takemoto D, Tanaka T, Choi IR, Nign C, Chiba S. Geographic Distribution, Genetic Variability and Biological Properties of Rice Orange Leaf Phytoplasma in Southeast Asia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020169. [PMID: 33557226 PMCID: PMC7913950 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) causes clear orange to yellowish leaf discoloration and severe stunting in rice seedlings. The ecological and biological characteristics of ROLP are largely unknown because the disease has not widely caused serious problems in rice cultivated areas, thereby leading to the low accumulation of research data. However, in the past decade, the disease became a threat to rice production, particularly in South China and India; it has also been recognised in other Asian countries, such as Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines. Here, we observed the occurrence of ROLP in paddies of the Southeast Asian counties (Cambodia, Vietnam and the Philippines) and found that the isolates in the Philippines and Vietnam were monophyletic, while those in India, Thailand and Cambodia were more diverse, suggesting their potential origins. In Cambodia, it was revealed that following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection, the known ROLP-insect vectors, N. virescens Distant and Recilia dorsalis Motchulsky, were ROLP-positive, indicating their roles in pathogen dispersal. Moreover, fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy revealed the intensive accumulation of the phytoplasma in phloem tissues and massive accumulation of storage starch in vascular bundle sheath and parenchyma. Altogether, this study illustrated the genetic variability of global ROLP isolates and the pathogen’s biological impact on rice tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socheath Ong
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia;
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (S.R.); (I.-R.C.)
| | - Gilda B. Jonson
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines;
| | - Matteo Calassanzio
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
- Renolab Good Laboratory Practice, A Tentamus Company, Via XXV Aprile, San Giorgio di Piano, 40016 Bologna, Italy
| | - Soriya Rin
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (S.R.); (I.-R.C.)
| | - Cheythyrith Chou
- General Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (C.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Takao Oi
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Ikuo Sato
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
| | - Il-Ryong Choi
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (S.R.); (I.-R.C.)
- International Rice Research Institute—Korea Office, National Institute of Crop Science, Wanju-Gun 235, Jeollabuk-Do, Korea
| | - Chhay Nign
- General Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia; (C.C.); (C.N.)
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (T.O.); (I.S.); (D.T.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Jonson GB, Matres JM, Ong S, Tanaka T, Choi IR, Chiba S. Reemerging Rice Orange Leaf Phytoplasma with Varying Symptoms Expressions and Its Transmission by a New Leafhopper Vector- Nephotettix virescens Distant. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9120990. [PMID: 33256154 PMCID: PMC7761223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) belongs to the "Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris" 16SrI-B subgroup, which is solely transmitted by the zigzag-striped leafhopper (Recilia dorsalis Motchulsky) and the green leafhopper (Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Recently, rice plants showing orange leaf discoloration have become ubiquitous in several paddies of two provinces in the Philippines. In total of 98 symptomatic rice plants, 82% (Laguna) and 95% (Mindanao) were ROLP-positive by nested PCR detection. These plants showed more varying symptoms than previously reported. The vector insect R. dorsalis was scarcely present but green paddy leafhopper, N. virescens Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was commonly observed in the paddies, thus the ability of N. virescens to transmit ROLP was thoroughly investigated. Newly emerged adult N. virescens, which fed on ROLD-source rice plants, were used to inoculate a susceptible rice seedling and was serially transferred into a new healthy seedling. Resultant positive transmission rates varied from 5.1% to 17.8%. The transmission ability of the insects was generally decreased over time. These findings suggest that N. virescens is an alternative vector of ROLP in the Philippines. Altogether, this study highlighted the increasing importance of ROLD-reemergence in Southeast and East Asia and proved the need for careful management of this alternative vector insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda B. Jonson
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines; (G.B.J.); (J.M.M.); (I.-R.C.)
| | - Jerlie M. Matres
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines; (G.B.J.); (J.M.M.); (I.-R.C.)
| | - Socheath Ong
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Chamkar Duang, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh 370, Cambodia;
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 2696, Cambodia
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Plant Pathology Lab., Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
| | - Il-Ryong Choi
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines; (G.B.J.); (J.M.M.); (I.-R.C.)
- Nagoya University Asian Satellite Campuses Institute—Cambodian Campus, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 2696, Cambodia
| | - Sotaro Chiba
- Plant Pathology Lab., Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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Wang Z, Zhu Y, Li Z, Yang X, Zhang T, Zhou G. Development of a Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction System for the Detection of Rice Orange Leaf Phytoplasma Detection. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:521-526. [PMID: 31801036 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-19-1047-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice orange leaf disease (ROLD), caused by rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP), is transmitted by leafhopper vectors Recilia dorsalis and Nephotettix cinticeps. ROLD severely devastates rice production in Asia. Accurate detection of the pathogen is important for disease management. Current nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) method using phytoplasma universal primers is widely used to detect phytoplasmas; however, it has shortcoming of inconvenience and inaccuracy, for it needs two round of PCR reactions and could produce false positive results due to nontarget amplification. In this study, we developed a PCR assay using a set of primers designed based on the ROLP genome sequence to amplify house-keeping gene FtsH-1 in rice and leafhopper vector samples. This method is simple and rapid, and its sensitivity up to 10 pg/μl of total ROLP DNA. It also minimizes the false positive problem produced by nested PCR. This method was used to survey the geographic distribution of ROLD in southern China from 2016 to 2018. The results showed that the distribution areas and vector carrying rate of ROLD had gradually increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yingzhi Zhu
- College of Marine and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Zhanbiao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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Yang X, Zhang T, Chen B, Zhou G. Transmission Biology of Rice Stripe Mosaic Virus by an Efficient Insect Vector Recilia dorsalis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2457. [PMID: 29312171 PMCID: PMC5732235 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV) is a newly discovered species of cytorhabdovirus infecting rice plants that is transmitted by the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis. In this study, the transmission characteristics of RSMV by R. dorsalis were investigated. Under suitable growth conditions for R. dorsalis, the RSMV acquisition rate reached 71.9% in the second-generation population raised on RSMV-infected rice plants. The minimum acquisition and inoculation access periods of R. dorsalis were 3 and 30 min, respectively. The minimum and maximum latent transmission periods of RSMV in R. dorsalis were 6 and 18 d, respectively, and some R. dorsalis intermittently transmitted RSMV at 2-6 d intervals. Our findings revealed that the virus can replicate in the leafhopper body, but is likely not transovarially transmitted to offspring. These transmission characteristics will help guide the formulation of RSMV prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhu Y, He Y, Zheng Z, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhou G. Draft Genome Sequence of Rice Orange Leaf Phytoplasma from Guangdong, China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:e00430-17. [PMID: 28572316 PMCID: PMC5454199 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00430-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genome of rice orange leaf phytoplasma strain LD1 from Luoding City, Guangdong, China, was sequenced. The draft LD1 genome is 599,264 bp, with a G+C content of 28.2%, 647 predicted open reading frames, and 33 RNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Zhu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuange He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianchi Chen
- USDA-ARS, San Joaquín Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, California, USA
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Yang X, Huang J, Liu C, Chen B, Zhang T, Zhou G. Rice Stripe Mosaic Virus, a Novel Cytorhabdovirus Infecting Rice via Leafhopper Transmission. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2140. [PMID: 28101087 PMCID: PMC5210121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new rice viral disease exhibiting distinct symptoms-yellow stripes, mosaic and twisted tips on leaves-was found in China. Electron microscopy of infected leaf cells revealed the presence of bacilliform virions and electron-translucent granular-fibrillar viroplasm in the cytoplasm. The enveloped viral particles were 300 to 375 nm long and 45 to 55 nm wide. The leafhopper Recilia dorsalis was able to transmit the virus to rice seedlings, which subsequently exhibited symptoms similar to those observed in fields. The complete genome of the virus was obtained by small-RNA deep sequencing and reverse transcription-PCR product sequencing. The anti-genome contains seven open reading frames (ORFs). The deduced amino acids of ORF1, ORF5, and ORF7 are, respectively, homologous to the nucleocapsid protein (N), glycoprotein (G), and large polymerase protein (L) of known rhabdoviruses. The predicted product of ORF2 is identified as a phosphoprotein (P) based on its multiple potential phosphorylation sites and 12.6 to 21.0% amino acid (aa) identities with the P proteins of plant rhabdoviruses. The product of ORF4 is presumed to be the viral matrix (M) protein for it shares 10.3 to 14.3% aa identities with those of other rhabdoviruses. The above five products were confirmed as the viral structural proteins by SDS-PAGE and aa sequencing analyses of purified virus preparation. ORF3 and ORF6 are considered to encode two nonstructural proteins with unknown functions. Phylogenetic analysis based on protein N, G, and L amino acid sequences indicated that the isolated virus, which we have tentatively named Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV), is a new species in the genus Cytorhabdovirus. To our knowledge, RSMV is the only cytorhabdovirus naturally infecting rice and the first reported leafhopper-transmitted cytorhabdovirus. Our surveys of rice fields indicate that RSMV occurs frequently in Guangdong Province, China. Although the disease incidence is low at present, it might become serious with the vector insect population increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Jilei Huang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Chuanhe Liu
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangdong, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangdong, China
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