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Rosskopf E, Gioia FD, Vincent I, Hong J, Zhao X. Impacts of the Ban on the Soil-Applied Fumigant Methyl Bromide. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1161-1175. [PMID: 38427594 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0345-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The loss of the soil fumigant methyl bromide (MeBr) and adoption of soil fumigant alternatives has been challenging for farmers, particularly for those crops in which pathogens previously controlled by MeBr have emerged as significant problems, but it has resulted in some unanticipated benefits for the scientific community and the environment. Applauded as one of the most effective environmental agreements to date, the universally accepted Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances has had a significant impact on the environment, reducing the release of halogenated compounds from anthropogenic sources enough to mitigate global warming by an estimated 1.1°C by 2021. The funding associated with various MeBr transition programs has increased collaboration across scientific disciplines, commodity groups, industry, and regulatory agencies. Chemical alternatives and improved application strategies, including the development of gas-retentive agricultural films, coupled with sound efficacy data and grower ingenuity have resulted in the sustained production of many of the impacted crops; although there has been some loss of acreage and value, particularly for Florida fumigated crops, for some, value has continued to increase, allowing production to continue. The loss of a single, broad-spectrum tool for pest control has led to a deeper understanding of the specific pest complexes impacting these at-risk crops, as well as the development of new, biologically based management tools for their control while increasing our understanding of the role of the soil microbiome in pest control and crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Rosskopf
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - Francesco Di Gioia
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Isaac Vincent
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Jason Hong
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
| | - Xin Zhao
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Miller SA, Testen AL, Jacobs JM, Ivey MLL. Mitigating Emerging and Reemerging Diseases of Fruit and Vegetable Crops in a Changing Climate. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:917-929. [PMID: 38170665 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0393-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable crops are important sources of nutrition and income globally. Producing these high-value crops requires significant investment of often scarce resources, and, therefore, the risks associated with climate change and accompanying disease pressures are especially important. Climate change influences the occurrence and pressure of plant diseases, enabling new pathogens to emerge and old enemies to reemerge. Specific environmental changes attributed to climate change, particularly temperature fluctuations and intense rainfall events, greatly alter fruit and vegetable disease incidence and severity. In turn, fruit and vegetable microbiomes, and subsequently overall plant health, are also affected by climate change. Changing disease pressures cause growers and researchers to reassess disease management and climate change adaptation strategies. Approaches such as climate smart integrated pest management, smart sprayer technology, protected culture cultivation, advanced diagnostics, and new soilborne disease management strategies are providing new tools for specialty crops growers. Researchers and educators need to work closely with growers to establish fruit and vegetable production systems that are resilient and responsive to changing climates. This review explores the effects of climate change on specialty food crops, pathogens, insect vectors, and pathosystems, as well as adaptations needed to ensure optimal plant health and environmental and economic sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Anna L Testen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Jonathan M Jacobs
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Gutierrez Yanez D, Testen AL, Peduto Hand F. Evaluation of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation to Reduce Soilborne Diseases in Soilless and Soil-Based Substrates for Specialty Cut Flower Production. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:908-919. [PMID: 37814515 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0857-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a nonchemical soil treatment where an easily decomposable carbon source is incorporated into soil, which is then irrigated to saturation and tarped to create anaerobic conditions, which prompts shifts in the soil microbiota from aerobes to anaerobes. ASD has been tested successfully for soilborne disease management in a variety of cropping systems but has not been sufficiently investigated in ornamentals. In this study, ASD was evaluated in soil-based and soilless substrates commonly used in specialty cut flower production using two model pathosystems: Rhizoctonia solani-Zinnia elegans and Phytophthora drechsleri-Gerbera jamesonii. Each substrate was mixed with pathogen-infested vermiculite and amended with either wheat bran, tomato pomace, or soybean meal as the carbon source. Amended substrates were incubated at 25°C for 4 weeks and used as growing substrates for the two crops mentioned above, which were monitored weekly for disease development for up to 5 weeks posttransplant. Additional experiments tested the effect of plant age and inoculum concentration in the substrate on ASD efficacy. Results showed that ASD has the potential to be deployed successfully for the control of Rhizoctonia stem rot in both substrates. Conversely, ASD was not effective at controlling Phytophthora crown rot on gerbera daisy in any of the experiments conducted in this study. More research is needed to understand the influence of carbon amendments, inoculum thresholds, and environmental conditions on ASD efficacy.
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Meshram S, Adhikari TB. Microbiome-Mediated Strategies to Manage Major Soil-Borne Diseases of Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:364. [PMID: 38337897 PMCID: PMC10856849 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is consumed globally as a fresh vegetable due to its high nutritional value and antioxidant properties. However, soil-borne diseases can severely limit tomato production. These diseases, such as bacterial wilt (BW), Fusarium wilt (FW), Verticillium wilt (VW), and root-knot nematodes (RKN), can significantly reduce the yield and quality of tomatoes. Using agrochemicals to combat these diseases can lead to chemical residues, pesticide resistance, and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, resistant varieties are not yet available. Therefore, we must find alternative strategies to protect tomatoes from these soil-borne diseases. One of the most promising solutions is harnessing microbial communities that can suppress disease and promote plant growth and immunity. Recent omics technologies and next-generation sequencing advances can help us develop microbiome-based strategies to mitigate tomato soil-borne diseases. This review emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the utilization of beneficial microbiomes to mitigate soil-borne diseases and improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Meshram
- Department of Plant Pathology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144402, India;
| | - Tika B. Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Aljawasim BD, Samtani JB, Rahman M. New Insights in the Detection and Management of Anthracnose Diseases in Strawberries. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3704. [PMID: 37960060 PMCID: PMC10650140 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose diseases, caused by Colletotrichum spp., are considered to be among the most destructive diseases that have a significant impact on the global production of strawberries. These diseases alone can cause up to 70% yield loss in North America. Colletotrichum spp. causes several disease symptoms on strawberry plants, including root, fruit, and crown rot, lesions on petioles and runners, and irregular black spots on the leaf. In many cases, a lower level of infection on foliage remains non-symptomatic (quiescent), posing a challenge to growers as these plants can be a significant source of inoculum for the fruiting field. Reliable detection methods for quiescent infection should play an important role in preventing infected plants' entry into the production system or guiding growers to take appropriate preventative measures to control the disease. This review aims to examine both conventional and emerging approaches for detecting anthracnose disease in the early stages of the disease cycle, with a focus on newly emerging techniques such as remote sensing, especially using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) equipped with multispectral sensors. Further, we focused on the acutatum species complex, including the latest taxonomy, the complex life cycle, and the epidemiology of the disease. Additionally, we highlighted the extensive spectrum of management techniques against anthracnose diseases on strawberries and their challenges, with a special focus on new emerging sustainable management techniques that can be utilized in organic strawberry systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baker D. Aljawasim
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1444 Diamond Springs Road, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA;
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, Samawah 66001, Iraq
| | - Jayesh B. Samtani
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1444 Diamond Springs Road, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA;
| | - Mahfuzur Rahman
- Extension Service, Davis College of Agriculture, West Virginia University, 1194 Evansdale Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Testen AL, Shaw RS, Rotondo F, Moodispaw MR, Miller SA. A Quantitative PCR Method to Detect the Tomato Corky Root Rot Pathogens, Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici and P. terrestris. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2673-2678. [PMID: 36774576 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-22-2009-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Corky root rot is an important disease in tomato production systems and is caused by Pseudopyrenochaeta terrestris and P. lycopersici (formerly Pyrenochaeta lycopersici Types 1 and 2, respectively). The corky root rot pathogens are slow growing and difficult to isolate and quantify in soil and plant tissue. A multiplex hydrolysis probe-based qPCR assay was designed to allow for simultaneous detection and quantification of P. lycopersici and P. terrestris with a competitive internal control to indicate if qPCR inhibitors are present. Single species and multiplex assays for Pseudopyrenochaeta spp. detected DNA levels above 0.013 pg of DNA per reaction. These highly specific assays had no nontarget amplification of other fungal and oomycete pathogens or rhizosphere-associated fungi of tomatoes that were tested. This assay can be used to quantify Pseudopyrenochaeta populations in roots and soils in tomato production systems to better determine the impacts of disease management strategies on Pseudopyrenochaeta spp. and provides a tool to study the biology of Pseudopyrenochaeta spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Testen
- USDA-ARS Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH
| | - R Scott Shaw
- USDA-ARS Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH
| | - Francesca Rotondo
- The Ohio State University Department of Plant Pathology, Wooster, OH
| | | | - Sally A Miller
- The Ohio State University Department of Plant Pathology, Wooster, OH
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Feng H, Gonzalez Viejo C, Vaghefi N, Taylor PWJ, Tongson E, Fuentes S. Early Detection of Fusarium oxysporum Infection in Processing Tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum) and Pathogen-Soil Interactions Using a Low-Cost Portable Electronic Nose and Machine Learning Modeling. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8645. [PMID: 36433241 PMCID: PMC9693623 DOI: 10.3390/s22228645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of pathogen infections in plants has become an important aspect of integrated disease management. Although previous research demonstrated the idea of applying digital technologies to monitor and predict plant health status, there is no effective system for detecting pathogen infection before symptomatology appears. This paper presents the use of a low-cost and portable electronic nose coupled with machine learning (ML) models for early disease detection. Several artificial neural network models were developed to predict plant physiological data and classify processing tomato plants and soil samples according to different levels of pathogen inoculum by using e-nose outputs as inputs, plant physiological data, and the level of infection as targets. Results showed that the pattern recognition models based on different infection levels had an overall accuracy of 94.4-96.8% for tomato plants and between 94.81% and 96.22% for soil samples. For the prediction of plant physiological parameters (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration) using regression models or tomato plants, the overall correlation coefficient was 0.97-0.99, with very significant slope values in the range 0.97-1. The performance of all models shows no signs of under or overfitting. It is hence proven accurate and valid to use the electronic nose coupled with ML modeling for effective early disease detection of processing tomatoes and could also be further implemented to monitor other abiotic and biotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Feng
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Claudia Gonzalez Viejo
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul W. J. Taylor
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Eden Tongson
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sigfredo Fuentes
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Testen AL, Rotondo F, Mills MP, Horvat MM, Miller SA. Evaluation of Agricultural Byproducts and Cover Crops as Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Carbon Sources for Managing a Soilborne Disease Complex in High Tunnel Tomatoes. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.645197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a viable option for disease management in tomato production and reduces damage due to a soilborne disease complex consisting of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, Colletotrichum coccodes, Verticillium dahliae, and Meloidogyne spp. There are plentiful options for ASD carbon sources using byproducts of Midwestern United States agriculture or cover crops, yet these carbon sources have not been evaluated for use in Midwestern settings. Low (10.1 Mg/ha) and high (20.2 Mg/ha) rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, wheat bran, and dry sweet whey were evaluated as ASD carbon sources in growth chamber and greenhouse bioassays. Cover crops including buckwheat, cowpea, crimson clover, mustard, oilseed radish, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, and winter rye were evaluated in similar bioassays with one amendment rate (20.2 Mg/ha). Reducing conditions developed in soils regardless of carbon source or rate. Use of high rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat bran led to the lowest levels of root rot severity compared to non-treated controls. The higher rate of any byproduct carbon source was always more effective than the lower rate in reducing root rot severity. Use of both rates of soybean meal or corn gluten meal and the high rate of distillers dried grains or dry sweet whey led to significant increases in dry root and shoot biomass compared to controls. For cover crops, ASD with crimson clover, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, or winter rye amendments reduced root rot severity relative to the aerobic control, but not relative to the anaerobic control. Use of cover crops did not significantly impact plant biomass. A subset of three ASD carbon sources [distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat middlings (midds), all 20.2 Mg/ha] were evaluated in five on-farm ASD trials in high tunnels. Soil temperatures were low during the application period, limiting treatment efficacy. Reducing conditions developed in all soils during ASD treatment, and a moderate but significant reduction in root rot severity was observed following ASD with the soybean meal or wheat midds compared to ASD with distillers dried grains. Tomato yield was not significantly affected by ASD treatment.
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Greathouse J, Henning S, Soendergaard M. Effect of Grafting Rootstock on the Antioxidant Capacity and Content of Heirloom Tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Hydroponic Culture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10050965. [PMID: 34066134 PMCID: PMC8151870 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Heirloom tomato varieties are in demand by consumers due to high antioxidant levels. However, these varieties are difficult to produce and are prone to disease. To overcome these problems, heirloom tomatoes may be cultivated in hydroponic systems and grafted onto disease-resistant rootstocks. However, it is unknown if the antioxidant content and capacity are affected by grafting. In this study, heirloom (Black Krim and Green Zebra) and standard (Big Beef) varieties were grafted onto wild type (WT) or productive rootstocks (Arnold and Supernatural). The tomatoes were harvested at maturity, freeze-dried, and ground into a powder. Lycopene was extracted using hexane, and the content was determined spectrophotometrically at 503 nm. The antioxidant capacity of methanol extracts was evaluated by the 2,2'-azino-di[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonsyr]sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, whereas the phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Interestingly, the grafting of Big Beef and Green Zebra onto Supernatural rootstock resulted in an increased antioxidant capacity, as determined by the DPPH assay. Moreover, the phenolic content was changed for Big Beef grafted onto Arnold, and Big Beef and Green Zebra grafted onto Supernatural. Taken together, these results indicate that certain combinations of standard and heirloom tomato varieties and productive rootstocks may influence the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content. These results may be used to guide producers when choosing rootstocks for cultivating hydroponic tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Greathouse
- Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA;
| | - Shelby Henning
- School of Agriculture, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA;
| | - Mette Soendergaard
- Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA;
- Correspondence:
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