1
|
Wang R, Bai B, Li D, Wang J, Huang W, Wu Y, Zhao L. Phytoplasma: A plant pathogen that cannot be ignored in agricultural production-Research progress and outlook. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13437. [PMID: 38393681 PMCID: PMC10887288 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are phloem-restricted plant-pathogenic bacteria transmitted by insects. They cause diseases in a wide range of host plants, resulting in significant economic and ecological losses worldwide. Research on phytoplasmas has a long history, with significant progress being made in the past 30 years. Notably, with the rapid development of phytoplasma research, scientists have identified the primary agents involved in phytoplasma transmission, established classification and detection systems for phytoplasmas, and 243 genomes have been sequenced and assembled completely or to draft quality. Multiple possible phytoplasma effectors have been investigated, elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which phytoplasmas manipulate their hosts. This review summarizes recent advances in phytoplasma research, including identification techniques, host range studies, whole- or draft-genome sequencing, effector pathogenesis and disease control methods. Additionally, future research directions in the field of phytoplasma research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Danyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Jingke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Weijie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodrigues Jardim B, Tran-Nguyen LTT, Gambley C, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Subhi AM, Foissac X, Salar P, Cai H, Yang JY, Davis R, Jones L, Rodoni B, Constable FE. The observation of taxonomic boundaries for the 16SrII and 16SrXXV phytoplasmas using genome-based delimitation. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37486824 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the 16SrII phytoplasma group, subgroups A-X have been classified based on restriction fragment length polymorphism of their 16S rRNA gene, and two species have been described, namely 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia' and 'Ca. Phytoplasma australasia'. Strains of 16SrII phytoplasmas are detected across a broad geographic range within Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North and South America. Historically, all members of the 16SrII group share ≥97.5 % nucleotide sequence identity of their 16S rRNA gene. In this study, we used whole genome sequences to identify the species boundaries within the 16SrII group. Whole genome analyses were done using 42 phytoplasma strains classified into seven 16SrII subgroups, five 16SrII taxa without official 16Sr subgroup classifications, and one 16SrXXV-A phytoplasma strain used as an outgroup taxon. Based on phylogenomic analyses as well as whole genome average nucleotide and average amino acid identity (ANI and AAI), eight distinct 16SrII taxa equivalent to species were identified, six of which are novel descriptions. Strains within the same species had ANI and AAI values of >97 %, and shared ≥80 % of their genomic segments based on the ANI analysis. Species also had distinct biological and/or ecological features. A 16SrII subgroup often represented a distinct species, e.g., the 16SrII-B subgroup members. Members classified within the 16SrII-A, 16SrII-D, and 16SrII-V subgroups as well as strains classified as sweet potato little leaf phytoplasmas fulfilled criteria to be included as members of a single species, but with subspecies-level relationships with each other. The 16SrXXV-A taxon was also described as a novel phytoplasma species and, based on criteria used for other bacterial families, provided evidence that it could be classified as a distinct genus from the 16SrII phytoplasmas. As more phytoplasma genome sequences become available, the classification system of these bacteria can be further refined at the genus, species, and subspecies taxonomic ranks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Rodrigues Jardim
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Cherie Gambley
- Horticulture and Forestry Science, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Maroochy Research Facility, Nambour, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ali M Al-Subhi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Xavier Foissac
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal Salar
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, 33140, Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Hong Cai
- The Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Richard Davis
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Lynne Jones
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Brendan Rodoni
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona E Constable
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Subhi AM, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Yahyai RA, Chen Y, Mathers T, Orlovskis Z, Moro G, Mugford S, Al-Hashmi KS, Hogenhout SA. Witches' Broom Disease of Lime Contributes to Phytoplasma Epidemics and Attracts Insect Vectors. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2637-2648. [PMID: 33349007 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2112-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An insect-transmitted phytoplasma causing Witches' Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL) is responsible for the drastic decline in lime production in several countries. However, it is unclear how WBDL phytoplasma (WBDLp) induces witches' broom symptoms and if these symptoms contribute to the spread of phytoplasma. Here we show that the gene encoding SAP11 of WBDLp (SAP11WBDL) is present in all WBDLp isolates collected from diseased trees. SAP11WBDL interacts with acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) TCP transcription factors, specifically members of the TB1/CYC class that have a role in suppressing axillary branching in plants. Sampling of WBDLp-infected lime trees revealed that WBDLp titers and SAP11WBDL expression levels were higher in symptomatic leaves compared with asymptomatic sections of the same trees. Moreover, the witches' brooms were found to attract the vector leafhopper. Defense genes that have a role in plant defense responses to bacteria and insects are more downregulated in witches' brooms compared with asymptomatic sections of trees. These findings suggest that witches' broom-affected parts of the trees contribute to WBDL epidemics by supporting higher phytoplasma titers and attracting insect vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Al-Subhi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - A M Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - R A Al-Yahyai
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Y Chen
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - T Mathers
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Z Orlovskis
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - G Moro
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - S Mugford
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - K S Al-Hashmi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - S A Hogenhout
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hemmati C, Nikooei M, Al-Subhi AM, Al-Sadi AM. History and Current Status of Phytoplasma Diseases in the Middle East. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:226. [PMID: 33804178 PMCID: PMC8000475 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas that are associated with fruit crops, vegetables, cereal and oilseed crops, trees, ornamental, and weeds are increasing at an alarming rate in the Middle East. Up to now, fourteen 16Sr groups of phytoplasma have been identified in association with more than 164 plant species in this region. Peanut witches' broom phytoplasma strains (16SrII) are the prevalent group, especially in the south of Iran and Gulf states, and have been found to be associated with 81 host plant species. In addition, phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrVI, 16SrIX, and 16SrXII groups have been frequently reported from a wide range of crops. On the other hand, phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrIV, 16SrV, 16SrX, 16SrXI, 16SrXIV, and 16SrXXIX groups have limited geographical distribution and host range. Twenty-two insect vectors have been reported as putative phytoplasma vectors in the Middle East, of which Orosius albicinctus can transmit diverse phytoplasma strains. Almond witches' broom, tomato big bud, lime witches' broom, and alfalfa witches' broom are known as the most destructive diseases. The review summarizes phytoplasma diseases in the Middle East, with specific emphasis on the occurrence, host range, and transmission of the most common phytoplasma groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamran Hemmati
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb, Muscat 123, Oman; (C.H.); (A.M.A.-S.)
- Minab Higher Education Center, Department of Agriculture, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran;
- Plant Protection Research Group, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Nikooei
- Minab Higher Education Center, Department of Agriculture, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 3995, Iran;
| | - Ali M. Al-Subhi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb, Muscat 123, Oman; (C.H.); (A.M.A.-S.)
| | - Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Seeb, Muscat 123, Oman; (C.H.); (A.M.A.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dai L, Yang B, Wang J, Zhang Z, Yang R, Zhang T, Ren Z, Lin C. The Anatomy and Ultrastructure of the Digestive Tract and Salivary Glands of Hishimonus lamellatus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5527870. [PMID: 31268547 PMCID: PMC6607961 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, we found that Hishimonus lamellatus Cai et Kuoh is a potential vector of jujube witches'-broom phytoplasma. However, little is known about the anatomy and histology of this leafhopper. Here, we examined histology and ultrastructure of the digestive system of H. lamellatus, both by dissecting and by semi- and ultrathin sectioning techniques. We found that the H. lamellatus digestive tract consists of an esophagus, a filter chamber, a conical midgut and midgut loop, Malpighian tubules, an ileum, and a rectum. Furthermore, both the basal region of the filter chamber epithelium and the apical surface of the midgut epithelium have developed microvilli. We also identify the perimicrovillar membrane, which ensheaths the microvilli of midgut loop enterocyte, and the flame-like luminal membrane, which covers the microvilli of the conical midgut epithelium. In addition, H. lamellatus has the principal and accessory salivary glands. Our observations also showed that the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and secretory granules were all highly abundant in the secretory cells of the principal salivary glands, while the accessory glands consist of only one ovate or elbow-like acinus. We also briefly contrast the structure of the gut of H. lamellatus with those of other leafhopper species. These results intend to offer help for the future study on the histological and subcellular levels of phytopathogen-leafhopper relationships, including transmission barriers and the binding sites of pathogens and other microorganisms within their leafhopper vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Baodong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tieqiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengguang Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Caili Lin
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Donkersley P, Blanford JM, Queiroz RB, Silva FWS, Carvalho CM, Al-Sadi AM, Elliot SL. Witch's Broom Disease of Lime (Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia): Identifying High-Risk Areas by Climatic Mapping. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:2553-2561. [PMID: 30137411 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions of vectorborne diseases can be devastating. Bioclimatic modeling provides an opportunity to assess and predict areas at risk from complex multitrophic interactions of pathogens, highlighting areas in need of increased monitoring effort. Here, we model the distribution of an economically critical vectorborne plant pathogen 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia', the etiological agent of Witches' Broom Disease of Lime. This disease is a significant limiting factor on acid lime production (Citrus aurantifolia, Swingle) in the Middle East and threatens its production globally. We found that temperature, humidity, and the vector populations significantly determine disease distribution. Following this, we used bioclimatic modeling to predict potential novel sites of infections. The model outputs identified potential novel sites of infection in the citrus producing regions of Brazil and China. We also used our model to explore sites in Oman where the pathogen may not be infectious, and suggest nurseries be established there. Recent major turbulence in the citrus agricultural economy has highlighted the importance of this work and the need for appropriate and targeted monitoring programs to safeguard lime production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Donkersley
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Justine M Blanford
- Department of Geography, Penn State University, Lemont, Pennsylvania, PA
| | - Renan Batista Queiroz
- Incaper, Capixaba Institute for Research, Rua Afonso Sarlo, 160 - Bento Ferreira, Vitoria - Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Farley W S Silva
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Claudine M Carvalho
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod, Oman
| | - Simon L Elliot
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jeger M, Bragard C, Caffier D, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Gregoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, Navarro MN, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Gardi C, Aukhojee M, Bergeretti F, MacLeod A. Pest categorisation of Hishimonus phycitis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05037. [PMID: 32625321 PMCID: PMC7009923 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Hishimonus phycitis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) for the EU. H. phycitis is a well-defined species, occurring in tropical and subtropical Asian countries from Iran to Malaysia. H. phycitis is polyphagous. Hosts of particular relevance to the EU include Citrus spp. and Solanum melongena. While harmful in its own right as a leafhopper extracting host nutrients through feeding, it is regarded in the Middle East more significantly as a vector of Witches' broom disease of lime phytoplasma, which limits production of Citrus aurantifolia, and in India as a vector of brinjal little-leaf phytoplasma impacting S. melongena yields. H. phycitis is currently regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC, listed in Annex II/AI as Hishomonus phycitis (sic). Eggs planted on host plants for planting could provide a pathway for entry into the EU. The EU has eco-climatic conditions that are also found in countries where H. phycitis occurs although it is unknown whether H. phycitis occurs in those areas. There is therefore considerable uncertainty around EU establishment. Any establishment is likely to be limited to the warmest areas around the Mediterranean. As a free-living organism with adults capable of flight, spread within the EU would be possible but confined to the limited area where establishment could occur. Measures are available to inhibit entry via traded commodities (e.g. prohibition on the introduction of Citrus plants for planting; sourcing other hosts from pest free areas). H. phycitis does satisfy all of the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess to be regarded as a Union quarantine pest. It is uncertain if eggs of H. phycitis would carry phytoplasmas into the EU as transovarial transmission from infected females to eggs has not been demonstrated.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jeger M, Bragard C, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gilioli G, Gregoire JC, Jaques Miret JA, MacLeod A, Navarro MN, Niere B, Parnell S, Potting R, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Urek G, Van Bruggen A, Van der Werf W, West J, Winter S, Dickinson M, Marzachi C, Hollo G, Caffier D. Pest categorisation of Witches' broom disease of lime ( Citrus aurantifolia) phytoplasma. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05027. [PMID: 32625316 PMCID: PMC7009860 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation for the Witches' broom disease of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) phytoplasma for the EU territory. The pest has been reported in a few countries in the Middle East and is not known to occur in the EU. The disease is caused by a well-defined phytoplasma strain in the 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia' species, for which efficient molecular detection assays are available. The most important known natural host is Citrus aurantifolia, which is only grown for ornamental purposes in the EU. Sweet limes, rough lemon and trifoliate orange are also naturally infected by that phytoplasma. The latter can be transmitted by grafting also to some citrus species. Other citrus species were reported to be resistant; however, their susceptibility has been assessed only by symptom observations, and the possible presence of phytoplasmas in symptomless plants cannot be ruled out. The phytoplasma is transmitted by the leafhopper Hishimonus phycitis, which is not known to occur in the EU. There is no information on the vector status of other phloem feeding insects of citrus present in the EU. The pest is listed in Annex IIAI of Directive 2000/29/EC. The main pathways for entry, plants for planting and the vector insect, are closed by existing legislation on import of citrus plants. Nevertheless, should the pest enter, it could establish and spread. In countries where Witches' broom disease of lime (WBDL) is present, it has significant impact. The main knowledge gaps concern (1) and vertical transmission of the phytoplasma to H. phycitis eggs (2) lack of information regarding susceptibility of citrus crops grown in the EU (3) status of potential insect vectors in the EU. Therefore, the WBDL phytoplasma meets the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as a potential Union quarantine pest.
Collapse
|
9
|
Molecular characterization, vector identification and sources of phytoplasmas associated with brinjal little leaf disease in India. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:7. [PMID: 28391472 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brinjal little leaf (BLL) is a widespread disease of phytoplasma etiology in India that induces severe economic losses. Surveys were conducted in eight brinjal-growing states of India during July 2014 to September 2015 and eighteen BLL samples showing little leaf, phyllody and witches' broom symptoms were collected for phytoplasma identification. Presence of phytoplasmas was confirmed in all the eighteen BLL samples using polymerase chain reaction with phytoplasma-specific primer pairs (P1/P6, R16F2n/R16R2). Pair wise sequence comparison and phylogenetic relationship of 16S rRNA gene sequences of BLL phytoplasma strains confirmed that sixteen out of eighteen BLL strains belonged to clover proliferation phytoplasma (16SrVI) group and two BLL strains (GKP-A and GKP-B) from Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, were classified under 16SrII group. Further virtual RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA sequences allowed finer classification of BLL strains into 16SrII-D and 16SrVI-D subgroups. BLL phytoplasma strains belonging to 16SrVI-D subgroup were found as the most widespread phytoplasma strains associated with BLL disease in India. 16SrVI-D subgroup phytoplasma association with two symptomatic weed species viz. Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa at Noida, Uttar Pradesh and Portulaca oleracea at IARI fields, New Delhi was also confirmed by nested PCR assays with similar set of phytoplasma-specific primers, pairwise 16S rDNA sequence comparison, phylogeny and virtual RFLP analysis. Out of five identified leafhopper species from BLL-infected fields at Noida, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, only Hishimonas phycitis was identified as carrier and natural vector of 16SrVI-D subgroup of phytoplasmas by nested PCR assays, sequence comparison, phylogeny, virtual RFLP analysis and transmission assays.
Collapse
|
10
|
Anabestani A, Izadpanah K, Abbà S, Galetto L, Ghorbani A, Palmano S, Siampour M, Veratti F, Marzachì C. Identification of putative effector genes and their transcripts in three strains related to 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia'. Microbiol Res 2017; 199:57-66. [PMID: 28454710 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying phytoplasma interactions with host plants are largely unknown. In this study attempts were made to identify effectors of three phytoplasma strains related to 'Ca. P. aurantifolia', crotalaria phyllody (CrP), faba bean phyllody (FBP), and witches' broom disease of lime (WBDL), using information from draft genome of peanut witches' broom phytoplasma. Seven putative effectors were identified in WBDL genome (SAP11, SAP21, Eff64, Eff115, Eff197, Eff211 and EffSAP67), five (SAP11, SAP21, Eff64, Eff99 and Eff197) in CrP and two (SAP11, Eff64) in FBP. No homologs to Eff64, Eff197 and Eff211 in phytoplasmas of other phylogenetic groups were found. SAP11 and Eff64 homologs of 'Ca. P. aurantifolia' strains shared at least 95.9% identity and were detected in the three phytoplasmas, supporting their role within the group. Five of the putative effectors (SAP11, SAP21, Eff64, Eff115, and Eff99) were transcribed from total RNA extracts of periwinkle plants infected with these phytoplasmas. Transcription profiles of selected putative effectors of CrP, FBP and WBDL indicated that SAP11 transcripts were the most abundant in the three phytoplasmas. SAP21 transcript levels were comparable to those of SAP11 for CrP and not measurable for the other phytoplasmas. Eff64 had the lowest transcription level irrespective of sampling date and phytoplasma isolate. Eff115 transcript levels were the highest in WBDL infected plants. This work reports the first sequence information for 14 putative effectors in three strains related to 'Ca. P. aurantifolia', and offers novel insight into the transcription profile of five of them during infection of periwinkle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Anabestani
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, I-10135, Torino, Italy; Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Keramat Izadpanah
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Simona Abbà
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, I-10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Luciana Galetto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, I-10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Abozar Ghorbani
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sabrina Palmano
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, I-10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Majid Siampour
- Department of Plant Protection, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Flavio Veratti
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, I-10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzachì
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Strada delle Cacce 73, I-10135, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Queiroz RB, Donkersley P, Silva FN, Al-Mahmmoli IH, Al-Sadi AM, Carvalho CM, Elliot SL. Invasive mutualisms between a plant pathogen and insect vectors in the Middle East and Brazil. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160557. [PMID: 28083099 PMCID: PMC5210681 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Complex multi-trophic interactions in vectorborne diseases limit our understanding and ability to predict outbreaks. Arthropod-vectored pathogens are especially problematic, with the potential for novel interspecific interactions during invasions. Variations and novelties in plant-arthropod-pathogen triumvirates present significant threats to global food security. We examined aspects of a phytoplasma pathogen of citrus across two continents. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia' causes Witches' Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL) and has devastated citrus production in the Middle East. A variant of this phytoplasma currently displays asymptomatic or 'silent' infections in Brazil. We first studied vector capacity and fitness impacts of the pathogen on its vectors. The potential for co-occurring weed species to act as pathogen reservoirs was analysed and key transmission periods in the year were also studied. We demonstrate that two invasive hemipteran insects-Diaphorina citri and Hishimonus phycitis-can vector the phytoplasma. Feeding on phytoplasma-infected hosts greatly increased reproduction of its invasive vector D. citri both in Oman and Brazil; suggesting that increased fitness of invasive insect vectors thereby further increases the pathogen's capacity to spread. Based on our findings, this is a robust system for studying the effects of invasions on vectorborne diseases and highlights concerns about its spread to warmer, drier regions of Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renan Batista Queiroz
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP 35.700-900, Brazil
| | - Philip Donkersley
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP 35.700-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Nascimento Silva
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP 35.700-900, Brazil
| | - Issa Hashil Al-Mahmmoli
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Sadi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al-Khod 123, Oman
| | - Claudine Márcia Carvalho
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP 35.700-900, Brazil
| | - Simon L. Elliot
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP 35.700-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hao S, Wang H, Tao W, Wang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang M, Guo L, Shi X. Multiplex-PCR for Identification of Two Species in Genus Hishimonus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Jujube Orchards. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:2443-2449. [PMID: 26453733 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The insect family Cicadellidae includes economically important vectors of plant pathogens. Hishimonus sellatus (Uhler) transmits jujube witches'-broom (JWB). Currently, H. sellatus and Hishimonus lamellatus Cai et Kuoh are observed to co-occur at the same locality on jujube. H. lamellatus is now suspected to be a JWB vector. As such, correct identification of Hishimonus species present in vineyards is essential for epidemiological surveys. However, traditional identification of Hishimonus by morphology is limited to the adult male. We provide a comprehensive description of morphological and molecular tools for discriminating between H. sellatus and H. lamellatus, for use in identification and monitoring of the two Hishimonus species and studies of their plant hosts. A rapid and inexpensive method is introduced to identify H. sellatus and H. lamellatus occurring in jujube orchards. This method is based on amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, using PCR with multiplexed, species-specific primers. The reliability of this new method has been tested on different populations from different sites in Beijing region of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - He Wang
- Beijing Forest Protection Station,Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wanqiang Tao
- Beijing Forest Protection Station,Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jinzhong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiuling Zhang
- Pinggu Branch School of Beijing Agricultural Broadcast Television College, Beijing 101200, China
| | - Minzhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Taheri F, Nematzadeh G, Zamharir MG, Nekouei MK, Naghavi M, Mardi M, Salekdeh GH. Proteomic analysis of the Mexican lime tree response to "Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia" infection. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:3028-35. [PMID: 21853195 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
"Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia" is the causative agent of witches' broom disease in the Mexican lime tree (Citrus aurantifolia L.), and is responsible for major tree losses in Southern Iran and Oman. The pathogen is strictly biotrophic, and, therefore, completely dependent on living host cells for its survival. The molecular basis of compatibility and disease development in this system is poorly understood. We applied a proteomics approach to analyse gene expression in Mexican limes infected with "Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia". Leaf samples were collected from healthy and infected plants and were analysed using 2-DE coupled with MS. Among 800 leaf proteins that were detected reproducibly in eight biological replicates of healthy and eight biological replicates of infected plants, 55 showed a significant response to the disease. MS resulted in identification of 39 regulated proteins, which included proteins that were involved in oxidative stress defence, photosynthesis, metabolism, and the stress response. Our results provide the first proteomic view of the molecular basis of the infection process and identify genes that could help inhibit the effects of the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzan Taheri
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 31535-1897, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Faghihi MM, Bagheri AN, Bahrami HR, Hasanzadeh H, Rezazadeh R, Siampour M, Samavi S, Salehi M, Izadpanah K. Witches'-Broom Disease of Lime Affects Seed Germination and Seedling Growth But Is Not Seed Transmissible. PLANT DISEASE 2011; 95:419-422. [PMID: 30743329 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-10-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Witches'-broom disease of lime (WBDL), caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia', has devastated many Mexican lime orchards and is currently a threat to lime production in neighboring provinces of southern Iran. Several reports have suggested transmission and spread of WBDL phytoplasma through the seed of infected plants. In the present study, claims of seed transmission of this phytoplasma were examined. Fruit were collected from infected trees in the infested areas of Minab (Hormozgan Province) and from symptomless trees in noninfested areas. Lime seed from symptomless and witches'-broom-affected trees were sown in separate beds in an insect-proof screenhouse and the resulting seedlings were examined for phytoplasmal infection. Leaf, stem, and root samples were collected from both groups of seedlings every 3 months for 2 years and tested for WBDL phytoplasma using direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Repeated PCR tests on the seedlings did not reveal the presence of phytoplasmal DNA. Likewise, symptoms of the disease were not observed on these seedlings after 2 years. PCR assays detected the phytoplasma in coats of some seed from infected trees; however, no excised embryos were positive for the phytoplasma. All positive PCR results were confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. One-year-old seedlings derived from seed of noninfected plants appeared more vigorous in terms of height, number of leaves, and fresh weight of shoot compared with those from infected trees. The germination percentage, mean daily germination, peak value, and germination value were significantly higher for seed of fruit from noninfected trees and seed from fruit on asymptomatic branches of infected trees than those from fruit on symptomatic branches of infected trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Faghihi
- Hormozgan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran
| | - A N Bagheri
- Hormozgan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran
| | - H R Bahrami
- Hormozgan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran
| | - H Hasanzadeh
- Hormozgan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran
| | - R Rezazadeh
- Hormozgan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran
| | - M Siampour
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Samavi
- Hormozgan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran
| | - M Salehi
- Fars Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran
| | - K Izadpanah
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Isolation and characterization of novel microsatellite markers from the leafhopper Hishimonus phycitis distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-011-9387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Zamharir MG, Mardi M, Alavi SM, Hasanzadeh N, Nekouei MK, Zamanizadeh HR, Alizadeh A, Salekdeh GH. Identification of genes differentially expressed during interaction of Mexican lime tree infected with "Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia". BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:1. [PMID: 21194490 PMCID: PMC3271359 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia", is the causative agent of witches' broom disease in Mexican lime trees (Citrus aurantifolia L.), and is responsible for major losses of Mexican lime trees in Southern Iran and Oman. The pathogen is strictly biotrophic, and thus is completely dependent on living host cells for its survival. The molecular basis of compatibility and disease development in this system is poorly understood. Therefore, we have applied a cDNA- amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) approach to analyze gene expression in Mexican lime trees infected by "Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia". RESULTS We carried out cDNA-AFLP analysis on grafted infected Mexican lime trees of the susceptible cultivar at the representative symptoms stage. Selective amplifications with 43 primer combinations allowed the visualisation of 55 transcript-derived fragments that were expressed differentially between infected and non-infected leaves. We sequenced 51 fragments, 36 of which were identified as lime tree transcripts after homology searching. Of the 36 genes, 70.5% were down-regulated during infection and could be classified into various functional groups. We showed that Mexican lime tree genes that were homologous to known resistance genes tended to be repressed in response to infection. These included the genes for modifier of snc1 and autophagy protein 5. Furthermore, down-regulation of genes involved in metabolism, transcription, transport and cytoskeleton was observed, which included the genes for formin, importin β 3, transducin, L-asparaginase, glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, and RNA polymerase β. In contrast, genes that encoded a proline-rich protein, ubiquitin-protein ligase, phosphatidyl glycerol specific phospholipase C-like, and serine/threonine-protein kinase were up-regulated during the infection. CONCLUSION The present study identifies a number of candidate genes that might be involved in the interaction of Mexican lime trees with "Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia". These results should help to elucidate the molecular basis of the infection process and to identify genes that could be targeted to increase plant resistance and inhibit the growth and reproduction of the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghayeb Zamharir
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Plant Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Laboratory of Prokaryote, Department of Plant Disease, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mardi
- Department of Genomics, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Alavi
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Hasanzadeh
- Department of Plant Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Khayyam Nekouei
- Department of Genomics, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Zamanizadeh
- Department of Plant Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Alizadeh
- Department of Plant Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hoseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|